Future Ocean Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting

Future Ocean rePOrt Scientific Advisory Board Meeting

24th – 25th September 2013 Steigenberger Conti-Hansa Schloßgarten 7, 24103 Kiel, Germany

| 1 2 | Future Ocean Report | Editorial Dear Future Ocean Advisory Board Members,

We are very happy to welcome you to the upcoming meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board on September 24 and 25, 2013 in Kiel and are looking forward to discussing ongoing progress and future strategies of “The Future Ocean” cluster with you. In this document we have strived to compile ongoing and envisioned future activities of the Future Ocean. Although we have tried to keep this document short and focused in order to allow you to read through everything that happened, we have failed to keep it the volume we had envisioned – there is just too much going on. We ne- vertheless hope that you will be able to read through some of our activities, share your ideas and suggestions with us, and maybe get some inspiration for your own activities. In this way we hope to experience a mutually interesting meeting for all of us in September in Kiel.

We sincerely look forward to your visit.

Yours, Martin Visbeck and Ralph Schneider

Editorial | 3 Editorial 02

Introduction 06

RESEARCH TOPICS

R1 Our Common Future Ocean 08

R2 Ocean Governance 12

R3 Ocean Resources 15

R4 Ocean Innovation 19

R5 Ocean Sinks 23

R6 Dangerous Ocean 27

R7 Ocean Interfaces 30

R8 Evolving Ocean 33

R9 Ocean Controls 36

R10 Ocean Observations 39

R11 Predicted Ocean 42

4 | Future Ocean Report | Content CENTRAL SERVICES

S1 Internationalization 46

S2 Knowledge Exchange

Stakeholder Dialogue – Cooperation with Industry on the National Level 48

Knowledge Exchange and Public Outreach 49

S3 Science Support – Education & Careers 52

S4 Research Platforms 57

S5 Project Support

Gender Report 60

Semester Topics and Proposals 62

List of Active Cluster Projects 64

Content | 5 – KIEL EAN MA OC RIN E E R S U C T YSTEM UNDER I U N S ST E A AN N F CE D O IN C E G E H RESEARCH TOPICS S T R1 Our Common Future Ocean

R2 S Ocean GGovernance

U R3 Ocean Ressources S

S r T

n R4

Ocean IInnovation e t A

I r

R5 r N Oceaan Sinks R

n a

A A a R6 C Dangerous Ocean t B N i

o & L R7 E n Ocean Interfaces

n E C a o

l R8 Evolving Ocean S i O t C C D a o R9 Ocean Controls c o E N u p A A d e R10 N Ocean Observations E r N a M • t R11 Predicted Ocean O i I t o A T r n N C o A I p • G D p K E E u n M R S o E P t w NT AN c l CE je ed O o g Pr e • Ex s ch rm ang atfo e • Research Pl

Research for tomorrow Understanding the Ocean – Sustaining Our Future The Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” pursues a re- The Mission of the Future Ocean is to use the results of mul- search approach that is unique in Germany: marine researchers, tidisciplinary scientific research on the past and present ocean to geologists and economists join forces with mathematicians, compu- predict the future of the Earth’s marine environment. This includes ting, medical, legal, and social scientists and philosophers to investi- understanding changes to the past, on-going and future ocean as gate ocean and climate change from a multidisciplinary perspective. well as the interaction between society and the ocean in regard to A total of over 200 scientists from the Christian-Albrechts-University marine resources, services and risks. This Mission carries with it of Kiel (CAU), the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research an obligation to develop and assess scientifically-based global and Kiel, the Institute for the World Economy (IfW) and the Muthesius regional ocean governance options, taking their legal, economic and Academy of Fine Arts are using innovative means to share their ethical aspects into account. findings with the international scientific community, stakeholders, decision makers, civil society and the public at large because they believe that by understanding the ocean we can sustain our future. In order to transfer this interdisciplinary approach to the education of young scientists, the Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS) was created as a central element within the Cluster. A new focus of the Cluster is the support of young scientists within the network of Integrated Marine Postdocs (IMAP). Further, scientists of the “Future Ocean” have access to a wide-ranging and excellent research infrastructure. These platforms include tools for ocean observation, numerical simulation, isotope and tracer analysis and molecular biosciences. The Cluster of Excellence “The Future Oce- an” is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).

6 | Future Ocean Report | Introduction Research Topics

Introduction | 7 R1 Our Common Future Ocean

Disciplines: ethics, economics, art, political science, law Objectives: concept of ocean sustainability; application to specific issues; artistic perception/interpretation of the cultural impact of ocean change Central question: How can ocean sustainability be conceptualized in a way that can be widely agreed upon to guide responsible decision-making?

8 | Future Ocean Report | R1 – Our Common Future Ocean R1 – Our Common Future Ocean REPORT The common goal for our research team is to answer the question: How can sustainability of the uncertain future ocean be conceptualized in a way that can be widely agreed upon and that guides responsible decision-making? The topic of Our Common Future Ocean brings together researchers from the disciplines of ethics, economics, arts, political sciences, geography, law and natural marine sciences to develop a concept of ocean sustainability. The conceptual approach is complemented by analyzing and actively taking part in the societal and scientific discourse on ocean sustainability in different cultures, and by experimentally eliciting sustainability views held by society to complement the conceptual approach. We will apply the sustainability concept to a range of coastal and ocean issues such as the use of ocean resources, sustainable governance and management of marine fish stocks.

Sustainability has been a key notion in the societal and scientific discourse about the relationship between human societies and nature at least since the UN report ‘Our Common Future’ (WCED 1987). Although sustainability has become widely agreed upon as a general and abstract objective, the practical effect of this concept has remained small. A major problem is that it is often unclear what sustainability actually means in a concrete decision context. In particular, the great uncertainties with regard to the future development of the ocean and inevitable ocean changes challenge simple concepts of sustainability. A sustainability concept can only be of practical relevance if it is shared by a large part of society. To this end, it is necessary to increase public and cultural awareness of the effects of ocean change and to take into account the normative views on sustainability held by society. Therefore, the objectives of our common future ocean are Fig. 1 Coastal development is a critical driver of change for both coastal and marine envi- to develop a concept of ocean sustainability that ronments (Yantai, China, BN 2011) works in societal as well as in scientific discourse; to elicit normative views held in society to scrutinize the concept advocate an SDG for ocean and coasts and in which we also pre- empirically; sent ideas for future coastal governance and future ocean spatial to explore and advance the artistic perception and interpretation planning: “Securing Blue Wealth: The need for an Ocean and Coasts of the cultural impact of ocean change; Sustainable Development Goal and Future Ocean Spatial Planning.” to apply the concept of ocean sustainability to specific issues 2 The next step will be to publish a policy brief with external policy experts as co-authors to bridge the gap between science and policy Highlights and foster the discussion on ocean governance and spatial planning. A great success for the interdisciplinary work for Our Common In our paper we propose that developing and agreeing on a SDGs Future Ocean is the group’s participation in the international dis- for Oceans and Coasts could be an essential element for sustainable cussion on Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) through the ocean management. At the UN Conference on Sustainable Develop- proposal of a “SDG Ocean and Coasts” via a joint publication. The ment in 2012 (Rio+20), the need for action to accelerate the progress working paper “Establishing a Sustainable Development Goal for in achieving sustainable development at the global level was empha- Oceans and Coasts to Face the Challenges of our Future Ocean”1 sized, and the development of a set of measurable SDGs that support marks the starting point for further publications and activities of the focused and coherent action in global priority areas was proposed. group. We presented the paper as a contribution to the discussions These new SDGs will build upon the Millennium Development Goals at the Conference ‘Good Governance for Sustainable Marine Deve- (MDGs) and replace them by 2015. Even though ensuring environ- lopment’ organized by the Dräger Foundation from June 3-5 2013 mental sustainability is one of the eight MDGs, the ocean is neither in Cascais/Portugal. The paper is available online and attached in explicitly mentioned, nor is it – in our opinion – adequately addressed the appendix. An opinion paper with an extended author list has considering its overarching importance for the wealth and develop- been submitted to “Marine Policy”, in which we illustrate why we ment of humankind, and its fundamental role as key component in

R1 – Our Common Future Ocean | 9 Plans Ocean Sustainability and ocean governance Our research-related activities include the development of a fully negotiable SDG text and a concept for Future Ocean Spatial Planning (FOSP). Therefore, we will build working groups of experts from inside the research group and external key experts to bring forward the SDG proposal and foster implementation of an SDG Ocean and Coasts, and to develop and bring forward a global ocean spatial planning concept. We will provide the scientific basis for the establishment of a global FOSP process to ensure sustainable development of ocean and coasts by developing a comprehensive set of ocean sustainability targets and effective indicators for the assessment of marine systems, with reference to safe minimum standards. We will provide information for inclusive, forward-looking and sustainable ocean governance. Fig. 2 Ocean and coasts closely linked through maritime transport (Baltic Sea coast northeast of Kiel, Germany, BN 2012) Outreach activities and capacity building The Future Ocean Cluster of Excellence is currently the Earth System. Furthermore, the creation of a comprehensive un- developing a mobile exhibition to be presented for the first time in derlying set of oceanic sustainability indicators based on the on-going Brazil 2014 as a contribution to the Germany Year in Brazil 2013- conceptual work on sustainability under uncertainty, 3 would help in 2014. For this new exhibition, we will contribute conceptual ideas for assessing the current status of coastal and marine systems, diagno- new modules, namely a sustainability module and a coastal module. sing on-going trends, and providing information for forward-looking Every semester, the Cluster chooses one of its research topics as and sustainable ocean governance. a semester topic. We are preparing the research topic “Our Common Further, three postdoctoral and one PhD project will contribute Future Ocean” as the semester topic for the winter term 2014/2015. to finding answers to the questions we ask in Our Common Future Activities will include a three to four day workshop on ocean sustaina- Ocean through their research: Dr Ulrike Kronfeld-Goharani aims bility in Kiel in March 2015, focusing on young researchers. External to discover what sustainability means, how it is perceived and how international experts will give insights into a range of topics regarding it relates to uncertainty. Her approach, encompassing computer- sustainability and governance of ocean and coasts. There will be room based analysis and expert interviews, will deliver new insights in for discussion and production of suggestions in breakout sessions and the meaning of sustainability for society and how international and smaller working groups. Working titles are “Ocean Sustainability”, or national institutions use and implement the concept in the marine “Our Common Future Ocean” or “Prospects for a SDG Sustainable environment. Dr Barbara Neumann is concerned with the increasing Oceans and Coasts”. pressures on the (terrestrial and marine) coastal environment due to Furthermore, we will host a weekly or by-weekly interdisciplinary coastal change and development, both natural and human-induced. lecture series “Our Common Future Ocean” with contributions from Her research aims at creating an adaptive and analytical framework national and international experts, addressing students and the public, for sustainability and governance of our coasts, viewing coasts as in the Audimax of Kiel University. socio-economic systems, and by considering different concepts such An SDG-website is currently under construction to present the on- as the ecosystem services approach and including methods such as going activities and deliver a platform for further discussions around participatory knowledge production. Dr Jörn Schmidt takes fisheries the SDG and ocean governance. as an example of an activity that starts in the coastal environment but We plan to hold a Parliamentary Evening in order to trigger the might very well extend its effects to the ocean as a whole as his focus. Stakeholder Dialogue and organize a “Science meets NGO” event in His research aims at investigating the kaleidoscopic characteristics of order to exchange and build collaboration with NGOs. fisheries governance by developing and employing novel communica- The collaboration with the Muthesius Academy of Fine Arts and tion methods to elucidate the perceptions and actions of stakeholders, Design enables a good opportunity to start a public dialogue on Arts, integrating ecological and economic models and a thorough analysis Ocean and Sustainability. We plan interactive activities or a special of the system structure. Finally, Erik van Doorn analyzes the unans- exhibition – details to be determined. A further idea to reach the public wered question “To whom do the fish belong?” from a legal point of is a creative contest “Ideas for saving the Ocean” for school children. view. Inspired by the deplorable status of many marine fish stocks, he examines to what extent the law would need to change if marine fish were regarded to be the common heritage of humankind. Existing international and regional law will be scrutinized from this perspective to gain new insights in legal solutions for sustainable fisheries.

10 | Future Ocean Report | R1 – Our Common Future Ocean Issues Appendix Networking forms a crucial part of our interdisciplinary work in R01 Publications bringing the topic of a common future ocean forward. We will par- 1 Visbeck, M., U. Kronfeld-Goharani, B. Neumann, W. Rickels, ticipate in the international discussion on SDGs by formulating the J. Schmidt and E. van Doorn (2013): Establishing a Sustai- proposal for an “SDG Sustainable Oceans and Coasts”. With our nable Development Goal for Oceans and Coasts to Face the proposal, we are in contact with the United Nations’ Initiative “Sus- Challenges for Our Future Ocean. Kiel Working Papers No. tainable Development Solution Network” that mobilizes scientific 1847, June 2013, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Germa- and technical expertise from academia, civil society, and the private ny. URL: http://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/ sector in support of sustainable development problem solving at the establishing-a-sustainable-development-goal-for-oceans- local, national, and global scale. and-coasts-to-face-the-challenges-of-our-future-ocean/ We have established contacts with other groups of researchers KWP_1847.pdf. working in the same direction, such as Ben Halpern et al. who develo- 2 Visbeck, M., U. Kronfeld-Goharani, B. Neumann, W. Rickels, ped a global index on ocean health (Halpern et al., 2012). All members J. Schmidt, E. van Doorn, N. Matz-Lück, K. Ott, M.F. Quaas: will take the opportunity of presenting R01 activities and the cluster Securing Blue Wealth: The need for an Ocean and Coasts as the centre of marine competence in the Ocean community and Sustainable Development Goal and Future Ocean Spatial related fields at conferences like the Dräger conference or the AGU, Planning. submitted to Marine Policy and to further network with experts from international organizations 3 Quaas MF, van Soest D, and Baumgärtner S. Complemen- and research institutions such as the Australian National Centre for tarity, impatience, and the resilience of natural-resource- Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS). dependent economies. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 66(1): 15–32. Outlook We will continue to bring our proposal of a “SDG for Oceans and Further References Coast” forward via networking and publications. For the future per- Halpern, B.S. et al., 2012. An index to assess the health and benefits spective, early discussions on the post-cluster period about inte- of the global ocean. Nature, advance online publication. grated projects with German or EU funding have already started. PhD and postdoctoral projects Ulrike Kronfeld-Goharani: The Sustainability Approach on the High Seas. How can sustainability be conceptualized regarding the great uncertainty of ocean change? [Postdoc] Barbara Neumann: Coastal Sustainability and Governance. A socio-ecological systems approach to assessing coastal sustainability and governance at regional to global scales. [Postdoc] Jörn Schmidt: From Heiligenhafen to New York and back. Transdisciplinary research for better fisheries governance. [Postdoc] Erik van Doorn: Legal implications of the ‘common heritage’ principle for future ocean governance. A conceptualization regarding marine fisheries. [PhD]

Fig. 3 Seascapes between human fascination and indispensable component of the Earth System (Cape Panwa, Phuket/Thailand, BN 2013)

Coordinators: T. Duscher, M. Quaas, M. Visbeck

Further Proponents: R. Froese, G. Klepper, D. Nabers, K. Odendahl, T. Requate, U. Schmidt, S. Sachs, M. Schulz, A. Vafeidis

PhDs and Postdocs: J. Schmidt, U. Kronfeld-Goharani, B. Neumann, E. van Doorn

R1 – Our Common Future Ocean | 11 R2 Ocean Governance

Disciplines: law, economics, political science, philosophy, geography Objectives: new approaches to governing the ocean towards sustainability Central question: How can environmental liability law be implemented in the international setting and how must sovereign rights in exclusive economic zones (EEZs) be revised?

12 | Future Ocean Report | R2 – Ocean Governance R2 – Ocean Governance REPORT Existing approaches to governing the oceans have largely failed. One example is the overfishing problem. According to FAO, the state of the world’s marine fish stocks is worse than ever: Almost a third of all stocks are overexploited or depleted, posing a threat to marine biodiversity and the functioning of marine ecosystems. New problems, such as CO2 storage in the ocean or climate engineering, are also not sufficiently handled by existing frameworks and thus require completely new governance approaches, too. Furthermore, all of these international issues lack a clear assignment of responsibility to an authority, institution, or person. Different players impact the ocean, including States, international organizations, private businesses and individual citizens. A major challenge is the growing interconnec- tedness of both differing societies in the world and the issues that States and civil societies have to deal with. Therefore, regulation and institutions at different levels (international treaties, EU law, national law, ‘soft law’ such as codes of good practice, contracts between private parties or with the State, or discussion processes) need to be coordinated.

Goals Plans and outlook The objectives of Research Topic R2 (Ocean Governance) are (i) to The researchers will continue to pursue three of the above projects evaluate existing and develop new approaches to governing sustain 2013 and a number of publications are scheduled for 2013-2014. inable use of the oceans, in particular international environmental In addition, a symposium on the law of the sea, commemorating the liability rules and revision of the current concept of EEZs, and (ii) to 100th anniversary of the Walther Schücking Institute for International apply the approaches to emerging problems, such as CO2 storage in Law (a participating institute in this Research Topic), is scheduled to the ocean or new uses of marine living resources. take place in 2014, with the substantial involvement of participants in this Research Topic. Highlights Participants in this Research Topic have been actively engaged in research activities relating to different aspects of the subject-matter. Four projects have been undertaken in 2012-2013 (two Ph.D. projects and two post-doc projects): Julia Hoffmann, Department of Econo- mics, CAU (CP1139), Andreas Pondorfer, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (CP1143), Dr. Nengye Liu, Walther Schücking Institute for International Law, CAU (CP1204) and Dr. Yoshinobu Takei, Walther Schücking Institute for International Law, CAU (CP1205). They cover the central questions of the Topic and closely relate to the issues discussed above, such as environmental liability (CP1205), marine ecosystems (CP1139, CP1143 & CP1204), fisheries (CP1139 & CP1205), marine biodiversity (CP1204), EU law (CP1139 & CP1204), ocean governance (CP1205) and sovereign rights in EEZs (CP1205). Internationalization characterizes the activities of this Research Topic: researchers come from both Europe and Asia; various presentations have been given in foreign countries and articles have been published in reputable English language journals; many of the research activities have been conducted in cooperation with foreign partners. Many activities in this Research Topic contain interdisciplinary aspects. One important example in this regard is the participation of several researchers in the “Sustainable Oceans” Conference Series, organized by the Dräger Foundation in cooperation with the Cluster of Excellence “Future Ocean” and the Earth Institute at Columbia University. Two researchers in this Research Topic participated in the third Conference held in Cascais, Portugal, in June 2013. In addition, researchers in this Research Topic participate in the Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS) and the Integrated Marine Postdoc Network (IMAP).

R2 – Ocean Governance | 13 Research projects

Project number: CP1139 Project number: CP1204 Project title: The Political Economy of the European Common Project title: The European Union and the protection of Marine Bio- Fishery Policy diversity in the Arctic Researcher: Julia Hoffmann Researcher: Nengye Liu Project summary: The researcher is working on the institutional Project summary: This project currently establishes what compe- set-up of decision-making processes in fisheries management. She tence the EU has and how the EU can best use these competences especially focuses on the setting of total allowable catches (TACs) in to help generate an effective legal system for the governance of Arctic the European Common Fisheries Policy. In the past, TACs were set shipping. It briefly describes the current international legal regime inefficiently high for more than a third of the European fish stocks that is applicable to the prevention of vessel-source pollution in the which lead to the failure of European Common Fisheries Policy. The Arctic. The progress and debating points of adopting a mandato- research project uses a game-theoretic setting to model the choice ry Polar Shipping Code in the International Maritime Organization of TACs of the decision-makers in order to explain why the decision- are discussed. Then it assesses the EU’s institutions, competence makers chose excessively high levels. It can show that it would be re- and role as a flag, coastal and port state in the Arctic. Moreover, it asonable to switch from the short-term TAC management to binding analyzes how the EU could make use of its internal and external long-term management. There are already long term management influence to make a concrete contribution to enhanced governance plans for a few stocks. The next step of her research will be to check of Arctic shipping. the conditions under which the decision-makers accept the change from TAC management to long term management plans. Project number: CP1205 Project title: Tools and steps for the reform of ocean governance: Project number: CP1143 Legal and institutional aspects Project title: Valuing marine ecosystems: a new approach Researcher: Yoshinobu Takei Researcher: Andreas Pondorfer Project summary: Ocean Governance is currently facing a number of Project summary: The ocean provides a number of ecosystem servi- challenges. As the failure of current approaches to ocean governance ces, which benefit people and are used by mankind in multiple ways. is widely recognized, there is a need to find new approaches to this All are valuable but only some are traded on markets. For the large issue. This research project aims to identify problems associated with majority, the so called non-market goods and services, prices are ocean governance under the current international legal framework absent and scarcity is not signaled, which is likely to lead to unsus- for the oceans and to suggest possible ways towards its reform. The tainable use. Neglecting the costs and adverse impacts of threats to research project examines the following five issues: (1) best practice marine ecosystem services (arising from pollution, anoxia, climate and performance assessment, (2) shared responsibility in the con- change and ocean acidification) jeopardizes the long-term develop- text of fisheries, (3) dynamic interactions of international institutions ment of the ocean as part of a healthy ecosystem playing a key role in ocean governance, (4) capacity-building and other assistance to in sustainable economic development and human wellbeing across developing states, and (5) ocean governance in the Polar Regions, in the globe. Hence, it is essential to explicitly value the services of particular the Arctic. The researcher presented papers on the second the ocean to promote the protection of marine ecosystem services, and third issues earlier this year and is scheduled to present a paper particularly when it comes to non-use values. At present this in- on the fifth issue in October 2013 while undertaking research on that formation is lacking for the most part, which leads to the failure of topic at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway as a guest researcher. existing approaches to sustainably govern the ocean. This research proposal aims at exploring the potential of new methodologies for economic valuation of non-use values which could serve as a basis for future regulation. During the period from January to November Coordinators: 2012, the researcher, as a PhD student in economics, participated in K. Odendahl, M. Quaas the Doctoral Programe “Quantitative Economics” at CAU Kiel and was reviewing the literature that was relevant to his proposal. Further Proponents: T. Duscher, R. Froese, G. Klepper, D. Nabers, T. Requate, K. Rehdanz, U. Schmidt, A. Trunk, A. Vafeidis

14 | Future Ocean Report | R2 – Ocean Governance R3 Ocean Resources

Disciplines: biology, geology, economics, law Objectives: determine the potential of ocean resources (living and seafloor); better management and governance of these resources Central question: How can ocean resources be exploited in a sustainable or low impact manner by striking an appropriate balance between ocean use and ocean protection?

R3 – Ocean Resources | 15 r3 – Ocean resOurces rePOrt The research topic R3 “Ocean Resources” is combining expertise from biology, geology, economics, and law to investigate the potential of living and seafloor resources and new avenues of better management and governance of ocean resources.

Goals The research in R3 focuses on geological resources such as deep- sea ore deposits and methane hydrate accumulations on the one hand, and biological resources such as fish and other living resources on the other. All research activities can be summarized under the overarching research question: How can ocean resources be exploited in a sustainable or low impact manner by an appropriate balance between ocean use and ocean protection? The aims of this research area are (1) to better understand the formation and global distribution of geological seafloor resources and to evaluate the risks and benefits of their exploitation, (2) to assess the relationship between fishing practices and other human impacts on the genetic diversity and health of fish (and other seafood) stocks, and (3) to define operational management rules Fig. 1 Left side: Temporal changes in many fish stocks over the past decades and targets in the presence of common property and ill-defined include shifts to smaller size and earlier maturity related to strong selection pres- property rights. sure from fishing. Right side: Hypoxia exerts a strong selection pressure on Baltic cod that favors large size and late maturity and may thus counteract FIE. This is Highlights related to high mortality of eggs of small females, which have lower buoyancy and The Cluster of Excellence ‚Future Ocean‘ is currently funding three sink deeper into anoxic layers (red area) than those of large females). postdoctoral research projects with in the framework of R3:

Project: CP1101 / 01.11.2011 / 24 months Results for research line 1: Cod size-at-maturity has slowly de- Project title: Local and global patterns in fisheries-induced clined since 1994, consistent with observations in other fish stocks evolution experiencing FIE. However, strong fluctuations overlay this trend, in- Researcher: Jan Dierking cluding phases of reversal. Over the same time period, while fishing Project summary: Our understanding of evolution has seen a re- pressure has been continuously high until recently, environmental cent paradigm shift away from the perception that its effects were selection has fluctuated strongly, alternating between selection for noticeable only over historical time spans, to increasing evidence large size during stagnation periods with anoxia and little selection of rapid adaptation within just a few generations. Some of the best after inflow of oxygenated North Sea water. While formal analysis is examples are related to fisheries induced evolution (FIE), genetically still ongoing, these patterns are in line with the hypothesis of envi- based shifts towards earlier reproduction and smaller size in fishes ronmental selection during periods with oxygen minimum zones/ caused by “fishing out the big ones” and increased mortality due to anoxia slowing or temporarily reversing fisheries-induced selection. fishing pressure (Fig. 1). However, despite general agreement that Next steps will be the completion of genetic analyses, projected FIE plays a role in many fish stocks, this research field is still in its for September 2013. The quantification of fishing pressure (Septem- early stages. For example, why are life-history changes related to ber/October) will then complete the dataset. The submission of a fishing pressure strong in some stocks but not noticeable in others? manuscript on this hypothesis driven analysis of phenotypic and And what are the implications of FIE for fisheries management? In genetic change in cod over a 27 year time series in response to oce- this project, Jan Dierking has addressed these gaps by focusing on anographic parameters and fishing pressure is planned by the end two poorly explored but potentially important aspects of FIE, namely of 2013. It will be the first study to specifically include quantitative the role of environmental selection interacting with fisheries-induced estimates of environmental selection in a study of FIE. selection (Project research line 1), and the economic consequen- Results research line 2: Jan Dierking is currently contributing to ces of FIE (Project research line 2). He is using a unique long-term two manuscripts assessing consequences of FIE, “Economic costs data series comprising information on commercial fishes, planktonic of fisheries-induced evolution” and “Status of the world fish stocks foodwebs and oceanographic conditions collected by GEOMAR since in 2048”, in collaboration with the groups of Martin Quaas and Till 1986. Extensive groundwork conducted in project CP1101 has made Requate. In 2013, the first case study of economic consequences this biological treasure accessible for work on FIE for the first time. of FIE was published, but systematic economic assessments are lacking to date. Concept and outline of this research line have been completed, whereas model development and specific analyses are ongoing.

16 | Future Ocean Report | R3 – Ocean Resources Project: CP1206 / 01.11.2012 / 60 months sible, given the multiple threats ecosystems face, especially under Project title: Successful, commonly accepted fisheries manage- climate change. We show that under prevailing hydroclimatic con- ment needs economics! ditions, regeneration of a heavily altered ecosystem, the Baltic Sea, Researcher: Rüdiger Voss is not possible, but leads to a new ecological baseline. This new Project summary: Establishing successful and commonly accepted baseline is characterized by lower but more variable biomass of fisheries management rules is a key issue for the future sustainable cod, even under optimal exploitation. Consequently, societal costs use of the world ocean’s living resources. Poor management of ma- increase, due to higher risk premium caused by increased uncer- rine resources has largely been due to wrong incentives, caused by tainty in biomass and reduced consumer surplus. The combined basic economic or social drivers not being accounted for. Worldwide, economic losses amount to about 120 million € per year, which is fisheries management is still mainly single-species management, about half of today’s maximum economic yield for Baltic cod fishery. based on natural sciences, but ignoring any species interactions Our analyses suggest that shifts in ecological and economic base- or any economic considerations. The work performed here aims lines, in combination with increased biomass variability, translate at establishing a successful, sustainable and commonly accepted into higher economic uncertainty and costs for exploited ecosystems, fisheries policy, by combining economics, natural sciences, and in particular under climate change. social sciences. The project looks at the effect of fishing on the entire food web, including non-commercial species as well as feedbacks to the fis- Project: CP1207 / 01.05.2013 / 60 months hed species. The role of fishing strategies on system resilience and Project title: GQ2 (seafloor monitoring) the potential triggering of regime shifts are investigated to formulate Researcher: Jens Schneider Deimling ecosystem-wide precautionary fishing approaches. The effects of Project summary: The main goal at the moment is to design and fishing strategies will be evaluated not only for commercially used construct the new deep sea monitoring device GasQuant2 for future species, but (i) on an ecosystem level, (ii) on industry directly or subsea deployments. Since May 2013, an artificial gas release site indirectly dependant on fishery, as well as (iii) on social systems. has been designed and constructed at GEOMAR in collaboration For fisheries management to develop into an ecosystem-based with the working group of Prof. Greinert to simulate natural gas approach, strategies need to be developed that maximize not only seepage. Subsequent sonar tests together with the new artificial economic profits, but consider conservation and social equity goals gas release site were conducted to better estimate which sonar to be equally important. Hence, we introduce such a triple-bottom should be used to best answer the scientific tasks addressed in the line approach to the management of multi-species fisheries using research proposal R3. the Baltic Sea as a case study. We apply a coupled ecological-eco- The gas release outlets were monitored with an online video nomic optimization model to address the current fisheries manage- camera (Mariscope, courtesy of Peter Linke) and a flux control unit ment challenge of trading-off the recovery of collapsed cod stocks (MFC-ANALYT) allowing to adjust the gas release pattern. Various versus the health of ecologically important forage fish populations. seepage scenarios could be simulated with fluxes ranging between We show that cod recovery strategies based on profit maximization <10ml up to liters per minute. Although the analog video has not may cause the risk of overfishing forage species with a lower value been digitized yet, the in situ online observation at 7m water depth such as Baltic sprat. Economically efficient conservation efforts to and bubbles at the sea surface have demonstrated that a realistic protect sprat would be borne exclusively by the forage fishery, chal- simulation of natural seepage could be achieved. lenging resource use equity between fishing sectors. Optimizing For the acoustic observation of artificially produced gas bubbles equity instead of sprat biomass would reduce potential profits of the a rotatable pole was constructed in the GEOMAR workshop to either overall Baltic fishery, but may offer an acceptable trade-off between hold the fisheries sonar or the multibeam head. The IMAGENEX was overall profits, species conservation and social equity. Our case provided courtesy of Ben Scandella (MIT, Boston, US). The multi- study shows a down-to-earth example of how ecosystem-based beam device, Hard- and Software for recording of multibeam data fisheries management will be able to offer society options for sol- was provided by the project partners R2SONIC (US) and EMBIENT ving common conflicts between different resource uses. Approaches (Germany). like ours, adding equity considerations to the traditional trade-off Together with some colleagues from Prof. Greinert‘s working between economics and ecology, will greatly enhance credibility and group and guest Ben Scandella, a 10 day field test was conducted hence compliance to management decisions, a further step towards in the Schwentine river mouth off the GEOMAR main building. healthy fish stocks and sustainable fisheries in the world ocean. Results gathered with the IMAGENEX fisheries sounder are Overfishing of large predatory fish populations has resulted in currently being processed by our partner Ben Scandella, where as lasting restructuring of entire marine food webs, with immense the multibeam data will be evaluated at GEOMAR. First evaluation socio-economic consequences. A key challenge for resource ma- of the field test with the artificial gas release site and two different nagement is to anticipate the degree to which regeneration is pos- sonars delivered promising results:

R3 – Ocean Resources | 17 Figure 2 shows data recorded with the multibeam sonar head tilted Plans, Outlook, Issues at 90° in order to track bubble rise. It appears that even individual We have currently three of the four available R3 positions filled, with bubbles and/or groups of bubbles clearly appear in the sonar re- project CP1101 phasing out in 2014. This means that we currently cords. This will allow a non-invasive measurement of bubble rise have one position unfilled plus another position becoming available dynamics with an estimated accuracy of +-1.5cm (gas bubble rise in 2014. At the same time two prominent topics of R3, namely deep- sea mineral resources and offshore methane hydrates , have not been fully addressed. Preliminary work on economically (optimal) methane hydrate exploitation taking into account geological and climate risks has been carried out by Döpke and Requate (2013). With regard to marine mineral resources, the semester topic activities have clearly shown that Kiel Marine Sciences has the necessary in-house expertise and international partners to play a leading role in this research field. While project CP1207 addresses the assessment of possible submarine mining activities, we are missing a better process-based understanding of resource formation and distribution as well as a joint geological, biological, economical, and technological synthesis. Secondly, with the end of the two-year project CP1101 in 2014, work addressing genetic consequen- Fig. 2 Acoustic image of individual groups of rising gas bubbles (b1-b3) at different times (t1, t2) ces of fishing/human activities (aim 2 of the recorded with high resolution 400kHz R2Sonic 2022. Arrows indicate the rise of the gas bubbles. research area) will run out in 2014. While considerable progress has been made in velocimetry). With such data an immediate flux estimate becomes tracing evolutionary change in Baltic cod, the integration of econo- feasible. By measuring the flux online with video it was also possible mic and biological modelling as well as deriving rules for optimal fis- to show, that individual gas bubbles clearly emerge in the data. As a heries management requires considerable future effort. Important consequence the system performs with a detection threshold below biological data gaps hindering the parameterization of models also 10ml gas release per minute. remain, in particular regarding abrupt ecosystem-wide changes Apart from the artificially produced gas bubbles, fish could also (“regime shifts”), which have potentially large economic implica- be observed with great detail in the sonar images. The fish appeared tions. Integrative analysis of the 3 decades timeseries spanning two either as dense or loose shoals. As May is still within the spawning regime shifts in the Baltic Sea recently made available by project season of herring, we attribute these frequent echoes to herring CP1101 would be an important step to filling these gaps. which frequently enter the Schwentine river mouth each year during We therefore aim at hiring 1-2 postdocs/PhDs to fill these gaps spring time. and to ensure that we achieve our scientific goal of a comprehensive Finally, tests with calibration spheres were conducted to mea- living and non-living resource assessment in the global ocean. sure the beam pattern of the respective sonars. Future plans include a field test in March 2014 with the research vessel LITTORINA and a field trip to a natural seepage site in Oc- tober 2014 with the ALKOR. Coordinators: T. Requate, L. Rüpke Semester Topic, winter 2012/2013 – Seafloor Mineral Resources In the winter semester 2012/2013 R3 organized the semester Further Proponents: topic “Seafloor Mineral Resources”, which included a well-attended A. Dahmke, C. Devey, R. Froese, D. Garbe-Schönberg, H.-J. Götze, international workshop in March 2013. The workshop “Seafloor I. Grevemeyer, F. Hauff, P. Herzig, M. Haeckel, K. Hoernle, S. Petersen, Mineral Resources: scientific, environmental, and societal issues“ S. Peterson, K. Odendahl, M. Quaas, T. Reusch, K. Wallmann brought together sixteen of the world´s leading experts who gave talks and discussed this topic with nearly 140 national and international researcher and students. The results of the workshop will be made available through a special issue of the World Ocean Review.

18 | Future Ocean Report | R3 – Ocean Resources R4 Ocean Innovation

Disciplines: biology, medicine, and materials science Objectives: identify chemical, structural, and physical principles for implementation in biomimetic materials (surface microstructures, medical products, dietary additives) Central question: How can ocean biological substances and materials be used to support technological innovations for a range of applications benefitting human society?

R4 - Ocean Innovation | 19 R4 – Ocean Innovation REPORT In this topic, we have brought together different investigators that will interrogate principles influencing interactions between biological surfaces and environment in the ocean. The planned work is being carried out in accordance with three main foci: (1) functional effects behind the micro and nanostructure of marine surfaces and materials with different properties including antimicrobial activity and anti-fouling; (2) systematic understanding of the chemical substances from marine organisms with antimicrobial properties, their molecular mechanisms and the respective genes comprising the synthesis pathway; (3) evaluation of micro-nutritive capacities and life history characteristics of heterotrophic protists.

Highlights (1) In the screening of a metagenomic library constructed from an Aurelia aurita polyp we identified a QQ protein (QQX2) derived from the medusa. QQX2 was heterologously expressed and purified to homogeneity. Four model systems for biofilm formation were selected (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) for evaluating the purified QQ protein concerning inhibition of biofilm formation. The addition of purified QQX2 to growing cultures did not affect biofilm formation. However when overexpressed in Klebsiella pneumonia, growing in a continuous flow cell, thickness of formed biofilms was significantly reduced to 40 %, indicating that QQX2 is a promising candidate. cDNA libraries of A. aurita and Mnemiopsis leidyi mRNA were constructed and are currently being screened for QQ activity (col- Goals laboration with Cluster proposal R8 Evolving Ocean) . During the reporting period, we focused on five specific projects: (1) We tested the impact of surface micro- and nanostructure on Development of antibacterial surfaces by the combination of quo- bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Epoxy resin replicas of rum quenching (QQ) proteins and surface microstructure. (2) The different roughness levels (smooth, 0.3, 1, 3, 9, and 12 μm asperity role of new secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms size) were prepared and biofilm formation was investigated under in bacterial and fungal communication. (3) Specific peptide-rich flow conditions. The thickness of K. pneumonia biofilms on the venoms from Conoidea and their potential pharmaceutical appli- surfaces with the average asperity size of 1 μm was significantly cations. (4) Surface microstructure and physical properties of fish reduced to 30 % (below 3 µM). In contrast, S. aureus biofilm density scales as a basis for biomimetics of novel functional surfaces. (5) and structure was highly affected by the roughness level of 9 μm Modelling microalgae cultures to maximize yield. (reduced to 40 %) (Fig. 1).

Free living Klebsiella oxytoca (A) and Staphylococcus aureus (D). Control biofilms grown on glass (B & E), and on epoxy resin of different roughness levels (C, 1 µm & F, 9 µm), were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Fig. 1 Impact of surface roughness on bacterial biofilm formation.

20 | Future Ocean Report | R4 - Ocean Innovation Fig. 2 Images of the skin of the fish Solea solea in the light microscope (left) and scanning electron microscope (middle, right). Please note surface features at macro-, micro- and nanoscales, as well as strong anisotropy of surface structures.

(2) A number of Micromonospora strains have been selected. Work of a potential novel peptide cce9a from Turridrupa cerithina on the on metabolite profiles, chemical structures, and biological activity potassium channels is currently being investigated. is currently in progress for some of the compounds. Examinations (4) Structure of the benthic fish skin with a high degree of at the genome level showed the presence of polyketide synthetases functional specializations (frictional properties, flow characteris- (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS) genes, while tics, abrasion resistance, and optical features) is studied using light examination for the presence of phenacine genes is currently in microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 2). The following progress. We have also shown one promising metabolite of a Mi- species were chosen as model organisms: Pleuronectes plates- cromonospora strain with a strong activity against tested bacteria sa, Limanda limanda, Solea solea. They have different amount and cancer cell lines. The chemical structure elucidation of this of mucus, differ in scale types, and scale formation. For further substance is in advanced stage. frictional measurements on different surfaces, resin replicas of Experiments to increase the yield of metabolites were success- different substrates and scales were made. ful for several compounds. They resulted in increases in produc- (5) In order to achieve a stable cultivation process of algae with tion yields of 41% to 180%. First promising results were obtained a focus on high oil productivity we adapted the model by Pahlow in experiments of the co-cultivation of different bacteria yielding and Oschlies to our model species Nannochloropsis salina. For information on possible chemical communication of marine mi- this purpose, we added a temperature function and a module si- croorganisms. mulating oil synthesis to the model. The final model is expected (3) Marine gastropods from the group Conoidea have evolved to be a proof-of-concept for maintenance of microalgae cultures. the capability to produce highly effective and specific peptide-rich venoms and use these venoms to capture their prey. We use conoidean peptides, optimized for selective targeting to the native ion channels, to investigate their functional mechanisms for further use and their potential pharmaceutical applications in invitro systems. We have established essential technologies (RNA-synthesis, oocyte expression and two electrode voltage clamp) for the further characterization of novel conoidean peptides. The biological activity

Further Collaborations inside and outside Kiel In collaboration with the Institute for Materials Science - Functio- Landau). The techniques and experience from the Institute for Ex- nal Nanomaterials and the SME company Nanoproofed® (Gleschen- perimental Medicine, Kiel and Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissen- dorf) nanostructured surfaces in combination with immobilized ZnO schaften, Kiel will also be used. nanoparticles will be analyzed with respect to their anti-adhesive With Horst Bleckmann (Institute of Zoology, University of Bonn), capability and potential for a combination with QQ biomolecules. drag and flow characteristics of the scale of different species of fish Collaboration with Geomar and other institutes within CAU includes will be examined with particle image velocimetry (PIV). supply of sediment samples from the East Mediterranean Sea and New collaborations with various Scandinavian research and pri- the Greenland Sea (Tina Treude, GEOMAR), chemical structure elu- vate partners e. g. Acreo Swedish ICT AB; Data Respons Norge AS; cidation via NMR-techniques (Frank Sönnichsen, organic chemistry, Seafood Security, Norway; Data Respons Norge AS; Biomar,Group CAU) and potential pharmaceutical application (Wolfgang Blaschek, As, Denmark, Viking fish Farms, UK have been established in the Pharmaceutical Institute, CAU). “AquaFarmControl” project. Strong collaboration has been established with the conoid experts Baldomero Olivera and Peter Stahlschmidt (Universität

R4 - Ocean Innovation | 21 Future plans New grants closely related to the overall goals In general, we aim to intensify collaboration between biologically Other third-party funded projects were approved which fall with in oriented topics within the cluster (R4 and R8). This will include the focus of the overall goals of the R4 topic: BMBFBioacid, “Bio- applications of our screening, testing, and microscopy techniques film restructuring and refunctioning on macroalgae” and Cluster to specific questions of the R8 topic. On the other hand, during proposal R8 topic “Insight to the evolution of metaorganisms from the next stage of R4 we will rely more strongly on the expertise an ancient ocean invader Mnemiopsis leidyi (Postdoc S. Bolte)”. The of groups with strong competence in the medical applications of preproposal “Praktische Studie des Weiterentwicklungspotentials biomolecules (P. Rosenstiel). des Gecko-Tapes im maritimen Bereich“ was approved by the Ma- Future experiments will (1) test the effects on biofilm formati- ritime Cluster Zukunft Meer. on when using different combinations of material properties (e. g. With regard to the sustainable utilization of aquatic organisms silicone, Teflon), surface asperity and QQ proteins. (2) The biologi- for the aquacultural purposes of R4 we were able to get further cal function of secondary metabolites and their role in chemical funding from the DFG focusing on “Einfluss der jahreszeitlich un- communication and defense mechanisms will be tested. A high- abhängigen Reproduktion auf die Qualität von Gameten und frühen er amount of secondary metabolites will be produced in order to Lebensstadien des Zanders (Sander lucioperca)” (SCHU 2308/3-1, accomplish bioassays on a broader basis and inclusion into the AOBJ 600644) and “AquaFarmControl” funded in the European 7th KiWiZ library of marine natural substances that serves a number Framework programe. of external screening activities. (3) The pharmacological properties of the newly extracted venoms on ion channels will be studied. The venoms will be analyzed by the methods of proteomics and bioinformatics in collaboration with other groups (see below). (4) Frictional, mechanical, and optical properties of model fish scales and their Coordinators: replicas will be measured under different load conditions for their S. Gorb, R. Schmitz-Streit possible biomimetic potential. Physical properties of the mucus will be also determined. (5) In order to achieve a stable cultivation Further Proponents: process of algae, we will apply our model to study culture crashes M. Bleich, T. Bosch, J.F. Imhoff, F. Melzner, P. Rosenstiel, C. Schulz, R. Schulz and to search for methods against possible contaminants such as viruses and fungi. We will also explore the idea of co-culturing PhDs and Postdocs: algae and bacteria, to increase stability and reduce costs, since L. Göthlich, I. Malek (Müller), J. Oesterwalbesloh, J. Song, M. Spinner bacteria produce essential vitamins for algae that otherwise have to be supplied at substantial costs. Additionally, candidate algae and/or heterotrophic protozoo- plankton will be explored for micro-nutritive capacities and syste- mic functionalities in fish culture and application in human nutrition. Highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids and some amino acids are essential for the nutrition of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates as they affect their growth and metabolism. Especially in the aquatic food-chain, their supply is limited by primary producing aquatic organisms.

22 | Future Ocean Report | R4 - Ocean Innovation R5 Ocean Sinks

Disciplines: economics, law, mathematics, biogeochemistry, geosciences, marine biology Objectives: assess the potential and limitations of marine carbon sequestration techniques Central question: What is the future role of marine carbon sequestration techniques in mitigating climate change?

R5 – Ocean Sinks | 23 R5 – Ocean Sinks REPORT Ocean Sinks brings together researchers from different disciplines to assess the potential and limitations of marine carbon sequestration techniques. The three main research foci are: (1) comprehensive evaluation of different sub-seabed storage options including enhanced oil and gas recovery and the storage in saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep- sea sediments, gas hydrates and oceanic crust; (2) investigation of whether the marine CE options (artificial upwelling and ocean iron fertilization) might complement the existing climate mitigation portfolio; (3) based on (1) and (2) an attempt to design potential global MCST portfolios according to potential storage capacity, environmental impacts, operational and environmental costs, taking into account technical constraints and legal options.

During the reporting period we focused on the following 5 specific projects: (1) Analysis of bubble dissolution and plume dispersion related

to sub-seabed CO2 storage. (2) Influence of pelagic nitrogen fixing on future carbon sequestration. (3) Assessing carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures from a carbon cycle perspective. (4) Investigating the impact of zooplankton on the marine organic carbon pump. (5) Quan- titative assessment of gas bubble sizes & fluxes emitted from the seabed by stereo-optic measurements & automated image processing.

Highlights (1) Two numerical models have been developed, one simulates the

dissolution of CO2 bubbles in the water column and the other treats the subsequent near-field dispersion of the solute in seawater and predicts the corresponding pH change. Current work focuses on mo-

del testing and improvements using field data from the CO2 release

experiment successfully conducted at the seafloor close to the CO2

storage site “Sleipner” and from a natural CO2 seepage site at Pana-

rea. First results indicate that the impact of potential CO2 leakage is limited to bottom waters and an area close to the release spot (< 1

km distance). This is due to the rapid dissolution of CO2 in seawater Fig. 1 Ocean Sinks will study marine carbon capture and storage (CSS, focus 1) generally within the first 5 meters above ground (depending on the and climate engineering (CE, focus 2) options. CO2 is either removed at the source initial bubble size and the gas flux) and the fast dispersion of the solute (e. g. coal power plants) and stored in geological formations below seabed (CCS) or sequestered from the atmosphere by manipulating the natural marine system (CE). CO2 in the water column, which is strongly controlled by advective transport, rather than by lateral eddy diffusion. (3) Assessing the potential of CDR in general and the comparison (2) An experiment central to this project was undertaken in the of the various CDR measures requires the application of the same northern Baltic Sea as part of the KOSMOS mesocosm campaign accounting rules to all measures and also consideration of carbon in June-August 2012, investigating the effect of ocean acidification cycle feedbacks. The common practice of assessing land-based on the fate of newly-fixed nitrogen in a natural plankton community. CDR based on local stored amounts of carbon produces biased Nitrogen fixation is an important new nitrogen input in this region results - in particular in comparison to ocean-based measures annually. The aim of this experiment was to gain insight into key pa- which are usually assessed based on global carbon uptake. The thways and processes in the nitrogen cycle as well as to observe the effect is even more amplified if taken from a global carbon cycle

effect of increased pCO2 on the flow of nitrogen through the food web. perspective. Accounting for the non-atmospheric carbon removal

Five mesocosms of different pCO2, simulating future ocean conditions results in a stronger reduction of effectiveness for land-based than were enriched with a diazotroph-specific isotope tracer allowing the for ocean based measures. This is shown for afforestation, ocean diazotrophically-fixed nitrogen (key nitrogen-fixing species: Aphani- iron fertilization, and alkalinity management in the Figure below. zomenon sp.) to be tracked through the food web into the particulate (4) The impact of zooplankton on the export of organic matter and dissolved nitrogen pools, as well as higher trophic levels and into out of the surface ocean into the ocean interior has, so far, been the sedimenting material. A considerable number of samples were considered only implicitly in numerical and conceptual models of the collected from these pools during the 8 week experiment and are marine biological carbon pump and its sensitivity to environmental currently being processed. Preliminary results indicate successful change. Variations in vertical migration patterns, grazing strategies tracer addition and uptake into the different N-pools. and controls on size spectra and metabolic processes may all have distinct consequences on the processing of organic carbon in the future ocean. Within the project CP1210 the impact of the zooplankton

24 | Future Ocean Report | R5 – Ocean Sinks cameras, or a consumer grade GoPro Hero3 camcorder system with underwater housing. In combination with suitable background illu- mination, video capture for bubble quantification is possible. Based on fast video taken with 100-240 fps, an algorithm for 2D bubble detection, segmentation, and tracking in video was developed. First, gradient-based pre-segmentation defines possible bubble locations. These locations are refined by defining a bounding box and a closed bubble contour (contour snake) that is fitted automatically to the shape contour. The pixel contour snake can then be approximated by an ellipse with 5 parameters: position (x,y), main axes (lx, ly), and rotation (a). To measure the bubble flow, a Kalman filter is employed to estimate the bubble displacement (dx, dy) over time, and corresponding bubbles are tracked over the image sequence. Finally, the Fig. 2 Carbon Fluxes for Ocean Iron Fertilization, Afforestation, and Alkalinity bubble ellipse parameters are adjusted over time. The next steps Management from 2020 until 2100. Source: Keller et al. (2013). will be to analyze the time behavior of individual bubbles over time, to determine bubble statistics, and to extend the algorithm to 3D on particle flux is implemented in a global 3D biogeochemical model. analysis for estimating ellipsoids and gas volumes. In addition, real The model is calibrated with a large dataset of observations from a trials of the system on cruises are being prepared to develop a recently developed in situ profiling camera, the Underwater Video new approach for quantitative stereo-optic imaging and fully auto- Profiler (UVP). This camera is mounted on the CTD/Rosette during mated gas bubble size and flux determinations. These results can oceanographic cruises and provides a high vertical resolution profile subsequently be used as input parameters for geochemical and (~10 images per second) of particles from 100µm. From particles of hydroacoustic modelling. ~600µm the quality of the image allows its identification in various groups (e. g., faecal pellet, aggregate, copepod, medusa...). The UVP Future plans has been deployed on many cruises since 2008, including the recent (1) Numerical simulations of various leakage scenarios with different cruises MSM22 and MSM23 on board the RV Maria S Merian, M93, initial bubble sizes and gas fluxes are in progress to access the impact M96, M97 and M98 on board the RV Meteor in the tropical Atlantic of potential leakage on the near-field marine environment in the North and tropical Eastern Pacific specifically targeting Oxygen Minimum Sea over a few tidal cycles. The dispersion model fed by measured Zones. Most of the images have already being processed. They allow current data and geochemical data might also be used to quantify a detailed view of the vertical distribution of non-living particles and leakage rates and leak locations in the future. zooplankton that will, in the next steps of the project, be used to (2) In the next few months, participation in an additional meso- constrain and confront the model against observations. cosm experiment using the Kiel Indoor Mesocosm facility in associa- (5) Crucial for our understanding of the fate of rising gas bubbles tion with the BIOACID II project is planned. New nitrogen production is the measurement of gas bubble sizes and their rise velocities to- by diazotrophic cyanobacteria (key nitrogen-fixing species: Nodularia gether with chemical investigation of the gas composition. Therefore, spumigena) will be measured in natural plankton communities sub- the first goal of the project is to quantify the gas flow of underwater jected to different temperature and pCO2 treatments to examine the vents using video processing. In a first step, the requirements for vi- interactive effects of ocean warming and ocean acidification in the deo capture were defined. The key requirements are very fast frame western Baltic Sea plankton community. rates (100 - 250 frames per second) at sufficient image resolution of (3) While in the first phase the research on CE was basically in- more than 5-10 pixel per millimeter. A laboratory prototype was built tended to describe the field, the following phases will address more and different cameras tested. Best selection were either 4MP USB3 specific questions related to CE. For example, the question of an ap-

Fig. 3 shows (a) an original frame of a 240 fps sequence from a GoPro3, and (b) result of segmented 2D bubbles with bounding box (blue) and the fitted elliptic contour.

R5 – Ocean Sinks | 25 propriate research strategy will be investigated. For that purpose, it is Further collaborations inside and outside Kiel intended to investigate whether field experiments should be included Within the Helmholtz recruiting initiative, a new deep-sea monitoring in such a research strategy or not. With respect to carbon accounting, group, coordinated by Jens Greinert, started in 2013. it is planned to intensify the research with respect to carbon cycle feedbacks and compare causative CDR measures to symptomatic RM measures. The working hypothesis is that under consideration of carbon cycle feedbacks symptomatic measures might even be more Coordinators: effective in controlling the causative source than causative CDR mea- A. Oschlies, K. Rehdanz, U. Riebesell, K. Wallmann sures would be. However, attention will be paid to whether the simulated carbon removals are realistic once limitations on the nutrients Further Proponents: supply are factored. S. Bauer, C. Berndt, J. Bialas, M. Haeckel, G. Klepper, R. Koch, A. Körtzinger, (4) Over the past months, large data sets of UVP measurements P. Linke, F. Melzner, K. Odendahl, M. Quaas, W. Rabbel, T. Requate, T. Slawig on recent cruises of RV Maria S Merian and RV Meteor in the Atlantic and Pacific have been obtained and processed. These data will now PhDs and Postdocs: form the basis for the ongoing development and assessment of a A. Jordt, A.J. Paul, W. Rickels, P. Vandromme, L. Vielstädte marine zooplankton model coupled to a global biogeochemical circulation model. Of particular interest are the previously unobserved particle maxima along the equator, which current models are not able to simulate. New mechanistic models of zooplankton grazing and the dynamics of particle size spectra will be tested and compared with the observations. (5) In August 2013, a cruise with RV Pelagia will be conducted where a bubble box with 3 GoPro3 cameras attached will be deployed to a vigorous natural methane vent site in the Dutch sector of the North Sea, followed by a test cruise in March 2014 with RC Littorina deploying an artificial bubble release site (BRS) in the Baltic Sea. In May 2014, the underwater camera system will be used together with detailed geochemical and acoustic studies on a cruise with RV Posei-

don and ROV Phoca at the natural CO2 sites off Panarea.

New grants closely related to the overall goals A BMBF funded project investigating people’s willingness to accept new mitigation options (ACCEPT) started in 2012. The second phase of BIOACID, also funded by the BMBF, began in September 2012. The aim is to address and better understand the chain of ocean acidification from biological mechanisms, through individual organism responses, food web and ecosystem effects, to economic impacts. A new DFG-funded Priority Programme, SPP 1689 “Climate En- gineering: Risks, Challenges, Opportunities”, coordinated by Andreas Oschlies, started in 2013. The aim of this project, which during its preparation phase received seed funding from the Future Ocean, is a comprehensive assessment, not the development, of climate engineering. In particular, the uncertainties in our understanding of ecological, social, and political risks of Climate Engineering are to be assessed and, if possible, reduced. Special attention is given to carrying out the research in a transparent manner, to continuously inform the interested public and to support an informed public debate.

26 | Future Ocean Report | R5 – Ocean Sinks R6 Dangerous Ocean

Disciplines: geosciences, coastal engineering, economics, law Objectives: investigate oceanic and coastal geohazards and their socio-economic consequences Central question: How can we cope with ocean hazards and prepare for coastal change?

R6 – Dangerous Ocean | 27 R6 – Dangerous Ocean REPORT The main aim of the ‘Dangerous Ocean’ Topic is to bring together researchers from geosciences, coastal engineering, economics, and law in order to investigate oceanic and coastal hazards and their socio-economic consequences. Specific objectives include: (i) How dangerous are critical geological systems at the sea floor, like seismic faults and unstable slo- pes? (ii) How resilient are coastal systems such as subsiding deltas, when affected by ocean hazards? (iii) How can improved understanding of ocean and coastal hazards be provided to assist in reducing risks and impacts to coastal communities?

Highlight 2: Deglacial flooding of the Mekong and Red River valleys and associated coastal plains Identifying periods of accelerated regional sea-level rise is fundamental to understanding past, present and future changes of coastal environments and can provide an analogue for future scenarios. Linking the records of the South Vietnam shelf, Mekong Delta and Cambo- dian lowlands reveals a regional jump-like sea-level rise of 16-24 m between 9000 and 8200 years BP. Dif- ferential hydro-isostatic adjustment between the South Vietnam shelf and the Cambodian lowlands resulted in the extreme expression of this jump-like sea-level rise that caused a shoreline migration of more than 400 km. After correction of hydro-isostatic adjustments, a sea-level rise of 7.5–23.8 mm/yr remains for this period, which coincides with a period of sustained freshwater release preceding the 8200- year climate event. New R6 scientists during the deployment of a seismic system in front of erupting Mt. Etna. hydroacoustic and sediment-core data from the paleo- Red River valley in the Gulf of Tonkin were collected during RV SonneCruise SO220 in April/May 2012. First results Highlight 1: Seismogenic faults, landslides, and associated from sediment cores indicate a major landward translation and re- tsunamis off southern Italy. organization of the coastal zone between 9000 and 8000 years BP in The continental margins off southern Italy are located along conver- the inner Gulf of Tonkin. ging plate boundaries, which are affected by intense seismicity and volcanic activity. Most of the coastal areas have experienced severe Highlight 3: Changes in the São Francisco Delta, NE Brazil earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis in historical and/or modern The São Francisco has been considered for more than two decades as times. The most prominent example is the Messina earthquake of a paradigm for wave-dominated deltas. Sediment supply to the delta is Dec. 28, 1908 (Ms=7.3; 80,000 casualties), which was characterized now strongly suppressed by upstream damming. Discharge has been by the worst tsunami Italy ever experienced in recorded time (~2000 strongly regulated and reduced since 1987, when the last river dam casualties). It is, however, still unclear, whether this tsunami was was implemented. As a consequence strong coastal erosion reaching triggered by a sudden vertical movement along a major fault during maximum rates of 98.6 m/year has been recorded at the river mouth the earthquake or was a result of a giant marine slide initiated by also leading to the destruction of a coastal village. Reduced discharge the earthquake. New hydroacoustic and seismic data as well as core reinforces tidal effects which support the presence of the salt wedge data were collected during RV Meteor-Cruise M86/2 in early 2012. within the estuarine delta. Surprisingly, bedform morphology seems The new data allow the exclusion of a major landslide as the cause to be affected neither by reduced river-discharge nor by reduced se- for the 1908 tsunami but we identified a previously unknown com- diment supply. However, migration rates of these dunes, as calculated, plex normal fault structure located in the most likely source area are lower due to decreased discharge. At the same time, tidal impact for the tsunami. We consider this fault as a candidate for the 1908 is strengthened at the lowermost part of the river. The tidal influence earthquake and tsunami, which should be further proven by tsunami is reflected in dune morphology. Small straight crested subaqueous modelling approaches. In addition, we collected a 3D-seismic data dunes are formed by tidal currents downstream of the two sand bars set with the so-called p-cable system on the eastern flank of Mt. which are limiting the salt-wedge intrusion. From this we assume, Etna, which is characterized by abundant landslides and a complex that the replenishment of sediment at the coast near the river-mouth deformation pattern. We identified several radial ridges as surface might be time-delayed and could support coastal erosion. expressions of an ESE-dipping fault system. The entire fault system can be described as an imbrication of laminated segments clearly showing the ongoing deformation of the submarine flank of Mt. Etna.

28 | Future Ocean Report | R6 – Dangerous Ocean Highlight 4: Plans Wetland development in the Rio de la Plata estuary and the Parana RV Merian Cruise MSM31 (August/September 2013) investiga- Delta, Argentina ting mass wasting off Spitsbergen The Rio de la Plata estuary is one the world’s largest estuaries into RV Merian Cruise MSM32 (September/October 2013) studying which the Parana Delta develops as one of the largest river del- the morphology, processes and geohazards of giant landslides tas in South America. Along the estuary and within the delta, large in and around Agadir Canyon, northwest Africa. areas of coastal wetlands (i.e. freshwater marshes, salt marshes, Development and improvement of methods for landslide tsu- and coastal forests) are present. Vertical growth rates on estuarine nami hazard assessment by extending the currently available freshwater marshes are known to be influenced by variations in river methods for tsunami hazard assessment from tectonic tsuna- discharge, while growth rates on the outer salt marshes are known mis to landslide tsunamis. to be influenced by variations in sea levels, e. g. tidal range and Development and improvement of proxies of sea-level indica- storm surges. Within an estuarine system, however, it is unclear how tors and coastal evolution for the southern Baltic Sea. the prevailing estuarine hydro-morphodynamic processes influence Model simulations for the development of estuarine freshwater marsh accretion rates and how the relative importance of variations and salt marshes. An existing salt marsh model will be modi- in river discharge and storm activity/tidal range affects the marshes fied for application in deltaic and estuarine environments. along the estuarine gradients. Set-up of a measurement system for improved assessment of For assessing these major driving forces, 15 marsh cores were sediment dynamics in intertidal and shallow subtidal coastal extracted within the Parana Delta and along the Rio de la Plata estu- environments. ary. The cores are being analyzed for variations in accretion rates as well as for sediment characteristics in order to identify the governing Issues drivers for vertical marsh accretion. Based on these field measure- As most of our work is based on field studies, current activities ments modelling experiments will be conducted in order to estimate were mainly initiated during the previous phase of the ‘Cluster of the future development of estuarine marshes under various scena- Excellence’. Hence, the integrative approach of the research topic rios for river discharge, storm activity, and sea level rise. Results are has not yet been fully realized. In order to overcome this issue we expected to provide insights into the ability of estuarine marshes to are currently initiating collaborative research projects involving all adapt to future sea level rise and for understanding the relevant pro- disciplines (see below). cesses and parameters for marsh survival. In this context we further aim to develop a method for better quantifying the sedimentary dyna- Outlook mics in the shallow water areas in front of the marshes. Initiation of a collaborative project investigating coastal hazards along the Thai coast. A first meeting of German and Thai re- Highlight 5: Semester Topic Activities searchers took place in Bangkok and Phuket in May 2013. The The semester topic of the summer term 2013 is entitled ‘Ocean and outcome of this meeting was the identification of two contras- Coastal Hazards’. Several activities have been organized for scien- ting coastal sections in the Andaman Sea on one hand, and tists of the research topic and the interested public. These activities the Gulf of Thailand on the other hand. A full proposal will be include a lecture series for a broader audience, a summer school, submitted to the DFG in early 2014. and the 6th International Symposium on Submarine Mass Movements Initiation of a collaborative project investigating event sedimen- and Their Consequences. The lecture series consisted of nine public tation at the western and northern shelf zones in the South presentations by national and international specialists discussing China Sea in the scope of the German-Chinese collaboration in hazards and risks related to mega thrust earthquakes, tsunamis, and Marine and Polar Research. sea level rise as well as strategies to minimize their consequences. Participation in the preparation Proposal for establishing a The summer school for PhD students and young Postdocs focuses on DFG Priority Program “Integrated Assessment of Sea Level coastal hazards. Topics include coastal sedimentology, sinking deltas, Rise” risk assessment, and field trips introducing coastal protection along Initiation of networking activities and preparation of further, the German coast. The 6th International Symposium on Submarine externally funded, projects with the international partners Mass Movements and Their Consequences will be held on September working on the ecosystem of the Rio de la Plata. The main goal 23rd – 25th 2013, in Kiel, Germany. The symposium is part of the Inter- of such a project is the integration of the work being conducted national Geoscience Programe IGCP-585 (E-MARSHAL, (http://www. by the Cluster funded project CP1211 into a wider scientific igcp585.org), a joint endeavor of UNESCO and the International Union context. of Geological Sciences. The main objective of this event is to bring a worldwide perspective of submarine mass movements and their Extensive freshwater marsh in the Parana Delta. Photo: Kristian Kumbier. consequences by assembling state-of-the-art contributions from international researchers of academic institutions and the offshore industry. A book summarizing the contributions of this symposium will be published during the symposium.

Coordinators: J. Behrmann, S. Krastel, K. Stattegger Further Proponents: E. Flüh, A. Holzheid, R. Mayerle, H. Kopp, M. Quaas, W. Rabbel, K. Schrottke, K. Schwarzer, A. Vafeidis, K. Odendahl

R6 – Dangerous Ocean | 29 R7 Ocean Interfaces

Disciplines: biology, chemistry, geochemistry, geology, physical oceanography, mathematics Objectives: investigate the accumulation, transformation and transport of climate-relevant substances at ocean interfaces Central Question: How do micro-scale processes at ocean interfaces affect fluxes of climate-relevant substances?

30 | Future Ocean Report | R7 – Ocean Interfaces R7 Ocean Interfaces REPORT The Research Topic R7 “Ocean Interfaces” investigates the accumulation, transformation, and transport of climate and environmentally relevant substances at and across the diverse ocean interfaces. It is divided into three foci: Sediment-Water Interface (Focus 1), Surface Boundary Layer (Focus 2), and Sea-Air Exchange (Focus 3). Scientific members of this research topic belong to the research fields of biology, chemistry, geochemistry, geology, physical oceanography, and mathematics. Currently, 2 PhD positions, 3 postdoctoral positions, and 2 Cluster proposals are directly associated with R7:

Alexander Dreshchinski (group of Anja Engel, GEOMAR), PhD student, thesis topic: › The sea surface microlayer ‹

Johanna Schweers (group of Tina Treude, GEOMAR), PhD student, thesis topic: › Production and emission of climate-relevant gases in organic-rich sediments ‹

Damian Grundle (group of Hermann Bange, GEOMAR), postdoctoral researcher, current topic: › Nitrous oxide production through sub-oxic interfaces and sea-to-air fluxes at the sea-surface interface ‹

Kristian Laß (group of Gernot Friedrichs, CAU), postdoctoral researcher, current topic: › Advancing non-linear optical probes for ocean interfaces ‹

Arvind Singh (group of Ulf Riebesell, GEOMAR), postdoctoral researcher, current topic: › Nitrogen fixation in the ocean: present and future scenarios ‹

Cluster proposal CP1324 (PIs: Tina Treude, Matthias Haeckel, and Martin Wahl, GEOMAR), title: › The fate of microplastics in benthic marine environments ‹

Cluster proposal CP1340 (PIs: Ulf Riebesell, Rainer Kiko, GEOMAR, Reinhard Koch, CAU, Develogic, Hamburg), title: › Automated high-resolution imaging system for non-invasive in situ measurements of marine particles and zooplankton ‹

Highlights R7 is active in many disciplines and only a selection of highlights can In an experimental approach, R7 has succeeded in identifying seaso- be presented here. For example, members of R7 have successfully nal trends in sea surface nanolayer abundance and composition participated in several research expeditions to the North Atlantic using newly developed surface-sensitive tools such as sum-fre- Ocean, the South-East Pacific (Peru upwelling region), and to the quency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. The nanolayer represents near by Eckernförde Bay (Baltic Sea) to study marine N-cycling at the molecularly thin uppermost layer of the ocean‘s microlayer. The the different interfaces. Studies have included the determination of study, conducted in Eckernförde Bay, revealed a temporal delay bet-

N2 fixation rates in the water column using a new labeling technique ween the pronounced spring algal bloom and nanolayer abundance. 15 with dissolved N2 and the determination of denitrification and N2O A different study from the Eckernförde Bay, focusing on the role of production rates in the water column and in surface sediments of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) in the sea surface mic- hypoxic regions. Denitrification rates determined by the acetylene rolayer, suggests less retardation of air-sea gas exchange in the blocking method at a depth transect through the oxygen minimum presence of the microlayer than previously reported. Analyses of zone off Peru revealed a potential competition between denitrifier TEP in seawater has further demonstrated seasonal dependence, and sulfide oxidizers for nitrate, supporting the idea of a strong reflecting the processes of accumulation of organic matter in the 15 18 N-recycling at the benthic boundary of this region. N2 O isotope surface microlayer during productive seasons. signature analysis was applied for the first time to study production A new technological investment is the state-of-the art high po- and consumption pathways that influence N2O pools in the Baltic wer, high resolution, and tunable cw-IR laser system, which was Sea. An overarching goal of the above investigations is an impro- delivered to the Cluster just recently. This continued support of the ved budgeting of nitrogen inputs and outputs in regions sensitive Optical Detection Unit allows R7 to keep pace with rapid technolo- to Global Change. gical developments in the fields of fundamental and applied envi-

R7 – Ocean Interfaces | 31 ronmental laser spectroscopy and to develop the much requested patterns of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms on conventional next-generation trace gas sensors. vs. biodegradable plastic carrier bags. In the framework of the marine microplastics Cluster proposal a An automated underwater high-resolution imaging system bachelor thesis was completed systematically testing the separation (KielVision) for in situ determination of zooplankton composition of microplastic particles (1-1000 µm) from the sediment for analyses and particle size spectra was developed jointly between GEOMAR, and quantification. A significant improvement to the conventional CAU’s Multimedia Information Processing group and a local KMU stirring method was achieved using chemical separation funnels. partner (Develogic GmbH, Hamburg). The system passed its first In a current master thesis project, the colonization of plastics by field test during a recent mesocosm experiment off the west coast microbes and the microbial alteration of plastic surfaces in sedi- of Sweden. ments are being studied. First results revealed different colonization

Plans Issues Aside from sample analyses of past expeditions, members of R7 will The R7 topic is operating successfully on different levels of investi- participate in future fieldwork to continue studies on marine N-cyc- gation including laboratory, mesocosm and open field experimenta- ling at ocean interfaces. Study areas will include upwelling regions tion. The diversity of disciplines enables us to take on even complex off North-West Africa, the Bedford Basing, and the Eckernförde Bay. research questions such as: Why are the global nitrogen fluxes in One future highlight will be the conduction of isotope tracer based imbalance? What is the importance of the surface nano- and mic-

N2 fixation experiments under simulated future ocean conditions rolayer for sea-air exchanges? Are microplastics an environmental in the mesocosms. In the Eckernförde Bay, investigations of the issue or just a sediment grain made of plastic? One technical issue

N2O production in sediments and the water column will continue to worth mentioning is the lack of a proper N-isotope analysis in Kiel. uncover seasonal cycles. A new focus will be on the production of Currently, N-isotopes of water and sediment samples (natural ab- methane in surface sediments, i.e., within the sulfate-reducing zone. undance and 15N-labeling) are analyzed in cooperation with, e. g., Microlayer studies will continue in Eckernförde Bay comple- the MPI in Bremen, the University of Basel, and the University of mented by a planned sampling series at Cape Verde Ocean Ob- Massachusetts Dartmouth. Considering the high demand for these servatory. A joint R7 mesocosm experiment of an algal bloom will analyses, not only within the Future Ocean Cluster but also within be conducted to link SFG signal trends with marine chemical and the Collaborative Research Center for “Climate Biogeochemistry biological parameters including the abundance of TEP. On a tech- Interactions in the Tropical Ocean”, an N-isotope analytical infra- nical level, development of an extended sum frequency setup will be structure would be a worth while-future investment. continued to achieve the sensitivity necessary for scattering experiments on marine particles as well as to perform nanolayer reactivity Outlook studies. Furthermore, second-harmonic generation spectrometry In Summer 2015, R7 will be host of the Future Ocean Semester for surface-sensitive electronic spectroscopy will be developed. Topic “Processes at Ocean Interfaces: From Science to Society”. In In the microplastic project, a multi site monitoring (9 regions addition to an ISOS lecture series, which will take place during the worldwide: Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Portugal, Wales, Finland, Croatia, semester, possible additional events include: (a) a special session Indonesia, Japan) of microplastic particle abundances in shallow during the SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study) confe- water, sandy sediments is currently being conducted in collaboration rence in September 2015 in Kiel, (b) a workshop on “Current Status with the GAME project (Global Approach of Modular Experiments). of Ocean Microlayer Research”, (c) a workshop or lecture series on Abundances will be determined applying the newly developed se- “Biogeochemical feedbacks: current understanding & bottlenecks”, paration technique outlined above. In parallel, the adsorption and and (d) a Cluster exhibition on “Microsensor monitoring of an stress release of contaminants (e. g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) by responses of bio-interfaces” (development of experimental module). microplastic particles in the presence and absence of microbial biofilms will be studied. Contaminated microplastics will be fed to benthic substrate feeders to estimate the intoxication potentials of marine microplastics. The KielVision underwater imaging system will be further opti- Coordinators: mized in a collaborative effort by the three project partners (GEO- G. Friedrichs, U. Riebesell, (F. Temps), T. Treude MAR, CAU, Develogic), including hardware modifications and software improvements, alongside further field testing. The system is Further Proponents: expected to be fully operational for the KOSMOS 2014 campaign off H. Bange, A. Biastoch, M. Beyer, S. Börm, A. Engel, S. Gorb, B. Hartke, the Canary Islands early next year. A. Körtzinger, P.Linke, L. Rüpke, R. Schmitz-Streit, R. Schneider, K. Schrottke, U. Sommer, T. Slawig, M. Wahl, K. Wallmann

PhDs and Postdocs: L. Miersch, M. Gutowska, M. Saha, S. Bolte (cluster proposal)

32 | Future Ocean Report | R7 – Ocean Interfaces R8 Evolving Ocean

Disciplines: biogeochemistry, marine ecology, genomics, biomedical research Objectives: evaluate the rapid evolutionary change of populations, species and communities in the context of their biogeochemical environments Central question: How will rapid evolutionary change of populations, species and communities affect ecosystem and biogeochemical processes?

R8 – Evolving Ocean | 33 r8 – evOlvinG Ocean rePOrt Evolving Ocean brings together researchers from biogeochemistry, marine ecology, genomics, and biomedical research to evaluate the rapid evolutionary change of populations, species and communities in the context of their biogeochemical environments

During the reporting period Evolving Ocean scientists focused on (4) Replicate Emiliania huxleyi populations have been exposed to three topics: (1) within Evolutionary Biogeochemistry, evolution temperature stress, in combination with an adaptation history to experiments with coccolithophores under warming and acidifica- ocean acidification. Surprisingly, the rapid increase in relative fitness tion were conducted to address rapid evolutionary adaptation and indicates fitness increases by long-term acclimation or adaptation, its consequences (2) the Evolution of Calcification was studied in both of which are highly relevant to predicting the performance of a comparative cell—biological approach among several important coccolithophores in a warming ocean (Fig. 2b). groups of coccolithophores (3) a novel topic is the study of evolutionary processes facilitating species invasions, including chemi- Future plans cal defense and the role of microbiota associated with successful (1) Within the evolution of calcification subtopic, a central future goal invaders (link to R4). will be to further validate the interrelation between calcification of coccolithophore species to the cell biology of their cortical memb- Highlights ranes. Based on our current findings we tentatively conclude that (1) Coccolithophores are comprised of several distantly related hap- different cellular transport pathways will be placed under selective tophyte classes, the smaller and more numerous Isochrysidales, and pressure in the dominant calcifying haptophyte classes in response the larger, more heavily calcified Coccolithales. Comparative freeze- to climate change (M. Gutowska). To this end, we will make use of fracture electron microscopy has shown dramatically different struc- the OA adapted E. huxleyi lines in order to detect critical pathways tures between both groups. Isochrysidale CMs contain a very limited via identification of gene clusters and metabolic functions that re- number of transmembrane protein complexes with low transport spond most rapidly to OA (2) experimental evolution experiments capacity. In contrast, Coccolithale CMs have a high transport capacity will be expanded to additional species, and exposing those to multi- as they are densely packed with transmembrane protein complexes, factorial selection regimes, such as warming and acidification (e. g. with likely implications for their sensitivity and adaptability to ocean PhD project L. Miersch). Ongoing work addresses the molecular acidification (M. Gutowska). genetic basis of observed evolutionary adaptation in coccolitho- (2) A novel structural model is proposed for the concentric corti- phores using high-throughput resequencing of entire genomes (in cal membranes (CMs) that play a key role in the formation of cocco- collaboration with R4). In metazoan species with longer generation liths. CM in haptophytes are not part of the peripheral endoplasmatic times, another important extension will be to assess the within- reticulum as presently accepted. The results definitively indicate that population genetic diversity for traits important under global change. the vesicular space the membranes delimit is not confluent with the (2) In order to evaluate the biogeochemical consequences of ER system (M. Gutowska, Fig. 1). rapid adaptive change in marine autotrophic primary producers, we (3) A long-term selection experiment with the haptophyte Emiliania plan to incorporate experimental results into biogeochemical mo- huxleyi is now in its fourth year (1650 asexual generations, Fig. 2a). The dels of calcification and carbon fixation. A grand challenge will be to relative fitness of adapted lines, tested in reciprocal exposure experi- upscale singe-species evolution experiments to the community level ments with appropriate multi-generation acclimation, is still increasing, of interacting species. It is currently completely unknown whether suggesting that novel mutations with medium effect increase fitness or not species diversity will enhance or prevent adaptive evolution under OA (L. Miersch). At the same time, an exposure of evolved lines to global change. (3) The success of biological invasions may be to a third stressful environment has indicated that the phenotypic con- governed by rapid adaptive changes in the successful invaders and vergence observed has a divergent genetic basis. Different novel mu- interaction with microbiota upon their surfaces. To understand this tations confer a fitness advantage of similar magnitude (K. Lohbeck). interplay, a cluster postdoc project (M. Saha) has been initiated that

(A) In the presently accepted model the cortical membranes (CMs) of haptophytes are an extension of the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (PER). (B) Our results indicate that the CMs are not confluent with the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (PNER) and instead cons- titute an independent network of cortical vesicles (CV). (C) A similar morphological arrangement, termed alveolar vesicles (AV), has been firmly established in the closely related alveolate group.

Fig. 1 Schematic illustrations of proposed cortical cell morphology in haptophytes (A-B) and alveolates (C).

34 | Future Ocean Report | R8 – Evolving Ocean Fig. 2A. (top) Relative fitness increase in replicate Emi- liania huxleyi populations under long-term selection by

increased CO2 partial pressure (ocean acidification), as fitness of adapted vs. non-adapted replicate populations.

Note that at approximately 1000 asexual generations another stepwise fitness increase occurred. The experimental run-time corresponds to approximately 3.5 yrs (K. Lohbeck, L. Miersch). b Time course of E. huxleyi growth rates in populations under temperature stress (top panel) vs. control temperatures (15°C) suggest rapid adaptive fitness increase either by acclimation or evolution irrespective of their previous acidification regime (L. Miersch).

analyzes the invasion success of macroalgae as a function of their Further Collaborations inside and outside Kiel chemical defense evolution. In another project (S. Bolte), the role Ongoing collaborations with S. Collins (U Edinburgh) focused on a of microbiota associated with the invasive comb jelly Mnemiopsis field test of clonal selection and short-term evolution via standing leidyi and its implications for invasion success is studied among genetic variation in diatoms within the large-scale mesocosm expe- populations from the native range (North America) and the invaded riment in the first half of 2013 in Kristineberg, Sweden (U. Riebesell). European Seas. Both projects from this line of research link with In collaboration with several international researchers in the field of R4 Ocean innovation: Chemical defense substances of macroalgae marine evolutionary ecology, an invited synthesis and meta-analysis may have application potential. This also applies to antimicrobial on Evolution and Ocean Acidification is currently under review in substances produced by comb jellies which sustain, despite their Trends Evol Ecol (lead author J. Sunday, Simon-Frazer University, gelatinous texture, a bacterial flora drastically different from the Canada, last author cluster member T. Reusch). Biomineralizati- surrounding sea-water medium. on related genes in mollusks are currently being identified using transcriptomic and shell regeneration based assays in collaboration New grants closely related to the overall goals with D. Jackson (U Göttingen) and D. Jacob (Macquarie University The following third party projects related to the focus of the overall Sydney). Within the areas of chemical defense, the characterization goals of the R8 topic were recently approved: within the BMBF-Bio- of secondary metabolites is being pursued in collaboration with S. acid, consortium “Responses of benthic assemblages to interactive Min Boo, Chungham University, South Korea, and G. Pohnert, Uni stress” the role of genetic diversity of key benthic plants and filter Jena. feeders as prerequisite for adaptive evolution under stress is being studied (I. Kruse). In the BMBF-Bioacid, pelagic consortium the “Constraints to adaptive evolution in marine phytoplankton” are being studied (K. Lohbeck); while the adaptation potential of calcifying invertebrates to ocean acidification is being studied in the ‘Natural Coordinators: analogues’ consortium of the BMBF- Bioacid project (F. Melzner). T. Reusch, P. Rosenstiel Mechanisms and costs of biomineralization strategies are being explored in the framework of the EU FP7 Marie Curie ITN ‘CACHE Further Proponents: – calcium in a changing environment’ (F. Melzner). Within the HOSST M. Bleich, T. Bosch, T. Dagan, C Dullo, S. Gorb, F. Melzner, A. Nebel, A. Oschlies, graduate school the PhD stipend “Hybridization and gene flow in D. Piepenburg, U. Riebesell, H. Schulenburg, R. Schmitz-Streit, B. Schneider, deep sea mussel species Bathymodiolus spp.” (C. Breusing). The M. Wahl BONUS project BAMBI addresses rapid adaptation of key Baltic organisms to changing salinity and temperature (lead K Johannesson PhDs and Postdocs: Gothenburg, with T. Reusch, C. Eizaguirre). L. Miersch, M. Gutowska, M. Saha, S. Bolte (cluster proposal)

R8 – Evolving Ocean | 35 R9 Ocean Controls

Disciplines: geophysics, biogeochemistry, paleoceanography, climate modelling Objectives: investigate the role of the ocean in past climate and environmental change and identify key processes and potential tipping points that could control future global warming Central question: How does the ocean control climate and environment at transitions of warming?

36 | Future Ocean Report | R9 – Ocean Controls R9 – Ocean Controls REPORT The research topic ‘R9 Ocean Controls’ is combining expertise from geophysics, biogeochemistry, paleoceanography, and climate modelling to investigate questions concerning the controls of the ocean on climate variability and climate change, especially during warming climates. This focus goes beyond the common approach of investigating mostly equilibrated and rather stable states of the climate system, picking up the particular challenges of understanding, quantifying and modelling the transient behavior of warming climates.

There are three main questions around which current research model results demonstrate that although the quantity of methane efforts are centered: that may be potentially generated within the contact aureole can (1) what was the response of the ocean circulation to different for- cause catastrophic climate change, the rate at which this methane cings (solar, GHG, tectonic, FW) during warming climates and what is released into the atmosphere is too slow to trigger, by itself, the were the climate feedbacks? negative δ13C excursions observed in the fossil record over short (2) How does the response of the ocean carbon cycle to climate time scales (< 10,000 years). For e. g., the PETM is characterized warming operate under different background conditions? by a δ13C incursion of -2 to -3 ‰ over 10,000 years and is associated (2) Which geological carbon emissions including gas hydrate disso- with the formation of the North Atlantic igneous province. The model ciation were driving environmental change, e. g. during the PETM? results demonstrate that with a TOC content of 5 wt %, ~2200 Gt of methane is released within 10,000 years from the Vøring and Møre basins and results in a δ13C excursion of only -1.2 ‰. It is, therefore, likely that methane from organic cracking in sediments during sill intrusion in conjunction with other processes such as volcanic degassing and the destabilization of sub-surface methane hydrates is responsible for such short term climate variations. The manuscript containing these results will be soon submitted for publication.

Project: CP1105 / 24 months Postdoc since 01.11.2011, continued as CP1216, Fig. 1a and b plot the temperature and vitrinite reflectance within the sedimentary basin 130 years after sill int- see below rusion. The relatively low permeability structure allows for fluid flow but suppresses vigorous convection. Fluids Project title: Detecting the fingerprint of present in this system are heated around the sill intrusion. The enlarged inset figure illustrates the fluid flow the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cir- around the sill (black vectors). Hot fluid from bottom oart of sill flow upwards along the outer sill and meet fluids culation (AMOC) on decadal to millennial from the upper part at the edge of the outer sill giving rise to hydrothermal plumes at each outer sill. time scales Highlights Researcher: Uta Krebs-Kanzow (WG B. Schneider) The Cluster of Excellence ‚Future Ocean‘ is currently funding four Project summary: The aim of the project of U. Krebs-Kanzow is to research projects in the framework of R9: find a universally applicable relationship between climate variables such as ocean temperatures and the strength of the AMOC, which Project: CP 1104 / 24 months Postdoc since 01.11.2011 holds across (i) various climate forcing mechanisms, (ii) a large suite Project title: Quantifying the release of greenhouse gases during of climate models, and (iii) is applicable to paleo proxy data. There- sill intrusion in sedimentary basins using numerical flow models fore, a large set of simulations of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) has Researcher: Karthik Iyer (WG L. Rüpke) been used, covering orbital, tectonic and greenhouse gas forcing. So Project summary: K. Iyer has developed a numerical flow model for far, the model experiments have comprised mostly warm climate the simulation of greenhouse gas emissions from sedimentary ba- states such as the modern and future climate, the Holocene, the sins, caused by intrusive volcanism. The important outcomes of the Eemian and the Pliocene, but they are now being complemented study are (i) the location of hydrothermal vents depends solely on the by a simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). For the warm flow pattern, even in systems with no convection, without the explicit climates in KCM a robust AMOC index could already be derived from need for explosive degassing and/or boiling effects as suggested in the difference in sea surface temperatures (SST) between northern previous studies (Figure 1). (ii) Methane generation in systems with and southern hemispheres (Figure 2). This index will be tested with fluid flow does not significantly differ from that estimated in diffusive results from other climate models from the PMIP (Paleomodelling systems. On the other hand, methane venting at the surface occurs Intercomparison Project) data base, which provides less variety in in three distinct stages and can last for hundreds of thousands of the simulated climate states (preindustrial, mid-Holocene, LGM), years. Also, not all of the methane generated reaches the surface but a significantly larger model ensemble. as some may still be trapped beneath an impermeable sill. (iii) The

R9 – Ocean Controls | 37 benthic and planktonic foraminifera. These new proxy data obtained from sediment cores from 600 to 1000 meters water depth allow a detailed assessment of the role of intermediate waters in interhemispheric heat exchange, thermocline variability, surface properties, and intermediate ocean ventilation. Preliminary results from the northeastern flank of the Campeche Bank suggest a deglacial warming of intermediate water masses of approximately 5°C highlighting the variability of intermediate water masses and their impact on the thermal state of the ocean during deglacial climate change . Project: CP1216 / 60 months Postdoc since 1.11.2012) Project title: Interactions of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the atmospheric hydrological cycle during the Fig. 2 Maximum strength of the AMOC relative to the interhemispheric Atlantic Last Glacial Termination SST contrast in equilibrium experiments with changed orbital parameters (black), Researcher: Uta Krebs-Kanzow (WG B. Schneider) elevated CO2 (red), modified passages (Indonesian Througflow or Central American Project summary: This project is a continuation and extension of Seaway, circles), additional continental ice cover (cyan) or North Atlantic freshwater CP1105. Now an even stronger focus on the transient behavior of forcing (blue). The interhemispheric Atlantic SST contrast is defined as the difference between North Atlantic (40-60N and 50-10W) and South Atlantic (10-40S and warming climates is achieved by the simulation of the early deglacial 30W-10E). Each symbol represents the temporal mean of the last 200 years of the period, forced by greenhouse gas concentrations and melt water experiments (1000 year duration). fluxes. Furthermore, with the atmospheric hydrological cycle and the simulation of terrestrial vegetation further components of the Project: CP1135 / 36 months PhD since 1.11.2011 climate system are included. Especially the latter serves for intense Project title: Investigation of large-scale methane releases model-data integration, as at the Institute of Geosciences (CAU, WG induced by increasing temperatures from global warming and R. Schneider) novel proxies for continental precipitation from land break-up magmatism plant material, which is transported to the ocean via rivers, are Researcher: Ines Dumke (WG C. Berndt) being developed. Project summary: I. Dumke is investigating methane emissions from the sea floor, which are probably either caused by global war- Plans ming or volcanic activity. During the M87/2 cruise to the mid-Nor- In the framework of R9 it is planned to further strengthen the inte- wegian margin we investigated a seep site that is linked to volcanic grative aspects of this research topic. Therefore, expert knowledge sill intrusions that were emplaced during the opening of the North from the various disciplines will be brought together to quantify (1) Atlantic. Svensen et al., 2004 proposed that they were the cause variations in the strength of the AMOC and its driving factors, and for the PETM. Unfortunately, we found out that this seep site had a (2) the amount and type of greenhouse gas emissions necessary to very reduced activity throughout the last 2 Ma and that it would be cause a PETM climate perturbation. Next to the running projects, difficult if not impossible to use it as a window to the deep-seated further climate model simulations using the KCM are planned. It processes. This work is being written up for publication at present. is planned to preferentially use the future resources of R9 to con- A second cruise to Svalbard (MSM21/4) investigated the second hy- centrate on these two important questions/quantifications by hiring pothesis that carbon injection was caused by hydrate dissociation. highly experienced postdocs. Furthermore, it is desired to start 1-2 The cruise resulted in the finding that carbon emissions from the more PhD projects after the first two PhDs are finished. hydrate system are a long-term process and that present warming cannot be the sole trigger for the observed gas emanations. This Outlook work is presently under review in Nature. R9 plans to organize a semester topic during WS 2014/2015 or WS2015/2016. Project: CP1142 / 36 months PhD since 01.05.2012 So far, a Lecture Series about the topics ‚Transitions into warm Project title: Role of intermediate water variability in the Caribbe- phases, mass extinctions and Earth in crisis has been proposed as an and Gulf of Mexico in deglacial climate change well as, the kick-off meeting of the newly planned national climate Researcher: David-Willem Poggemann (WG D. Nürnberg) modelling initiative “From the last Interglacial into the Anthropoce- Project summary: D.-W. Poggemann is working on the recons- ne: Modelling a complete glacial cycle” is planned be hosted in Kiel. truction of intermediate water masses in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean during the last 40 kyrs. The aim is to reconstruct the interplay between Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Coordinators: North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) from the LGM to the late Ho- C. Berndt, B. Schneider locene. Periods during which AAIW replaced subtropical Atlantic and N-Atlantic sourced intermediate water masses in the Florida Further Proponents: Straits during deglacial cool periods when the Atlantic Meridional C. Dullo, A. Eisenhauer, M. Frank, S. Krastel, K. Krüger, W. Kuhnt, M. Latif, Overturning Circulation (AMOC) was supposedly weak, have been S. Meier, D. Nürnberg, L. Rüpke, R. Schneider, J. Schönfeld, K. Stattegger, hypothesized (e. g. Xie et al., 2012). We reconstruct water mass pro- T. Treude, K. Wallmann perties (temperature, salinity and nutrients) using the stable isotopic (d18O, δ13C) and elemental (Mg/Ca, Mg/Li, Cd/Ca) composition of

38 | Future Ocean Report | R9 – Ocean Controls R10 Ocean Observations

Disciplines: chemical and physical oceanography, informatics, geochemistry, geology, law, economics Objectives: enhance and improve global and regional sustained ocean observations Central question: How can ocean observations be improved?

R10 – Ocean Observations | 39 R10 – Ocean Observations Ocean Observations brings together researchers from chemical and physical oceanography, informatics, geochemistry, geology, law and economics to develop and promote elements needed to enhance global and regional sustained ocean observations – figuratively speaking to ‘take the pulse of the oceans’.

Current Status of Research Foci measured by the established NDIR analyzer of the GO-pCO2 system Research Topic 10 features three major foci: was found. The ongoing 13C isotope ratio measurements (Fig. 1., right) Focus 1: ‘From sensor to information’ addresses issues con- will be verified by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) samples cerned with observation data processing for specific projects measured at the Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Iso- Focus 2: ‘Improving marine observation networks’ is con- tope Research of Kiel University. For a better comparison of the IRMS cerned with system designs which optimally meet various samples with the CRDS isotope ratio data, the isotope fractionation

scientific requirements in regard to capability, logistical effort, between gaseous CO2 and DIC in seawater will be determined. costs and legal and political constraints. Focus 3: Integrated multidisciplinary ocean observations in Focus 2/3, Postdoc project “Turtles as oceanographers, Lagrangian small island states – the Cape Verde Example analysis around Cape Verde”, Dr. Rebecca Scott (CP1217, Mentor: Focus 2 and 3 have made significant progress through successful Prof. Dr. Arne Biastoch): recruitment of highly qualified personnel in the Ph.D. and postdoc The project activities span a wide interdisciplinary range, from in- calls. Furthermore a grant was awarded to focus 3 in the first Cluster vestigating the dispersal of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles using proposal round. For focus 1, the recruitment so far has failed due to an ocean model (collaboration with A. Biastoch) towards conducting the decline of a job offer made in the Ph.D. call and a lack of highly spatial analyses of adult loggerhead sea turtle satellite tracking and qualified applicants in this area in the postdoc call. genetics data (collaboration with C. Eizaguirre). The temporal and As short summary of R10 highlights, plans and outlook for these spatial variability of hatchling dispersal from the Cape Verde Islands ongoing projects can be found below. is currently being studied by tracing virtual Lagrangian particles in the NEMO high-resolution ocean model of the tropical Atlantic. Of Highlights, Plans & Outlook particular interest is the interannual variability of the dispersal that

Focus 2, Ph.D. project “Field Measurements of Surface Water pCO2 would emerge from the atmospherically driven ocean current varia- 13 and δ C(CO2) in the North Atlantic using Cavity Ringdown Spect- bility during the past 50 years. In addition to the evaluation of passive roscopy and a ‘Voluntary Observing Ship” granted to Dipl.-Chem. spreading in the ocean model, it is planned to add active swimming Meike Becker (CP1140, Ph.D. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Arne Körtzinger): behavior into ocean model simulations. In order to do this, two ex- In this project, the understanding of the dominating processes of the periments will be conducted in Sept.-Oct. 2013 to collect field and carbon system will be improved by means of analyzing the seasona- laboratory observations of the swimming behavior of hatchling sea lity of surface water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, oxygen, partial turtles. Through two “high risk, high gain” projects, daily swimming

pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and the stable carbon isotope ratio activity will be monitored under laboratory conditions and hatchlings 13 (δ C) of CO2 along a “Voluntary Observing Ship” line between Europe will be followed at sea with acoustic nanotags. Surface floats will and North America across the subpolar North Atlantic. For this, a also be deployed during the nanotag experiments to collect data on commercial CRDS analyzer (Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, model surface currents. These data will all feed into improving hatchling G2131-i, Picarro, USA) was combined with a classical equilibrator dispersal simulations. based GO-pCO2 system (General Oceanics Inc.) onboard the mer- chant vessel M/V Atlantic Companion in May 2012 (Fig. 1, left). During the first year, a very good agreement of the CRDS pCO2 with data

GO pCO2-System

Picarro G2131-i

SBE21 with SBE38 intake temperature sensor and Optode

Fig. 1 Setup of the CO2 monitoring system onboard M/V Atlantic Companion (left). Raw data for the stable 13 carbon isotope ratio of CO2(δ C(CO2)) measured by CRDS from 6 trans-Atlantic crossing in 2012 and 2013.

40 | Future Ocean Report | R10 – Ocean Observations To our knowledge, we will be embarking on the first study to ever of potential consequences of an expanding and intensifying OMZ deploy acoustic nanotags on hatchling loggerhead sea turtles. The on dominant Cape Verdean marine fauna, the integration of me- on-going fieldwork on adult sea turtles is also supplemented by ca- sopelagic fauna in fisheries management and the development of pacity building efforts, in particular training of local Cape Verdeans conservation strategies like MPA designation. This project aims to and GEOMAR students to monitor/conserve sea turtle populations. set a base for deep pelagic macro faunal research in the Eastern Apart from the publication of the results in a number of manuscripts, Tropical Atlantic, where oceanography and biology is integrated to research shall better inform conservation/ management planning predict the ocean of the future. The project is being carried out in for the endangered loggerhead turtles. close cooperation with Dr. Uwe Piatkowski/GEOMAR and started in August 2013. Focus 3, postdoc project “In situ ocean observations of Cape Verde- an pelagic communities in a changing ocean”, Dr. Henk-Jan Hoving Focus 3, Cluster project “Biogeochemistry and Ecology of Oxygen (CP1218, Mentor: Prof. Dr. Arne Körtzinger): Depleted Eddies in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic”, Prof. Dr. Arne Although there is increasing consensus that conserving the deep- Körtzinger, Dr. Carolin Löscher, Dr. Helena Hauss, Dr. Johannnes sea environment should be part of the global initiative to maintain Karstensen (CP1341): marine biodiversity, efforts are mostly focused on the seabed, ig- This project will carry out a multi-facetted interdisciplinary field noring the great majority of species that live in the water column study in the eastern tropical North Atlantic to investigate biogeo- above. Overall there is too little baseline information on pelagic chemical and ecological processes in recently discovered eddies community composition, species abundance and distribution to pre- that entail unexpected subsurface anoxia and hypoxia in the open dict or understand long-term effects of the multitude of stressors ocean. Project-related work started in May 2013 with first logistical affecting the open ocean communities. This project will focus on the preparations for the planned field work at Cape Verde. A container impact of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) on pelagic organisms in shipment with sampling consumables and glider equipment for the tropical Northeast Atlantic. This will help to predict how future the intended survey at CVOO be sent in September 2013. The first ocean scenarios, where OMZ have been predicted to be enlarged glider-based exploratory survey (remote survey) will be launched and intensified, will influence pelagic communities. in early December 2013 in order to detect an anoxic/hypoxic eddy I will establish baseline data on the impact, abundance and candidate. At that time, the planned site survey with R/V Islândia composition of pelagic and mesopelagic fauna of the tropical will have already been prepared in order to have the ship ready for Northeast Atlantic, and particularly in relation to the OMZ. Using a potential ad hoc sampling of an eddy candidate. various in situ observational platforms (towed camera platform, In the meantime, a student helper was hired to assist with the ROVs, AUVs) in combination with the collection of oceanographic development and establishment of a near-real-time satellite device parameters (salinity, temperature, depth, oxygen concentration) the that helps to identify mesoscale structures between the Mauritanian temporal dynamics, the vertical distribution and abundance of domi- coast and Cape Verde. Daily images (Fig. 2, left) from this device nant pelagic taxa (macro zooplankton and nekton) will be quantified are already available via a GEOMAR FTP server and will soon be and correlated to their chemical and physical environment. Together integrated into the CVOO homepage (cvoo.geomar.de). Further, a with GEOMAR engineers and staff we will develop an oceanographic recent glider deployment within in the framework of the AWA pro- scientific instrument that will allow for the non-intrusive quantifica- ject has been used to gather most recent information about eddies tion of pelagic fauna. This observational instrument will be towed that are still close to the Senegalese coast. Observations made by behind research vessels (Meteor, Poseidon, Islandia, Merian) and this glider have already identified an eddy which features severe collect high definition video of the water column and its inhabitants hypoxic conditions just beneath the mixed layer (approx. 14 µmol/L at different water depths from the surface down to 1000 m. Video O2; Fig. 2, right). surveys will take place on a regular basis at the Cape Verde Ocean Finally, a meeting with colleagues from the Cape Verdean Uni- Observatory and adjacent areas. The collected video of pelagic fauna versity in Mindelo (UNI-CV) was held in order to discuss conditions will be linked to oceanographic parameters and will be analyzed and which have to be met for a Cape Verdean student to join the project. annotated using video annotation and recording software, which At the moment, an appropriate student candidate who could prepare will result in a unique database of Cape Verdean pelagic fauna in his/her bachelor thesis within this project is being sought. Students relation to the oceanography of the tropical Northeast Atlantic. Such in Cape Verde usually start working on their thesis from January on a database will allow the estimation of the impact of pelagic fauna in which perfectly fits into the project plan. particular gelatinous zooplankton and micronekton, the prediction

Fig. 2 A daily snapshot of sea level anomaly (left, SLA in cm) for the target area which helps to identify mesoscale eddies. Coordinators: Oxygen distribution as observed during a recent glider deployment along a meridional section off the Senegalese shelf (right). W. Hasselbring, A. Körtzinger, M. Visbeck

Further Proponents: A. Biastoch, P. Brandt, C. Devey, K. Hoernle, T. Kanzow, J. Karstensen, R. Koch, N. Luttenberger, K. Odendahl, M. Quaas, K. Rehdanz, T. Slawig

PhDs and Postdocs: M. Becker, H.-J. Hoving, R. Scott

R10 – Ocean Observations | 41 R11 Predicted Ocean

Disciplines: ocean circulation, climate and carbon cycle modelling, numerical mathematics, optimization theory Objectives: elucidate the prospective changes in regional ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry over the next 50 to 100 years Central question: How will climate change affect ocean properties relevant for ecosystems / societies (acidification, warming, sea level) at a regional scale in the next 50 to 100 years?

42 | Future Ocean Report | R11 – Predicted Ocean R11 – Predicted Ocean Report Predicted Ocean investigates the ocean’s dynamical and biogeochemical behavior in interaction with changing atmospheric conditions. The guiding question is: How will oceanic properties relevant for ecosystems and societies change at a regional scale over the next 50-100 years?

The main objective is to advance the simulation and prediction of the Highlights spatial pattern of future ocean evolution by model simulations with The modelling group has made great strides in developing a hier- significantly enhanced resolution. There are two main topics of re- archy of global ocean-sea ice models that can be used for multi- search: Advancement of numerical concepts and parameterizations decadal simulations with very fine grid sizes (1/10° and finer) in in high-resolution ocean physical-biogeochemical model systems crucial regions such as the energetic, strongly eddying regimes of utilizing modern concepts and tools of numerical mathematics the Southern Ocean, the subpolar North Atlantic and the equatorial (Focus 1); and simulations of the multi-decadal changes in ocean oceans. First steps have also been made to couple the new, high-re- properties relevant for regional sea level, nutrient transport, and solution circulation models with the latest generation of ecosystem carbon sequestration (Focus 2). Scientific members of this research models developed in the biogeochemistry group. Ongoing model topic belong to the research fields of biogeochemistry, paleocea- development efforts concentrate on two areas: an improvement of nography, physical oceanography, and mathematics. Currently, 2 the numerical methodologies used for treating near-bottom (espe- PhD positions, 2 postdoctoral positions, and 1 cluster proposal are cially, downslope) flows that are of key importance for obtaining a directly associated with R11: realistic circulation response to changes in polar oceans (e. g., due to melting processes); and the objective testing and optimization of critical parameters in the biogeochemistry component. Lavinia Patara (group of Claus Böning, GEOMAR), A particular focus of our high-resolution global ocean simulati- postdoctoral researcher, current topic “Southern Ocean ons has been the response of the Southern Ocean to the changing CO2 uptake in high-resolution ocean-biogeochemistry atmospheric conditions during recent decades. The Southern Ocean simulations for the 20th and 21st centuries” (CP1219) underwent significant change in recent decades. Sustained pole- ward intensification of westerly winds is believed to be at the origin Taewook Park (group of Mojib Latif, GEOMAR), postdocto- of widespread deep warming and of the contraction of Antarctic ral researcher, current topic “Stochastic physics in ocean Bottom Waters (AABW). The role of AABW warming in regional and general circulation models” global ocean dynamics is still an open question. Mesoscale eddies are also suspected to play a central role in determining the response Till Mackert (groups of Arne Biastoch and Malte Braack), of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) to wind strengthening. PhD student, current topic “Improved sea-floor represen- This may occur through a mechanism called “eddy saturation”, tations in ocean models” (CP1138) whereby increased mesoscale activity due to wind strengthening would reduce the sensitivity of the ACC to the wind strengthening Joscha Reimer (group of Thomas Slawig), PhD student, itself. Within R11 we tackle these questions by using a particular current topic “Optimal experimental design in marine technique (a “two-way nesting”), which allows resolving a part of research” (CP1148) the ocean (in this case: the Southern Ocean) with a much finer grid than the rest of the global ocean, and thereby isolating the role of Anna Heinle (group of Thomas Slawig), postdoctoral the ACC eddies within global circulation. The simulations suggest researcher, current topic “Surrogate-based optimization that eddy energies in the ACC regime have exhibited a long-term for marine biochemical models” (CP) increasing trend in the past decades, an effect related to the increasing strength of the westerly winds which have enhanced baroclinic instability. This wind forcing effect is partly counter-acted, however, by the ongoing contraction of the AABW which has been found to reduce the ACC transport by ~ 3% per decade. A very interesting finding is that the progressing loss of AABW effects a strengthening of the meridional overturning circulation throughout the Atlantic Ocean, thus pointing to a new mechanism that needs to be accounted for in projections of ocean climate change.

R11 – Predicted Ocean | 43 An innovative method to predict decadal ocean and climate changes Plans has been developed. The method is based on forcing a global clima- Advancement of numerical concepts and parameterizations (Focus 1): te model by observed anomalies in the surface boundary conditions Concerning parameter optimization, the Oneshot approach which drive the ocean component. This method prevents the typical will be applied to real data and more complex models. Moreo- climate shock from which climate forecasts suffer when traditional ver, the porting of the ocean model NEMO to a GPU and the initialization methods are used. The new method has been success- usage of several GPUs in parallel is under investigation. fully applied to hindcast variations of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation The improved sea-floor discretizations will be extended to 3D, (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). and then integrated and tested into the NEMO software. Concerning parameter estimation, several approaches are in The role of stochastic physics in coarse-resolution ocean use to accelerate the computation of the steady annual cycle. The models as a tool to reduce biases will be investigated. first one is the classical or direct optimization cycle (simulation - parameter change - simulation - etc.) using derivative-based and High-resolution model simulations (Focus 2): derivative-free evolutionary methods. It has been successfully ap- The analysis of the present suite of hindcast simulations is plied to the N-DOP model. Moreover, first uncertainty estimates well underway, oriented towards completion of a paper on the for the obtained parameters as well as the accuracy of the model effect of the AABW contraction (planned submission in Sep- output have been obtained. Since a direct optimization is very costly, tember), and a paper on the role of the ACC eddies (planned two methods of simplification are being used. In the first one, the for fall 2013). method of Surrogate-based Optimization, which is well-established Next steps will include the coupling of the high-resolution in engineering applications could be successfully transferred to ma- model system with biogeochemistry, to investigate the effects rine ecosystems. This method replaces the originally and compu- of the changing ACC regime on nutrient transport, biological tationally costly model as a surrogate that is much faster but still production and related changes in the carbon budget. retains the main model characteristics. It could be shown that using this method, the parameters in one and three dimensional models Issues and Outlook with synthetic and real data could be optimized with significantly Coupling of marine biogeochemistry into the high-resolution oce- reduced computational effort. an model will require a specially adapted marine biogeochemical The second method called Oneshot approach was also suc- model component. The PISCES model component routinely used cessfully applied to a two-species model with synthetic data in 3-D. in coarse-resolution applications of KCM is computationally too ex- In this method, the parameter update necessary in an optimization pensive, and computationally cheaper biogeochemical models have algorithm is performed after a few spin-up steps, and not after the been proposed and, in initial model evaluations, found to yield simi- spin-up is completely converged. The method, based on a mathe- larly good fits to observed nutrient distributions. With respect to the matical convergence theory, also significantly reduces the overall Southern Ocean, special attention has to be paid to the limitation of effort of an optimization run. phytoplankton growth by the micronutrient iron. A number of con- In the context of discrete schemes for improved sea-floor re- cepts exist, but careful inspection and improvements of biogeoche- presentations, we have developed and implemented adapted finite mical and ecological parameterizations in close collaboration with differences in the vicinity of steep topographical gradients. Instead ongoing model calibration efforts in R11 is required. A postdoctoral of staircase or “shaved” cells, linear approximations of the topo- researcher with the necessary expertise in marine biogeochemical graphy are used leading to a special finite difference stencil. First modelling is needed within R11 to accomplish this task. tests in 2D show promising results with substantial improvements Due to the advanced resolutions of ocean models, improved in comparison with standard discretizations. parameters in biogeochemical models and due to significant en- hancements of the quality of critical flow phenomena, e. g. overflow of deep sea ocean ridges and stratified flows, the predictive power of future ocean models will be substantially improved. Due to the wide-spread use of ocean, climate and paleo models any improvement of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) will also reflect back to a range of other research topics (e. g. Ocean Sinks, Ocean Interfaces, Ocean Controls).

Coordinators: C. Böning, M. Braack

Further Proponents: A. Biastoch, S. Börm, C. Devey, G. Friedrichs, R. Froese, R. Greatbatch, M. Latif, A. Oschlies, L. Rüpke, B. Schneider, T. Slawig, A. Srivastav

44 | Future Ocean Report | R11 – Predicted Ocean CENTRAL SERVICES

R11 – Predicted Ocean | 45 Science Support of the Cluster of Excellence The Future Ocean

Project Management Public Outreach Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS)

Dr. Emanuel Söding Friederike Balzereit PD Dr. Avan Antia Cluster Management Public Outreach Management ISOS Management Phone +49 431 . 880 1604 Phone +49 431 . 880 3032 Phone +49 431 . 880 2685 E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected]

Wiebke Martens Dr. Katrin Knickmeier Angelika Hoffmann Project Assistance School Programs Coordinator ISOS Project Assistance Phone +49 431 . 880 3030 Phone +49 431 . 880 3031 Phone +49 431 . 880 1559 E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected]

Sabine Hilge Mette Lüning Dr. Nina Bergmann Accounting Specialist Electronic Media Specialist ISOS Project Management Phone +49 431 . 880 2978 Phone +49 431 . 880 5476 Phone +49 431 . 880 4837 E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected]

International Cooperation Annika Wallaschek Daniela Henkel Exhibitions Coordinator ISOS, SGMS Managing Director Dr. Nancy Smith Phone +49 431 . 880 4726 Phone +49 431 . 880 5917 Internationalization Coordinator E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] Phone +49 431 . 880 4933 E-mail [email protected] Christian Urban Social Media Manager Integrated Marine Postdoc Network (IMAP) Phone +49 431 . 880 3031 E-mail [email protected] Dr. Gesche Braker Postdoc Network Management Stakeholder Dialogue Phone +49 431 . 880 6550 E-mail [email protected] Annette Preikschat Transfer to Application Coordinator Ruth Kamm Phone +49 431 . 880 4308 Coordinator for gender measures E-mail [email protected] Phone +49 431 . 880 1833 E-mail [email protected]

46 | Future Ocean Report | S1 – International Cooperation internatiOnaliZatiOn Coordinator: Nancy Smith

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Internationalization Strategy International Cooperation strives to increase the visibility of Kiel Marine Sciences with the intention of engaging highly qualified scientists to actively participate in Future Ocean research and education. It supports the transfer of Kiel Marine Sciences knowledge and expertise to the international scientific community, stakeholders and civil society. The Future Ocean strategy for international cooperation de- ACTIVITIES 2012-2013 fines three levels of partnership: Promoting science mobility Tier I partners Virtual Welcome Center – Support for new recruits and visiting on an equal footing scientists collaboration close on all levels (PhD, Postdoc, Senior Information and assistance on visas/work permits, health insurance, Scientist) housing, etc. Cluster support of joint research projects through funding Peer to peer program: incoming international postdocs matched proposals with a volunteer IMAP from the same country/area to help with currently Earth Institute, Dalhousie University transition to life in Germany. potentially a European institute from Tier II (eg. Bergen) Alexander von Humboldt Future Ocean Postdoc Fellowships Tier II partners Three Alexander von Humboldt Fellows are currently carrying out on an near or equal footing two-year research projects in the Future Ocean. collaboration on one or more level(s) Dr. Isobel Yeo (Colin Devey, 11/2012 – 10/2014) Cluster support through special programs (e. g. SGMS, Dr. Mohammad Heidarzadeh Kolaei MENTOR, University partnerships) (Sebastian Krastel, 01/2013 – 12/2014) currently e. g. Ocean Univ. China, Zhejiang Univ., Brest, Sou- Dr. Zhimian Cao (Martin Frank, 07/2013 – 06/2015) thampton, Bergen potentially Scripps, WHOI, other European institutes Promoting visibility of Future Ocean – Tier III partners Kiel Marine Sciences developing marine science capabilities Exhibition booths at conferences: collaboration on one or more level(s) Past events: Cluster support through capacity building measures AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco (3 – 7 December 2012) currently INDP Cape Verde (through GEOMAR), Eduardo Booth with Research in Germany (DFG) and two clusters Mondlane University in Maputo, Mozambique (CliSAP, MARUM). potentially partners in Brazil, Vietnam, Angola, Namibia Events at AGU: Career Guidance Workshop (Emanuel Söding and Gesche Braker) Research in Germany Town Hall Meeting (Future Ocean Prof. T. Kanzow) EGU General Assembly 2013, Vienna (7 – 12 April 2013) booth with CliSAP Career Center: advertising open positions and posting CVs for our scientists 3rd Dräger Symposium “Sustainable Oceans”, Lisbon (June 2013) A meeting of stakeholders from science, NGOs, industry, government.

S1 – Internationalization | 47 In planning: We will continue to expand our existing partnerships. Two joint AGU Fall Meeting 2013, San Francisco (9 – 13 December 2013) projects have been started as a result of the July 2012 workshops Booth with Research in Germany (DFG) and two north clus- in with the Earth Institute at Columbia University. A return visit to ters (CliSAP, MARUM). Dalhousie Univ. took place in Spring 2013 and scientific workshops Planned activities: Book presentation (Peter Linke SFB 574), in Marine Science are planned for Fall 2013. A joint summer school noon lectures at booth, FO alumni event, Career Day and symposium will take place at OUC in Qingdao and Zhejiang Ocean Sciences Meeting 2014, Honolulu, HI (23 – 28 Feb. 2014) University in Hangzhou in Sept. 2013. Joint booth with MARUM in planning. We are also planning to elevate Bergen to a Tier I partner. Here we aim to increase exchange on the postdoc level and encourage Capacity Building more visiting scientist exchanges. Capacity Building Workshop led by Venugopalan Ittekkot June 2013 Workshop and roundtable discussion on: “The What, Whe- Researcher Alumni In order to use the potential of former Cluster re and How of Capacity Building” with seven FO members and two members, the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” will esta- guest speakers (Venu Ittekkot, Prof. emer. at Bremen University blish a special Researcher Alumni Network which will be funded and Prof. Joao Mugabe of Eduard Mondlane University in Maputo). with 30,000 Euros through the “Researcher Alumni Strategies” com- Target audience: young researchers. See also petition of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. http://www.futureocean.org/en/cluster/internationalization/capa- city_building_workshop.php Capacity Building: the current UNESCO Chair holder Karl Stat- tegger is establishing a triangular north-south-south partnership UNESCO Chair in Coastal and Marine Sciences at Kiel University with universities in Brazil and Mozambique. Other CB efforts will be Transfer of the chair from Christian Dullo to other Cluster members, supported by the Cluster on a case to case basis. A second workshop supported by Wendy Watson Wright, has been requested at the IOC. in Capacity Building is also planned. Karl Stattegger, has started carrying out activities under the auspi- ces of the Chair: a preliminary trip in March to Mozambique to sound out possibilities for a north-south-south capacity building partnership with Eduard Mondlane University in Maputo, Mozambique and Beyond 2017 Universidade Federale do Rio Grande do Norte in Natal, Brazil and Both the University and GEOMAR recognize the importance of in- a Summer School in Maputo June 24 to July 6, 2013 including a one ternationalization and are prepared to contribute to the continued week introductory course in Coastal Hydrodynamics and Sediment financial support of a service/ coordination position in internatio- Dynamics and a week of ship-based practical exercises. Instructors nalization beyond 2017. for the course are Cluster members Karl Stattegger, Camille Traini. Possible Perspective Other Capacity Building activities: Co-financing of the S1 position: Capacity Building with the loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta 1. The position could be gradually taken over in the university in Cape Verde. Theoretical and practical training and workshop for research focus “Kiel Marine Sciences” as administrative university students in Mindelo, Cape Verde organized by Dr. Chris coordinator of internationalization activities for KMS. Eizaguirre to take place in June 2013-Jan. 2014. 2. Within the framework of the planned expansion of the Inter- national Center the position could be taken over as a coordinator for strategic international partnerships at the university. 3. The position could be co-financed through third-party funded Cluster Council Advisory Panel for projects with international partners whereby a fixed percen- Internationalization tage of the total funding received would be paid for assistance Members: T. Bosch, C. Devey (repress. HOSST), A. Oschlies, with international cooperation. G. Klepper, M. Quaas Meeting on 22nd Nov. 2012. GEOMAR could envision co-financing the position as international coordinator of a further planned international graduate school Phase II International Cooperation project (similar to the current HOSST project). These projects are In Phase II International Cooperation will concentrate on three areas: of limited duration (normally six years). Such co-financing would fit International Partnerships in well with the Helmholtz (HGF) initiative for closer cooperation Researcher Alumni with universities. Capacity Building

Project Team: T. Bosch, C. Dullo, M. Visbeck C. Devey, M. Schmode, R. Schneider, M. Quaas, A. Oschlies, G. Klepper

48 | Future Ocean Report | S1 – Internationalization S2 – Knowledge Exchange Stakeholder Dialogue – Cooperation with Industry on the national level (9/2012-7/2013) Coordinator: Annette Preikschat

Introduction New activity: MaTeP Maritime Technology Platform With its unique, interdisciplinary research approach, the Cluster Knowledge transfer between science and business is usually personal of Excellence “The Future Ocean” wants to improve the transfer or project based. The Cluster is developing a maritime technology of research results in politics, industry and society. In a dynamic platform MaTeP to enhance its knowledge transfer and cooperation process we are continuing and enhancing successful activities and with European stakeholders from the private and public sectors. The developing new ones. Intense dialog is therefore a primary objective. following procedure is planned: After defining the research portfolio of the Cluster a series of stakeholder meetings will be organized in Continuing and enhancing successful activities Kiel and Brussels in cooperation with the Brussels-based KDM (Kon- The event series “Kiel Marketplace” supports networking between sortium Deutsche Meeresforschung) office and other partner orga- science and industry and offers a forum for information exchange on nizations of the Cluster to identify possible fields of cooperation. The current topics. The target audience comprises scientists from the Cluster will co-fund selected projects with other stakeholders (cluster Cluster of Excellence, representatives from companies in the Mariti- provides 50 % of the funding up to a maximum of 50,000 € per project). me Cluster Schleswig-Holstein and from politics. The Marketplace is To implement the MaTeP and to intensify the international stake- organized jointly with the Maritime Cluster Schleswig-Holstein. holder dialogue a half position was approved. This position will be split. Due to the success of past Kieler Marketplace events (average 50 One half will be responsible for international stakeholder dialogue, participants from science, economics and politics), we are planning at present a concept is being prepared. This position is assigned to 2-3 events per year. The next one deals with the leakage of petroleum international political sociology (Dirk Nabers). in the ocean. The other half of the position has been added to the existing “The Future Ocean” cooperates closely with the existing network of technology transfer position. Based on the existing good contacts to businesses from trade and industry. Joint events Exploring Research business, the implementation of the MaTeP has already started. At (Forschung erforschen!), managed by the Cluster, have been carried the kick-off-meeting in the Cluster nearly all applied research groups out with the CAU and the Kiel Chamber of Commerce and Industry. were represented. The discussion has resulted in two main topics for At present possible topics for the next series are being identified. the Cluster’s research portfolio; Industrial activities on the sea floor Moreover the Cluster will take part in the OI Oceanology International (topics: exploration, technology development, raw material extraction in London next year. The Oceanology International is one of the most (oil, gas, hydrates and wind offshore) and risk assessment) and Mari- important exhibitions in the world for the marine science and ocean ne Life Science (topics:“blue” biotechnology, bioenergy, aquaculture technology community. We will offer the Trade Fair Marketing pro- and bionics). We will shortly start planning the stakeholder meetings. gram. This program is meant preferably for young scientists, doctoral Common projects between science and stakeholders can be submit- candidates and post docs of the Cluster of Excellence. They are given ted, the first proposals have already been received. the opportunity to present their own technologies and new research results at commercial, international trade fairs and conferences. First Perspectives contacts to industry arise through conversations at the fair and can The objectives for the second phase and beyond are to develop and mean a “foot in the door” for possible employment at these com- install sustainable processes to intensify stakeholder dialog and to panies at a later date. Networking between science and industry is intensify applied research. thus supported and a basis for possible later collaboration created. In additional, together with the ISOS we offer a Trade Fair Mentoring program for PhD candidates at scientific and commercial fairs. The 1 At the 9th Kiel Marketplace “Bionics” Prof. Dr. Gorb gives a lecture on innovati- PhD candidates accompany a senior scientist to a trade fair and share ve product solutions in nature her/his experiences, gain insights and meet important contacts with 2 The 10th Kiel Marketplace “Ocean observations” State Secretary R. Fischer, this mentor. Ministry of Education and Science, welcomes the participants to the Landeshaus 3 In the Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotopes several groups have presented their research topics and services.

4 The workshop Chronic diseases – new ways in preventive medicine was well received.

1 2 3 4

S2 – Knowledge Exchange | 49 knOwleDGe exchanGe anD PuBlic Outreach Coordinators: Friederike Balzereit, Dr. Katrin Knickmeier, Mette Lüning, Annika Wallaschek, Christian Urban

Public Outreach Activities and School Programs The Cluster’s public outreach activities have been very effective in communicating Kiel Marine Sciences results in the region, Germany and within the EU. The Public Outreach Team provides interfaces for specific target groups, including stakeholders, decision makers in politics and business and for facilitators in the media and education Internal Communication sectors. In the Cluster’s second phase, the Public Outreach Team To improve the communication within the group of more than 200 plans to continue and enhance successful activities of phase I – with scientists, spread across the different institutions, as well as with the additional aim of supporting international presentations and young scientists (e. g. postdocs), the Public Outreach team has stakeholder dialogue approaches. developed specific tools for the internal communication such as the monthly newsletter (covering topics from science to events and External communication people). The website is continuously being expanded with additional Future Ocean’s showcase is the website with which all relevant news subpages that facilitate a direct access for the various target groups. from the institutes and partners involved is communicated. Seve- The Public Outreach team supports the individual coordinators of ral new features such as the Future Ocean Tube, the new YouTube specific programs (IMAP, ISOS, Internationalization, Technology channel of the Cluster of Excellence, have been set up. Another Transfer) in the areas web, graphics and texts for internal and ex- highlight is the online version of EcoOcean, a computer game on ternal communication. overfishing where the player discovers how difficult it is to fish sustainably. Elements such as the online game aim to draw the attention Science Exhibition of the Future Ocean of a younger target group. Integrating short films on scientific topics Following the successful exhibition at the Deutsche Museum in and scientists will be the next step. Furthermore, dialogue elements Munich (2010), some modules have been refined. Among these are such as the new blog platform “oceanblogs” intend to strengthen mainly modules on the first semester topic “Sustainable Fisheries”. the exchange through the Future Ocean site. In 2011/2012 parts of the “Future Ocean” exhibition successfully toured through Germany. Among the numerous activities were pre- International Public Outreach sentations in Kiel, in Schleswig-Holstein and abroad addressing To build up close international relationships with young journalists stakeholders, politicians, the general public and pupils. Especially e. g. from the fields of science or economics, the Public Outreach the modules on overfishing have successfully represented “Future Team initiated a new cooperation with International Journalists’ Pro- Ocean” at various occasions. In future further, similar modules will grams (IJP). The IJP are a non-profit and economically as well as po- be developed: An exhibit on the theme “Sustainability” is in the pl- litically independent organization that promote young journalists. The anning stage. The exhibit will accompany the research area R1 “Our partnership began in June 2012 with a research grant that covered the Common Future Ocean” and is supported scientifically by the R1 semester topic “sustainable fisheries”. A continuation of the partner- Postdoc group. If successful the module will be a fine example of ship is planned with the aim of supporting ambitious journalism pro- interdisciplinary cooperation of the fields Geography, International jects with a transatlantic perspective. The next call will be for Brazil, Law, Economics and Politics and could be regarded as a pilot in parallel to the possible exhibition “Future Ocean Dialogue” in 2014. scientific communication to the public.

50 | Future Ocean Report | S2 – Knowledge Exchange Major objectives and planned measures for Public Outreach in Phase II

The Kiel Marine Sciences Campus Tour The research groups of Kiel Marine Sciences are linked virtually but a physical and visual connection between all fields of research is still missing. This has become apparent during presentations and meetings with international guests. The aim of the project is to increase the visibility of Kiel Marine Sciences in Kiel and abroad. A specially designed system based on the corporate design of the “Future Ocean” will help to highlight the interdisciplinary research network (University, IfW, GEOMAR) to external guests of the Cluster of Excellence, scientific delegations from abroad and other partners such as industry or stakeholders from politics and NGOs. Existing exhibition modules and equipment (some of which is currently not in use) can be employed. Further examples of planned activities are the “Map of Marine Sciences in Kiel” (print and online) and targeted flyers. Due to limited capacities the project will begin in 2014.

Marine Science Travelling Exhibition “Future Ocean Dialogue” The Public Outreach team, in collaboration with marine scientists, is developing an easily transportable travelling exhibition to be shown at partner institutes and universities as well as in public places such as parliaments, Goethe institutes and embassies, in Germany and abroad – targeting stakeholder dialogue, young scientists and Internet and Social Media Approach of the Future supporting international partnerships. So far the Federal Foreign Ocean Office in Berlin has shown particular interest in presenting German Social networks are gaining in importance for communication marine research in Brazil. The partnership between Germany and among pupils and students, but also among scientists. In the US Brazil is currently being celebrated in form of the German-Brazilian and Germany the national science foundations and leading research Year until May 2014. The exhibition “Future Ocean Dialogue” could associations such as Helmholtz are using social media to enhance be presented in the closing ceremonies in Recife, Brazil. communication and to engage with stakeholders and the public. Looking into the future, social networks, blogs, podcasts and other new forms of online communication will help to develop a worldwide network between scientists, alumni, international partners, stakeholders, the public and pupils. These networks allow direct feedback and help communicate scientific topics to the younger generation of scientists and to the next generation. To develop an appropriate strategy, a social media journalist has recently joined the Public Outreach team. The first tasks include the supervision of the blog platform “oceanblogs” which was jointly initiated by “Future Ocean” and GEOMAR. The aim is to connect the blogs of the individual scientists and also provide information about research projects with partners outside of Kiel. Moreover the YouTube channel will be professionalized and enlarged with additional short, scientific films.

New Media and Films Kiel Marine Sciences and Innovation – In order to promote the topic “Sustainable Fisheries” and Kiel’s in- Digital Posters terdisciplinary research approach using the channels of the new To further enhance and strengthen these approaches and to foster media, the film “Fisheries Research in Germany” was uploaded to innovative technical developments in close cooperation with the Mu- YouTube and received positive feedback. The film is used at confe- thesius Academy of Fine Arts and Design, the Future Ocean Clus- rences, public events and “Future Ocean” exhibitions that deal with ter will pursue “digital posters”, a new project giving Future Ocean this specific topic. It will be followed by shorter science films for topics an artistic and innovative appearance. The “digital posters” the website, for the new social media and for the existing YouTube project was selected for funding in the first Cluster proposal round channel. All in all more film and image material is to be used to and is currently being implemented in the semester topic “Dange- present Kiel Marine Sciences and hence increase students’ interest rous Oceans”. in Kiel and marine topics.

S2 – Knowledge Exchange | 51 School Programs

School Programs Semester topics The fascination of natural sciences should be conveyed to the pu- The Cluster’s semester topics will be taken into account within the pils using Kiel Marine Sciences as an example. The main goal of framework of the school programs, for example within the Kids the school programs is thus to bring real science to schools and University or teacher training. For each semester topic, educational school curricula, to promote young academics in science and to materials and work units for schools and/or an expedition box will gain talented pupils for marine sciences. be developed.

Kid’s University Expedition boxes The Kid’s University is currently starting the 6th series of lectures at ‘Expedition boxes to loan’ are a modular system of expedition sets Kiel University - so far attracting more than 9.000 pupils aged 8 to for classes with marine science topics (hydrology, marine chemistry, 12 or 12 to 16. As in the previous years, accompanying print mate- plankton, benthos, new: marine mammals and acoustic matters). rials for each lecture and videos for download on the Future Ocean They are also equipped with manuals and literature. From April to website will be produced and distributed to science centers and September they are in use by various schools from Schleswig-Hol- museums. More than 1.500 pupils are expected to join the lectures stein. They are increasingly being used for project work in schools or in 2013. In Phase II some of the most outstanding “hand-outs” will the boxes travel with the classes on sailing cruises to the Northern be translated into English. and Baltic Seas.

Ocean:lab within the Kieler Forschungswerkstatt at School Programs, planned measures Kiel University to cooperate with other scientific groups within the university A school lab for pupils, teachers and students working toward a and institutes teaching degree for secondary schools was established at the Bo- to publish some articles about marine sciences within educa- tanical Garden of the University of Kiel in October 2012. Two of the tional journals for schools main supporting partners are the “Future Ocean” and the IPN (Leib- to cooperate with implemented marine outreach networks niz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education) with partners like ocean literacy. such as research alliances at Kiel University, faculties and the Mi- nistry of Education and Science of Schleswig-Holstein and sponsors are also involved. The school lab inspires a sense of enthusiasm Project Team: and fascination for research and technology amongst young peo- R. Schulz, K. Wallmann, M. Visbeck ple. Materials and experiments can be developed and improved in F. Balzereit, K. Knickmeier, T. Duscher, M. Haeckel, U. Harms, S. Sachs, the Kieler Forschungswerkstatt. One of the rooms in the laboratory M. Schulz, A. Villwock is especially reserved for Future Ocean topics, the ocean:lab. It is equipped with 20 microscopes and binocular loupes, aquariums, a wave channel and models from the Cluster exhibition.

52 | Future Ocean Report | S2 – Knowledge Exchange S3 – Science Support eDucatiOn & careers Coordinators: Dr. Gesche Braker, PD Dr. Avan Antia, Angelika Hoffmann, Dr. Nina Bergmann, Daniela Henkel

The science support topic S3 has as its major focus researchers at the career stages from PhD to the experienced Postdoc level. We provide assistance and advice along the path of their personal and professional development. The individual scientists identify and develop personal competencies and acquire sustainability. Simultaneously, we establish generic institutional structures that ensure sustainability of young scientists support into the future, and are an- chored within the University.

The overarching goal is to make the cluster a source of future gene- Aims rations of scientists, politicians, industry leaders and entrepreneurs. Increasing the awareness and attractiveness of Kiel Marine Sciences nationally and internationally Integrated Marine Postdoc network (IMAP) Improving the working environment of postdocs (e. g. establi- Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS) shing clear career options, keeping excellent young women in Marine Science Curriculum & Training science, generating mobility between academia and industry)

Our focus in the first year of Phase II has been the setup of the Measures Post-Doc network IMAP. Maintaining an active postdoc network in Kiel Marine Sciences in- The Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS) is well estab- cluding alumni lished and completely functional. Here we critically discuss and are i) Communicating and addressing the needs of postdocs already preparing future concepts of ISOS in the environment of Kiel ii) Supporting the career development of young researchers Marine Sciences (CAU), Geomar and associated marine research iii) Helping to establish a performance-based career advance- communities. ment pathway at Kiel University (and preferably nationwide) Marine Science Curriculum & Training activities were performed in the context of the semester topics led by the respective project i) Network leaders (c.f. specific reports of R topics). The activities and resour- IMAP currently comprises 60 members, almost equally distributed ces in the program “Science Visualization and Communication in between Kiel University and GEOMAR, respectively; 35 % are female Arts and Design” have been shifted into Topic S2 to further support and 45 % internationals. In 2012, 20 new postdoc projects were selec- outreach and knowledge exchange (c.f. specific report of Topic S2). ted for funding by the Cluster. Monthly updates on the status of the network ensure timely information on positions available worldwide, INTEGRATED MARINE POSTDOC NETWORK (IMAP): prizes and awards as well as funding opportunities. Members of IMAP have completed a PhD and are employed on Bimonthly formal IMAP meetings are supplemented by topic- temporary contracts in Kiel Marine Sciences. They are associate driven meetings, e. g. three workshops with professors and students members of the Cluster. Their level of experience ranges from ear- of the Muthesius School of Arts have already taken place to establish ly postdocs (up to 6 years after graduation) to senior scientists 10 collaborations in the field of “Science meets Art – Art meets Science”. or more years after the PhD. According to their level of experience, In May 2013, 20 IMAP members met for their second retreat in their needs for support vary significantly: While individual career de- a relaxed atmosphere to mutually exchange ideas and experiences velopment measures are most about science and to discuss is- important for early postdocs, sues related to the postdoctoral financial security and scientific status in Germany and beyond. independence is a priority for Regular informal ‘Stamm- more experienced researchers. tisch’ meetings are held bi- In Germany, below the profes- monthly which are particularly sor level, 90 % of the positions welcomed by the international are temporary and hence par- members as they offer an ex- ticularly for the latter group no cellent opportunity for social employment models exist apart interaction. from the classical track to a professorship position. This results in insecurity in terms of career and personal perspectives.

S3 – Science Support | 53 ii) Mediation between the postdoc community and the Cluster Future activities IMAP Advisory Panel Meetings: Initiated by the coordinator the pa- Extend and improve the network: The collaboration of IMAP with nel has met three times since November 2012 to address questions GEOMAR should be strengthened to attract the 66% of post- of the IMAP members and to discuss requests of the Cluster board. docs at GEOMAR who are currently no IMAP members. IMAP Evaluation: An evaluation scheme was developed for postdocs who- will also provide input to the construction of a human resour- se projects are funded by the Cluster. The scheme includes a ces development plan at GEOMAR, if requested. We will also written individual career development plan to which the input strengthen the network by extending our collaborations with of the mentor is asked. alumni of IMAP and the Cluster, i.e. setting up a database, Financial support: Measures of financial support that are specifi- promoting exchange, organizing social events at conferences. cally available to IMAP members include financial support for The recent award by the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation travel, lab rotations and technical courses. (proposal written by Gesche Braker & Nancy Smith) will sup- Legal aspects of third party funding and supervision of theses: port the new Research Alumni Strategy of the Cluster financi- Options and rules to apply for third party funding and for the ally, personnel-wise this will be done in close cooperation with supervision of theses by postdocs need to be and are currently Nancy Smith. clarified. Formal meetings will continue, topics of future workshops Definition of ‘postdoc’: A discussion was started at the IMAP retreat may be ‘Open Access/Open Science’ and ‘Cloud Computing’ on how to define a postdoc and how to address scientists who in addition to the continuing cooperation with the Muthesius have been employed on temporary contracts for long term. School of Fine Arts. The next IMAP retreat is planned for spring/ Promotion of female scientists: All measures are initiated in close summer 2014. collaboration with the Coordinator for Gender Measures of the Evaluation of needs: An online questionnaire internal to IMAP Cluster, Ruth Kamm, and described in the Gender report. members is in planning to collect information on the current status of the members, their future professional aims, and on iii) Career development measures desired. The results will be used to monitor the de- Measures in human resources development to support the indivi- velopments in IMAP and to draw conclusions on support that dual careers of IMAP members are discussed at the formal IMAP is necessary and useful. meetings and are organized by the coordinator. Support: A concept to close funding gaps by awarding ‘Bridge Mo- ney’ stipends was developed principally and checked for legal Courses: Two courses were planned for 2013. First, a leadership aspects by the University. Rules on how to apply and who is skills course with ten participating IMAP members, the second eligible need to be fixed in written form and the concept has to course ‘Academic instruction for junior university teachers: be approved by the executive board of the Cluster. Against boring teaching!’ is planned for November. A Career Day (Oct. 2, 2013) aiming at early career scientists at the Mentoring: Measures to support female scientists, particularly in University with a special focus on ‘Future Ocean’ and the other Marine Sciences where women are still largely underrepresen- research foci of the University is in preparation. Responsible for ted are co-organized with the coordinator for gender measures. the organization is the IMAP-Coordinator. The mentoring network for female IMAP members started in Strategic development: The intention to generate more sustainable July with ten participants. employment models for postdocs is to find solutions that fit Coaching: A coaching program for IMAP members initiated in co- not only to Kiel University only but to interconnect with similar operation with the Career Center of the university and financed structures at other institutions and to arrive at a nationwide by the Cluster offered ten coachings (up to 10h per person) solution which will then improve the situation of individuals but of which eight were requested till June 2013 indicating a high also affect the German academic system as a whole. To promote demand for individual support. the process we plan to apply for a grant from the Volkswagen- Foundation to host an international symposium on this topic in iv) Performance-based career advancement 2014/2015. A concept submitted to the Foundation was evalua- The aim of IMAP to develop management strategies towards more ted very positively and a full proposal is in preparation. secure career pathways for experienced scientists at the postdoctoral level is supported by the Administration of Kiel University. To network with other national university administrations the coordinator joined the working group ‘Qualifizierung als Funktion der Postdoc-Phase’ initiated by the German University Association of Advanced Graduate Training (GUAT).

54 | Future Ocean Report | S3 – Science Support Integrated School of Ocean Sciences (ISOS): Lessons learned ISOS provides an integrative structure for PhD education in marine A few pertinent lessons emerge from our experiences of the past 6 sciences and thus a strong link between GEOMAR and five faculties years. The principle of absolute voluntary participation has wides- of the CAU. A SWOT analysis is presented and areas that require pread acceptance but also a few drawbacks that prevent us from structural input are identified here. A cost estimate for financing ensuring that all PhD candidates are “caught in the safety net” and the ISOS model of PhD education is presented. A three-step ap- that hamper the ability of the institutions to provide, ensure and proach is recommended to make full use of the ISOS structure monitor excellent postgraduate education. Here we highlight three whereby an emphasis is on both providing PhD students with sci- major steps to meet these goals. entific and personal “added value” as well as fulfilling institutional responsibilities in PhD support. 1. Registration Requiring all incoming PhD candidates to register at the ISOS (cur- Goal rently not required) would a) ensure that they all receive the same The goal of our PhD program is for each student to achieve their start-up conditions and a single initial point of contact, b) provide full potential in a chosen area of research commensurate with their data to monitor, support and evaluate the program, c) streamline intellectual and personal interests and talents. We provide a need- efficiency of administration and d) pre-empt start-up problems, al- based approach to PhD education, with a range of scientific and per- lowing students to concentrate on science sonal skill events, interactions inside and out of the University, and the challenge to be prepared for life after a PhD. However, we still 2. Co-Supervision And Thesis Committee Meetings: lag behind in attractivity for international early career researchers Increasingly, funding agencies and policy makers require a struc- compared to the highly visible graduate schools (for example WHOI, tured supervisory framework for PhDs (see guidelines of the DFG, Scripps etc.) that compete for the most talented young scientists. WR, HGF etc.). Our feedback is that joint supervision and thesis Using the ISOS to achieve this could be a next step for the Kiel committee meetings strengthen the student-mentor relationship marine science community. and pre-empt potential problems, as well as supporting the science itself. We thus suggest requiring co-supervision and thesis ISOS: 2007 - 2013 committee meetings. Since 2007, ISOS has established milestones in provision of added value to early career scientists in Kiel that did not exist previously. 3. Courses And Events The program has also generated institutional awareness of the re- All aspects of the PhD program (all events, all courses etc.), that sponsibility to provide “best-practice” support to early career scien- provide a unique identity to Kiel marine sciences and that have a tists. It has created a model system for multidisciplinary education, good level of excellence should be purely voluntary. has widespread acceptance by PhDs and scientists and generates primary data that enable strategic planning.

SWOT Analysis

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

focus on research no institutional policy for PhDs scientific mentorship remains pillar of PhD uncertainty for PhDs “how does my advisor see my ISOS program tailored individually based on interests, talents activities”; “where will lateral thinking get me” and needs perceived “interference” with PhD priorities network across disciplines (by supervisors) guidance for “life after the PhD” location and perception in university administration, proposal support (SFBs, ITN etc.) rather than in research

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

use the graduate programe for international visibility, to if GEOMAR and CAU develop splinter groups, the joint attract excellent students “spirit” is diminished join GEOMAR and CAU scientific strengths for PhD non-enforcement of basic rules threatens faltering PhDs students CAU PhDs risk becoming sidelined generate a common identity

S3 – Science Support | 55 Perception and Presence Conceived as a dynamic, personalized and hands-on program, ISOS cannot deliver from administrative offices remote from all the PhDs. Delivering research support requires presence in the research environment, not in administration. We find that i) PhD students require direct, local and personal access to their program and to each other ii) PhD students need a clear institutional policy from the “top” and from their supervisors and clarity with respect to activities available iii) Parallel structures are developing that are often contrary and confusing to the PhD community and undermine a joint identity.

ISOS PhDs and Alumni By tracking our registered PhD students we have a substantial body of data available. A total of ca. 300 doctoral candidates are taking or have taken part in the program. The median duration of the PhD is 3.9 years, interfaculty co-supervision is common (26 % of all PhDs) and third-party funding the rule (100%). We also keep track of our alumni, and maintain contact through an annual newsletter. Of the 103 Alumni, 70 went into a first Post- Doc, 17 into positions outside academia, 3 started a new PhD thesis and one is currently unemployed. 44 have stayed for positions in Kiel, 23 moved to different places in Germany, 13 to different countries within Europe and 12 to countries outside of Europe. A first “Meet the Alumni” Networking event took place in June 2013 that brought together active students and alumni from academia and outside. “Meeting experts that know my situation and have been in my shoes in such an exclusive environment facilitates networking enormously” responded one PhD student.

Financing Looking ahead to the post-cluster period, ISOS will need to be embedded and financed in a sustainable manner. The entire ISOS program costs ca. 200 k€ per year (personnel and running costs), currently funded by the Cluster. A rough calculation results in a per-head cost of the ISOS amounting to between 1000 € and 1500 € per year. This figure provides an estimate that will be useful in the near future, when a model of integrated postgraduate education in marine sciences is to be discussed. A few pertinent statistics are summarized in the box below.

Proponents: M. Bleich, C. Dullo, R. Schneider

Further Proponents: A. Antia, K. Barth, G. Braker, T. Duscher, G. Friedrichs, B. Schneider, R. Schmitz-Streit

Facilitators: N. Bergmann (ISOS), B. Neumann, J. Schmidt, C. Roth and E. van Doorn (ISOS PhD Representatives)

56 | Future Ocean Report | S3 – Science Support ISOS FACTS AND STATISTICS

S3 – Science Support | 57 S4 – Research Platforms Research Platforms Anand Srivastav (CAU) and Martin Frank (GEOMAR)

Rationale The main goal of the Research Platforms is to provide and develop numerical approaches is carried out. The main focus of the Re- new scientific infrastructure for the Research Topics (R-Areas) and search Platforms is continuous extension of knowledge as a key to the Kiel Academy of Interdisciplinary Marine Science (KAIMS) as scientific sustainability with commitments to apply for DFG funded a backbone for new collaborative and interdisciplinary research research clusters, e. g. collaborative research centers, graduate projects between Kiel University and GEOMAR beyond 2017, after schools, priority programs or research groups. The different plat- phase 2. forms have recently hired qualied personell or are in the middle of The previous research platforms of the Cluster have been in- this process. Most of the investments have already been launched, tegrated to form one roof under which innovative research in the so that by October 2013 all research platforms are expected to be development of new methodological, analytical, observational, and ready for work.

1 Analytics

1.1 Leibniz Laboratory Stable Isotopes Scientists: N. Andersen, R. Schneider Functions: Due to the importance of compound-specific isotope for effectively expanding the expertise in this field for Kiel in the analysis (CSIA) of 22H, 13C, 15N, and 14C as a new rapidly developing direction of 15N and 14C has been established. This position enables field, analytical facilities (GC-C/P-IRMS and prep GC) and propo- the Leibniz Laboratory to support the cluster demand for isotope sals (CP0612, CP0937) have already been funded by the cluster. analysis. After 5 years the position will be financed by income ge- In continuation of these investments a five year scientific position nerated by the lab itself.

1.2 Infrared Laser Source for Trace Gas Sensor Development Scientists: G. Friedrichs, A. Körtzinger, H. Bange, (F. Temps) Recent years have seen an upturn in marine related research ap- cluster has made investment into a versatile infrared laser sour- plications of optical detection technologies. A special cluster focus ce. The new narrow-bandwidth, high power light source covers is set on the development, testing, and field-deployment of cavity- the 3.2 - 4.6 mum wavelength range and allows cluster scientists enhanced spectrometers (CEAS, CRDS) for sensitive, accurate, and to target detection halogenated and oxygenated hydrocarbon trace isotope selective measurement of trace gases. At present, field-go- gases (CHO/CHX) at ambient concentration levels. Compared with

ing analyzers for CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO measurements are in opera- conventional near-infrared technology, infrared CEAS and CRDS tion within Research Topic 7 Ocean Interfaces and are being further spectrometers hold the potential of significant sensitivity enhance- advanced for autonomous operation on voluntary observing ships ments up to two orders of magnitude in the near future. within Research Topic 10 Ocean Observations. To further strengthen Keeping pace with the rapid technological developments in the the Optical Detection Unit of Future Ocean to develop state-of-the- field of fundamental laser spectroscopy is a prerequisite for joint fund art non-invasive spectroscopic techniques for marine research, the raising activities in the context of applied environmental research.

2 Experiments and Lab Infrastructure

2.1 Kiel Marine Culture Organism Center (KIMOCC) Scientists: F. Melzner, M. Bleich, T. Bosch, A. Eisenhauer, A. Engel, S. Gorb, T. Reusch, U. Riebesell, P. Rosenstiel, P. Schäfer, R. Schmitz-Streit, U. Sommer, M. Wahl, K. Wallmann KIMOCC aims for the design of experimental systems for the long- degree in “Ocean Innovation” and “Ocean Interfaces”. The cluster term and multi-generation culture of marine organisms for evolu- has assigned a postdoc position and investment to establish the very tionary biological, ecological, physiological and medical research, time and energy demanding model systems that will be important to maintain and design food culturing systems for the culture of during second phase of the cluster, particularly cnidarian (jellysh) sensitive organisms, to design and construct automated, modular and ctenophore (comb jelly) cultures, bivalve, echinoderm, sh and experimental systems at CAU and GEOMAR. PhD and Postdoc pro- macroalgae cultures and the corresponding experimental systems. jects will primarily be supported in “Evolving Ocean” and to some The person to be hired will be operating in a flexible manner between

58 | Future Ocean Report | S4 – Research Platforms the different institutions (CAU & GEOMAR) on a demand basis. This biological research using marine model systems. The tenure of this is an important position to establish Kiel as one of the world leading position in GEOMAR at the end of phase II is anticipated. cities for research on sensitive marine species and evolutionary

2.2 Behavioral Science Lab Scientists: T. Requate, M. Quaas et. al. A new Behavioral Studies Experimental Platform is under const- the key method to analyze them. The experimental method requires ruction to support experimental behavioral studies incorporating professional and efficient equipment and tools. A modern social sci- social science into the platform concept. Experimental methods are ence laboratory with 50 workplaces is under construction and a 1/2 becoming increasingly important in the social sciences, notably in position has been assigned for implementing the experiments, i.e., environmental and resource economics. While psychology applies programming of computer based experiments with software such mainly non-repeated, single-person experiments, economists use as Z-tree, data management and statistical evaluation, as well as the experimental method to study the behavior in situations with for the administrative handling of the experiments. Behavioral expe- social interaction but also to elicit social preferences. Traditional rimental studies will be used in all research topics of Future Ocean economic theory has failed to provide a satisfactory explanation of Phase II where social sciences are involved. e. g.“Ocean Resources”, behavior in such situations and therefore experiments are nowadays “Ocean Sinks”, “Ocean Governance”, “Our Common Future Ocean”.

3 Modelling, Optimization and Simulation The variety of needs for numerical simulation and optimization in the (KCMS) by coupling of additional components of the earth system cluster requires methodological expertise, both in marine science (ocean biogeochemistry, marine sediments). Efficient algorithms and applied mathematics. for large scale discrete and continuous optimization are needed in For example, the research area R11 Predicted Ocean investiga- model optimization, parameter optimization, stochastic optimization tes the ocean’s dynamical and biogeochemical behavior in interac- problems and massive parallel computation. tion with changing atmospheric conditions. The guiding question is: The configuration for high performance computing for the clus- How will oceanic properties relevant for ecosystems and societies ter of excellence presently consists of a vector machine NEC SX-8 change at a regional scale over the next 50-100 years? (1 node, 8 CPUs and 64 GByte memory) embedded in the vector Research addressing high-resolution earth system models re- machine NEC SX-9 with 5 nodes of the CAU computing center and presents grand challenges for numerical computation and requires a Linux cluster with 192 nodes embedded in the Linux cluster of long-term scientific and methodological support. A team of experts the CAU computing center with 1300 nodes. The Linux cluster and in ocean/climate modelling and mathematics focuses on pertinent the vector machines form a strategic investment for parallel and ocean dynamics, adaptation to and optimization of massively-paral- high-performance computing. The cluster is participating greatly in lel computing systems, extension of the Kiel Climate Model System investments of the high-performamce capability in Kiel.

3.1 Numerical Methods and Simulation Scientists: S. Börm, M. Braack, C. Böning, M. Latif, A. Oschlies, B. Schneider, T. Slawig, A. Srivastav Current ocean and climate models are unable to capture important minor changes in legacy code, models for the shape of the ocean aspects, e. g., local changes in ocean level, due to their limited reso- floor accurately or to increase the resolution in regions of interest lution. Increasing the resolution not only increases the storage re- and design of robust multigrid solvers to handle the large systems quirements, it also leads to slower convergence of standard solvers of equations more efficiently than legacy algorithms. A postdoc like the conjugate gradient method currently used in many models. position has been assigned by the cluster and it will have a clearly Modern numerical methods will help to improve the accuracy and defined service character. A continuation of funding can probably be speed up computations. Among the tasks are distributed computing, realized by attracting a DFG funded collaborative research center hybrid discretization techniques, local defect correction methosd (SFB) or a similar DFG project in this field. for coupling locally adapted grids to the global ocean grid with only

3.2 Optimization in Marine Science Scientists: A. Srivastav, C. Böning, S. Börm, M. Braack, M. Latif, A. Oschlies, B. Schneider, T. Slawig Discrete, stochastic and continuous optimization problems arise in and expertise in the broad range of mathematical optimization. A a number of tasks across the cluster, e. g.: parameter optimizati- postdoc position for mathematical optimization has been assigned on for biogeochemical and coupled models in “Predicted Ocean”, to cope with the cluster‘s demand on efficient optimization models validation of divergent paleoproxies in “Ocean Controls”, stochastic and algorithms. This position is actively involved in the preparation data in optimization, search and mining in large data sets in “Evol- of DFG collaborative projects, among them a proposal for genome ving Ocean”, discrete and stochastic optimization in series. Most of assembly of marine species in cooperation with the bioinformatics these problems cannot be solved with standard optimization soft- platform and the new W3 professorship for theoretical biology within ware, but require tailor-made modelling, optimization algorithms the new DFG priority program on BIG DATA.

S4 – Research Platforms | 59 3.3 High-Resolution Climate Simulations Scientists: C. Böning, M. Braack, S. Börm, M. Latif, A. Oschlies, B. Schneider, T. Slawig Many aspects of the Cluster research into the patterns, magnitudes, model components (as developed, e. g., in the Cluster), in close and mechanisms of ongoing changes and possible future trends interaction with the core code development teams (e. g., in Paris in marine physics and biogeochemistry involve numerical simu- and Southampton), implementation on national HPC-systems of lations with model codes of very high complexity, with extremely specific model configurations required by research projects in the large numbers of variables (hundreds of millions of grid points), Cluster, utilizing pertinent expertise in code optimization for mas- requiring weeks to months of computation on high-performance sively-parallel computing platforms as developed in collaboration computer (HPC) systems. A postdoc position has been assigned to with the informatics group of the CAU. The support primarily con- provide essential support to all research applications in the Clus- cerns “Predicted Ocean”, but is also related to “Ocean Governance”, ter that build on high-resolution ocean model simulations. It will “Ocean Sinks”, “Ocean Interfaces”, “Ocean Resources” and “Ocean start from September 1, 2013. The duties include maintenance and Innovations”. It is planned to seek a continuation of funding (as part support of the main ocean model codes used in the Kiel Climate of future “Helmholtz- Aufwuchsmittel”) in GEOMAR. Model System (NEMO, AGRIF), its coupling with biogeochemical

3.4 Earth System Modelling Proponents: M. Latif, B. Schneider, C. Böning, S. Börm, M. Braack, A. Oschlies, T. Slawig The integrative modelling approach of ocean and climate research been hired to support and maintain the KCMS simulation code in conducted by the cluster requires an atmosphere-ocean general collaboration with developers in Kiel, Hamburg and Paris, to extend circulation model (AOGCM) of sufficiently high complexity in com- the KCMS by coupling of additional components of the Earth System bination with other earth system components such as ocean bio- (ocean biogeochemistry, marine sediments), to support implemen- geochemical cycles and marine sediments. A coherent research tation, code transfer, execution, post processing, benchmarking and strategy in this broad field requires concerted efforts of model code archiving of results from model integrations. The support touches maintenance and primarily “Ocean Controls”, but also “Predicted Ocean”, “Evolving application, coupling of individual model components as well as Ocean” and “Ocean Interfaces”. data post processing and solutions for data archiving. A postdoc has

4 Bioinformatics and Data Management

4.1 Bioinformatics Platform Scientists: T. Reusch, R. Schmitz-Streit , T. Bosch, S. Gorb, F. Melzner, M. Quaas, T. Requate, P. Rosenstiel The various molecular biological, material science and medical annotation of genes and metabolic pathways/function, comparative questions in the research topics “Evolving Ocean” and “Ocean Re- analyses to existing genomic /transcriptomic data. A postdoc posi- sources” require intense bioinformatical support that is currently tion has been assigned by the cluster as part of the bioinformatics unavailable within the cluster. For any project of this size, the access platform at the ZMB (Center for Molecular Biology) at CAU. to dedicated personnel has been identified as the Achilles heel. The It is complemented by another position funded by the Kiel/Lübeck tasks of the bioinformatics platform will encompass mapping of cluster of excellence “Inflammation at Interfaces”. sequence data to existing backbones, de novo assembly of genomes,

4.2 Data Management Scientists: W. Hasselbring, A. Lehmann, D. Fleischer, H. Mertens, C. Schirnick, P. Springer The Future Ocean is partner of the Kiel Data Management Infra- linkage between data and print publications is an essential objective structure (KDMI), a cooperation of large-scale projects at GEOMAR and is provided by linking the online data and publication repository and Kiel University aimed at building up a sustainable support plat- OceanRep to the expedition/numerical model database, the Ocean form for marine sciences in Kiel. Science Information System. The KDMI offers data management solutions for metadata descrip- The Kiel Data Management Team (KDMT) participates in overarching tion, data exchange and publication. The main goal is to provide data integration projects like the Marine Network for Integrated Data private working platforms to working groups and projects inclu- Access (MaNIDA) to achieve harmonization in data access in marine ding the possibility of sharing information on research activities with sciences and the PubFlow project aiming to develop new generic external partners and to enhance cooperation and outreach. The solutions for workflows within publication processes.

Full Report at http://fileserver.futureocean.org/cluster/veroeffentlichungen/jahresbericht_2011-web.pdf#page=77

Project Team: A. Srivastav, M. Frank, R. Schneider N. Andersen, C. Böning, S. Börm, T. Bosch, M. Braack, R. Bröck, A. Eisenhauer, J. Fietzke, G. Friedrichs, D. Garbe-Schönberg, M. Haeckel, W. Hasselbring, A. Körtzinger, M. Latif, A. Lehmann, F. Melzner, A. Oschlies, O. Pfannkuche, U. Riebesell, P. Rosenstiel, B. Schneider, T. Slawig, S. Schreiber, L. Schwark, (F. Temps), B. Thalheim T. Bosch, K. Hoernle, A. Oschlies, N. Schmidt, E. Söding

60 | Future Ocean Report | S4 – Research Platforms S5 – Project Support Report on Gender Activities Coordinators: Ruth Kamm, Dr. Gesche Braker‚

Gender Equality Activities of the Activities Nov. 2012 – Aug. 2013 Cluster’s second phase Recruitment of a coordinator for gender measures Main Goals (50 % position, partly financed by the Future Ocean) Support of female scientists on their way to academic leader- Position was filled by Ms. Ruth Kamm on 15th Nov. 2012. ship positions by developing measures to promote careers of The coordinator of gender measures is officially reporting to female researchers. the equal opportunities commissioner of Kiel University, Dr. Improvement of gender awareness amongst all researchers Iris Werner, and based at her office. The position is financed involved in Future Ocean in general. by the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” and the Collaborative Research Center “Climate - Biogeochemistry Targets for Different Target Groups Interactions in the Tropical Ocean” (SFB 754). Female scientists in non-permanent positions (doctoral students, Main tasks: support of gender measures within Future Ocean postdoctoral researchers): and the SFB 754, especially developing and coordinating Support of the development of personal career aims, the a new branch of the university-wide mentoring programe career planning process and the implementation of steps via:mento aiming at female postdoctoral researchers in Kiel defined. Marine Sciences. Main focus: female postdoctoral researchers who are willing to continue their academic career after PhD and are striving for academic leadership positions. Mentoring-Programm via:mento_ocean Main project to support female postdoctoral researchers who All male and female (associated) members of Future Ocean: are working in all areas of marine sciences and are (associa- Enhancement of knowledge on gender-sensitive action in the ted) members of Future Ocean or the SFB 754. direct working context and reflection on (implicit) behavior. Central goal: giving tailor-made career support to female Continuous adjustment of decision making processes in order postdoctoral researchers continuing their academic career to fulfil the requirements of gender-sensitivity. after PhD and aiming at leading positions in science and academia. Programe elements: Planned Measures 18 months individual one-on-one mentoring relationship: For female scientists in non-permanent positions (doctoral stu- Mentors are female or male professors working at a dents, postdoctoral researchers): university or non-university research institute, mostly Workshops, roundtable discussion, information events and/or outside Kiel. personal counseling to look into individual concepts of career There are no past or existing working-ties between planning, leadership and being a female scientist in marine mentor and mentee in order to guarantee non-hierar- sciences. chical and impartial counseling. Individual one-to-one mentoring for female postdoctoral re- Focus lies on feedback and reflection on career develop- searchers as a measure to promote female academic careers. ment of the mentees. Coaching. Workshops to train soft skills necessary for a successful academic career: e. g. career planning strategies, For all male and female (associated) members of Future Ocean: strategic interaction, job application training for profes- Training on raising gender awareness. sorships (topics depend on the needs and interests of the Monitoring and supervision of core processes (selection of programe participants). personnel/new researchers, general decision making proces- 1st scheduled workshop: ‘Career Planning’ ses). on Dec. 9th/10th2013. Networking events for the mentees (e. g. networking dinners with invited guests). via:mento_ocean started with a Kick-Off workshop for the 10 participants in July 2013.

Workshops offered under the framework of via:mento_ocean will be open to all female members of IMAP and all female postdoctoral researchers in the SFB 754.

S5 – Project Support | 61 IMAP activities Networking activities Networking of IMAP members and the coordinator for gender mea- Participation in the concluding conference of the research sures took place during an IMAP meeting in April 213 and the IMAP project ‘Women in cutting edge research. An investigation retreat in May 2013. into implementing gender equality in the German Excellence Resulting future activities: Initiative’ conducted by Prof. Dr. Anita Engels and her team Gender awareness training for male and female IMAP mem- from Hamburg University on April 18th/19th 2013. bers (envisaged for 2014). GEOMAR WEB Further events and roundtable discussion on gender Formation of the Women’s Executive Board (WEB) at GEO- sensitive topics of relevance for both men and women, e. g. MAR (speaker: Prof. Katja Matthes, May 2013). attractiveness of academic careers, work-life-balance. For continuous exchange on activities to promote equal 1st roundtable discussion ‘Academia and Science: Attractive opportunities between GEOMAR, Future Ocean and Kiel Career Options for all Postdocs?’ shall take place in Nov. University Avan Antia (ISOS), Gesche Braker (IMAP) und 2013. Ruth Kamm (equal opportunities office CAU, coordinator for gender measures in the Cluster/SFB 754) have regular guest A two-day international workshop of the Earth Science Women status in the GEOMAR WEB. Network (ESWN) is planned to be held in Kiel in spring 2014. Acceptance into the ‘Netzwerk GenderConsulting For- Target group: female junior scientists in all positions below schungsverbünde’ (network gender consulting for collabora- professorship coming from earth science and related fields. tive research units): network of employees from universities Contents: networking and communication training (day 1), supporting and consulting third-party funded collaborative career planning (day 2). research groups in their equal opportunities activities (Ruth Further goal: networking of female junior scientists in Europe Kamm, April 2013). (focus: Northern Germany). Re-election into the steering board of Forum Mentoring e.V.: Federal Association of Mentoring Programmes in Science and Academia in Germany (Ruth Kamm, June 2013). ISOS activities Exchange with coordinators for gender activities from the Two yearly alternating workshops for female PhD students are on Clusters of Excellence CliSAP and CIU, both Hamburg (Ge- offer: sche Braker and Ruth Kamm). The Workshop in German ‘Das Ruder fest in die Hand neh- men - Take over at the helm’ examines tools of self-marketing and communication with an emphasis on gender-specific structures and hands-on modes of positive action. Early Project Team S5: career women can acquire gender-aware pro-active behavior R. Schneider, M. Visbeck in the University context and form a support network. T. Bosch, K. Hoernle, A. Oschlies, N. Schmidt, E. Söding The workshop ‘Reality Check: Can I have it all?’ was developed on the basis of a public discussion sparked by Ann-Marie Slaughter’s essay ‘Why Women Still Can’t Have It All’. The course aims at identifying personal career goals after the PhD and checking them against personal needs instead of predefined role models.

In addition to both workshops, individual coaching is offered to cover individual questions following the seminars.

62 | Future Ocean Report | S5 – Project Support Other activities in 2012/13 Coordinators: Dr. Emanuel Söding, Wiebke Martens, Sabine Hilge

Major budget allocations in 2012/2013 Project proposal calls The Cluster of Excellence The Future Ocean entered the new fiscal The Future Ocean dedicates most of its funds to research propo- year which lasts from October 2012 to December 2013 with the sals submitted to the Cluster. Most of the proposals are elicited by official start of the 2nd 5-year funding term. In fall 2012 budgetary calls for proposals issued by the executive board. These calls are constraints resulted in an unexpected shift of funds, allowing us to usually subject to certain eligibility, funding and evaluation criteria make several significant investments in lab, sampling and sensor and decided upon according to scientific, strategic and budgetary equipment with funds from the 2012 budget. The Cluster inves- goals defined in advance of the advertisement of the call. In 2012 ted about 1.2 M Euro into a Vibrocoring device, laser spectrometry two calls for proposals were issued. equipment, significant upgrades to the ICP-MS laboratory at the The first call was internationally advertized in July 2012 with university, a Gamma-spectrometer and other equipment. two major funding lines as a call for 3 and 5 year postdoc pro- This has led to reduced demands for investments in FY 2013, and jects in marine sciences and related disciplines. Line A comprised consequently has allowed us to shift some of the funds allocated to medium-term postdoc projects with a maximum of 3 years project investments to other activities. duration. Postdocs with a maximum of 6 years postdoc experience after their dissertation were eligible to propose a project. Line k€ 2012/2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total B addressed long-term postdoc Research 3.45 M € 65 % 4.08 M€ 62 % 4.18 M € 69 % 4.01 M € 72% 3.36 M € 75 % 19.08 M € 68 % projects with a maximum of 5 years project duration. Post- Science 1.87 M € 35 % 2.52 M€ 38 % 1.92 M € 31 % 1.59 M € 28% 1.13 M € 25 % 9.03 M € 32 % docs with a minimum of 2 years Support postdoc experience were eligib- Total 5.32 M € 6.60 M € 6.10 M € 5.60 M € 4.49 M € 28.11 M € le to propose a project. The selection process was carried out The overall projected budget for 2012-2017 is summarized in during a 2 day symposium, with the most promising proponents the table below. About 2/3rds will be spent for research projects invited to present their projects and discuss their research with contributing to the Future Ocean‘s research goals (R-Topics) while Future Ocean PIs. about 1/3rd is allocated to science support in the wider sense, inclu- By the deadline 84 proposals had been received, 52 in line A, ding travel, conferences, but also support for graduate education, 32 in line B, 49 coming from outside Germany. 31 of the proposals the postdoc network, international activities et al. were submitted by female researchers, 23 proposals (44 %) in Line During 2012/13 decisions were made to allocate ~4 M Euro for 20 A, 8 proposals (25 %) in line B. postdoctoral projects (see decsription of call below) and ~1 M Euro During an internal selection process, the 35 most promising to general small scale projects (also see below). About 1 M Euro are candidates were selected. These proponents were invited to Kiel to still committed to ongoing PhD Projects from the first cluster phase present and discuss their science with Future Ocean Researchers which were allocated in 2011. during a symposium on October 9-10, 2012. The Future Ocean research topics recommended certain proposals for funding based on the merit of the proponents and their proposal taking into account comments from all PIs. In the end 20 Proposals were selected for

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

CP13 17 Projects / 1.00 Mill

CP12 PostDoc 20 Projects / 4.40 Mill

Investments 8 Projects / 1.20 Mill

CP11 PhD 21 Projects / 3.15 Mill

CP11 Post-Doc 10 Projects / 1.10 Mill

Timing and volume of advertised cluster project rounds.

S5 – Project Support | 63 funding and subsequently approved by the executive board. Of these During the summer semester of 2012, the Cluster of Excellence funded proposals, 8 (20%) were submitted by female researchers, 5 “The Future Ocean” was focusing on sustainable fisheries. How can in line A, 3 in line B. 9 proposals were submitted by foreigners and the ocean’s resources be used sustainably? What will fisheries ma- 11 are hosted by CAU. Most projects started between November and nagement concepts of the future look like? These are only a few January 2013, with a few starting a little later into Summer 2013. The of the questions that experts from the areas of population biology, complete list of funded projects can be found at the end of this report. ecology, economics, coastal research, international law and mathe- In October 2012 the second open project proposal call was laun- matics are working on together. One focal point of the interdiscipli- ched. This was an internal call for research projects not exceeding nary fisheries research in Kiel is the development of age-structured, 75.000 Euro each in total. The call targeted interdisciplinary research ecological and economic multi- species models . The first papers projects, “risky” projects with good potential to support Future Ocean coming out of this research concentrate on the Baltic as an ecosys- goals, but less likely to be funded through other third party sources, tem with the commercially important fish species cod, herring, and proposals supporting international institutional partnerships, pro- sprat. The goal of these models is to portray the consequences of posals aiming to improve the cluster’s infrastructure, or proposals species interaction and the fisheries system including prices and aiming to support the clusters strategic goals. Only cluster mem- costs according to a strategy of ideal use. bers, PIs and postdocs were eligible to submit project proposals. By During the semester topic Fisheries and Overfishing several pu- the deadline 52 project proposals were received. By early February blic lectures were held, highlighting the biological and economic ef- these had been externally and internally evaluated. In mid February fects of overfishing. In August an international workshop on managing an internal selection group created a ranking of these proposals as the genetic diversity of fish was held on the North Sea island of Sylt. a basis for a funding decision by the executive board. Ultimately 17 The workshop gathered leading experts in ecological and economic projects were funded with a total budget of about 1.0 M €. A list of all aspects of fisheries, sum up the current state of the art in the field active proposals can be found at the end of this report. of managing genetic resources and develop possible approaches to address integrated research questions. A summer school was held in September, and an online versi- Postdocs / IMAP on of the successful EcoOcean computer game demonstrating the economic effects of fisheries has been developed. Numerous other Postdoc call 2012: activities took place but cannot be listed here due to space constraints. 84 proposals (52 Line A, 32 Line B) Subsequently, the second issue of the World Ocean Review was written together with the maribus gGmbH and the IOI. The report was successfully launched In February 2013 and has been distributed in several thousand copies since, generating substantial impact within national and international stakeholder organizations. In winter 2012/13 the semester topic focused on Marine Mine- ral Resources. In addition to a public lecture series illustrating the challenges associated with mining deep sea mineral resources like Semester topics massive sulphide deposits, sulphide crusts and manganese nodules, Semester topics are an outreach measure of the Future Ocean used the main activity was a very well attended international workshop in to promote certain topics of interest to groups within and outside March 2013. Several participants remarked that this workshop was the Cluster of Excellence. Special activities illustrate certain scientific remarkable in particular for the very special open and “unpolitical” topics. These activities include scientific workshops, summer schools, attitude of participants and the opportunity to discuss this topic wit- public lectures, seminars for certain stakeholder groups, conferences hout any political constraints. This led to very lively discussions on the and/or other outreach activities that support a special topic. Summa- potential of deep sea mining, including views of the mining companies ries of each topic will be published in upcoming issues of the World and representatives from small island states hoping to profit from Ocean Review. deep sea mining activities in the future. All these issues are currently Since summer 2012 three semester topics have been conducted. being compiled in the third issue of the World Ocean Review, to be Summer 2012 focused on the topic of Sustainable Fisheries. In Win- issued in February 2014. ter 2012/13 the semester topic was Mineral Resources. Currently Finally, during this Marine Minerals semester topic a 360 degree in summer 2013 the semester topic focus is on Ocean and Coastal virtual seafloor ARENA was constructed by Dr. Tom Kwasnitschka. Hazards. The goal of this project is to demonstrate the use of multimedia techniques in conjunction with digital seafloor pictures and data, in order to put increasing amount of digital seafloor data into a real

64 | Future Ocean Report | S5 – Project Support experience in a spatial context. This project is ongoing. The Arena is already working and performing well, however, due to its size (over 6x6x4m) it cannot be kept permanently constructed. The current semester topic Ocean and Coastal Hazards addresses research in the geosciences, coastal engineering, economics, and law jointly investigating oceanic and coastal geohazards and their socio-economic consequences. The research primarily focuses on large events, e.g. plate boundary earthquakes and associated tsunamis, sudden relative sea level rise, floods and storms. The interdisciplinary team of scientists evaluates the impacts on the coastal zone and develops adaptation strategies against coastal ge- Publications ohazards, based on the analyses of ongoing, recent, and past events. The commonly most important benchmark factor for evaluating Activities of the current semester topic Ocean and Coastal Ha- people, projects or institutions are publication statistics and mea- zards have included a very well attended bi-weekly public lecture se- sures. To date we have compiled most of the publications produced ries, discussing current research issues that cover the origin and the by the members of the Future Ocean in 2012/13, we have, however, global consequences of natural hazards from the ocean, as well as not yet finished to aggregate the numbers and produce statistics. possible adaptation strategies for the affected coastal states. Among We therefore here present the numbers from the annual report the topics of the lectures were 2011/12. The actual numbers of 2012/13 will be published in fall in earthquakes at submarine pla- the next annual report. te boundaries, historical storm In 2011 the members of the Future Ocean produced 502 publi- floods, volcanic eruptions and cations related to our research. The most important journals were super storms. This included the Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G-3), the combined set of Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan, Nature Publications (Nature/Nature Geosciences/ Nature Genetics/ but also the threat to the Cana- Nature Methods), Earth and Planetary Science Letters and Plos ONE ry Islands through slope failures with over 10 articles each. The fourteen journals in which cluster and to Venice, the lagoon city, members most frequently published are summarized in th figure through sea level rise. Interna- below. Although the spectrum of these journals is still strongly bi- tionally renowned scientists ased by the earth science community, which has the strongest re- such as Professor Mojib Latif presentation in the Future Ocean, the representation of life sciences (GEOMAR), Professor Jochen in the project is growing. It must be noted, that glancing through Zschau (German Research Cen- the complete publication list, these span the whole spectrum of tre for Geosciences GFZ) and research conducted in the project, from oceanography to law, from Dr. Anselm Smolka (Munich Re) geoscience to economics, from medicine to mathematics, hence have been guest speakers in the these numbers can at best give a vague idea of where Future Ocean lecture series. is publishing – in reality the spectrum is as broad as the expertise In September the activities of its members. will continue with an international summer school on “Ocean and

Coastal Hazards from the shallow water to the deep sea” and the 6th The most important publication international symposium on Submarine Mass Movements and their venues in 2011. Consequences. As with other semester topics, the topics and results will be compiled in an issue of the World Ocean Review. s e l c t i r a Upcoming Semester Topics o f

A topic on Ocean Responsibility is in preparation for the winter se- # mester 2014-2015. In the summer semester 2015 the topic Ocean/ Atmosphere Interfaces will be highlighted in collaboration with the Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Project. s s s a y y s s l y y y s m d r E r t g g n e a t h g e e o e N e c o o o i n ie p o s t h tt O tt A l l i r o c a l o In summary the semester topics have proven to be an excellent ys t e e o o ct e ti r o c s e L S L ca e e a S a So g e y o M o G G r s n l o G M e e L h mi l e s r a n e / c P rc i a t e te c a n G s n a h ic In gr n e ri and flexible tool allowing the integrative working groups to present s ic ie e c l o I mi a ic t s o m a r l e Oc s e e m e ic P a d M y n R s h g - n n h e ry Sc l o C o y ur Ch a themselves and their work, to communicate and promote the variety p G ta a C l g o n o e c t io lo J a y e s / i o l ic g G e n ys e B c r lo y c la h a o- E ca e o r n P c c i n of integrated research themes to cluster members as well as to the t e op i s m is i d e mi m ne y A im c n i e ri h e L m s a G h a p h e o h och o t ch e t e C M e f university, institutes and the general public. We are looking forward o G r G o e G G Ea al tal / rn o u to the upcoming topics in the coming years. t o re J tu a N

Project Team: R. Schneider, M. Visbeck T. Bosch, K. Hoernle, A. Oschlies, N. Schmidt, E. Söding

S5 – Project Support | 65 active Cluster Projects

ID Author Titel Start End CP1101 Dierking, Jan Local and global patterns in fisheries-induced evolution 01.11.11 01.11.13 CP1103 Gutowska, Magdalena Evolution of calcification in extant coccolithophores 01.11.11 01.11.13 CP1104 Iyer, Karthik Quantifying the release of greenhouse gases during sill intrusion 01.11.11 01.11.13 in sedimentary basins using numerical flow models CP1105 Krebs-Kanzow, Uta Detecting the fingerprint of the Atlantic meridional overturning 01.11.11 01.11.13 circulation on decadal to millennial time scales CP1106 Laß, Kristian Nonlinear optical probes as tools for characterization 01.11.11 01.11.13 of submersed ocean interfaces CP1107 Phillipp, Eva The role of metabolic rate depression phases in determining the maximum 01.11.11 07.11.11 life span of Arctica islandica - molecular and biogeochemical investigations CP1108 Rickels, Wilfried Carbon Sinks - Carbon Leakage 01.11.11 01.11.13 CP1109 Traini, Camille Deltaic coasts endangered by riverine sediment trapping 01.11.11 01.11.13 Example of the Sao-Francisco delta (Brazil) CP1110 Voss, Rüdiger Pathways towards ocean sustainability: Management 01.11.11 01.11.13 concepts for Baltic fisheries CP1120 Froese, Rainer The Future Ocean Atlas 01.11.11 09.11.11 CP1130 Vielstädte, Lisa Impact of sub-seabed CO2 storage on marine ecosystems: 01.11.11 01.11.14 reactive transport of Cos through surface sediments CP1131 Andersen, Christine Controls on hydrothermal vent site locations along Mid 01.11.11 01.11.14 Ocean Ridges - potential improvements for Submarine Massive Sulphide exploration strategies CP1132 Gross, Felix Seismogenic faults, landslides, and associated tsunamis 01.11.11 01.11.14 off Southern Italy contributing to the research topic From ocean hazards to coastal preparedness CP1133 Schweers, Johanna Biogeochemical studies on greenhouse gases in organic-rich sediments 01.11.11 01.11.14 CP1134 Dumke, Ines Investigation of large-scale methane releases induced by increasing 01.11.11 01.11.14 temperatures from global warming and break-up magmatism CP1136 Müller, Irene Quorum sensing interfering compounds in the host- 01.11.11 01.11.14 microbe interactions of Aurelia aurita CP1137 van Doorn, Rijk Governing future oceans 01.11.11 01.11.14 CP1138 Mackert, Till Improved sea-floor representations in ocean models 01.11.11 01.11.14 CP1139 Hoffmann, Julia The Political Economy of the European Common Fishery Policy 01.11.11 01.11.14 CP1140 Becker, Meike Field Measurements of Surface Water pCO2 and d13C(CO2) in the North 01.11.11 01.11.14 Atlantic using Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy and a Voluntary Observing Ship CP1141 Paul, Allanah J. New nitrogen production in diazotrophic cyanobacteria 01.11.11 01.11.14 and the effect on community carbon sequestration CP1142 Poggemann, David Role of intermediate water variability in the Caribbean 01.11.11 01.11.14 and Gulf of Mexico in deglacial climate change CP1143 Pondorfer, Andreas Valuing marine ecosystem services: A television viewing choice model 01.11.11 01.11.14 CP1145 Vassele, Valentina Shoreline changes at Macaneta Peninsula, 01.11.11 01.11.14 Mozambique and mitigation alternatives CP1146 Dreshchinskii, Alexander The sea surface microlayer 01.11.11 01.11.14 CP1148 Reimer, Joscha Optimal experimental design in marine research 01.11.11 01.11.14 CP1149 Oesterwalbesloh, Jan Investigation of bacterial and fungal communication and secondary 01.11.11 01.11.14 metabolites of micro organisms in the sediment of the greenland sea CP1150 Miersch, Lothar Transcriptome comparison of different Emiliania huxleyi morphotypes: 01.11.11 01.11.14 identification of calcification related genes and determination if they are under selective pressure in a changing ocean.

66 | Future Ocean Report | Cluster Projects ID Author Titel Start End CP1202 Schmidt, Jörn From Heiligenhafen to New York and back - Transdiciplinary 01.11.12 01.11.17 research for better fisheries governance CP1203 Kronfeld-Goharani, Ulrike The sustainability approach on the high seas 01.11.12 01.11.17 CP1204 Liu, Nengye The European Union and the protection on Marine Biodiversity in the Arctic 01.11.12 01.11.15 CP1205 Takei, Yoshinobu Tools and steps for the reform of ocean governance: 01.11.12 01.11.15 Legal and institutional aspects CP1206 Voss, Rüdiger Successful, commonly accepted fisheries management needs economics! 01.11.12 01.11.17 CP1207 Schneider von Deim- GQ2 01.11.12 01.11.17 ling, Jens CP1208 Spinner, Marlene Surface microstructure and physical properties of 01.11.12 01.11.15 fish scales as a basis for biomimetics CP1209 Song, Jie Conoidean Peptides - Novel ion channel-targeted peptides from the ocean 01.11.12 01.11.15 CP1210 Vandromme, Pieter Modelling zooplankton and ist impacts of marine 01.11.12 01.11.15 ecosystems and particle fluxes in the future ocean CP1211 Schürch, Mark Salt marsh development under the influence 01.11.12 01.11.15 of decadal and climate variations CP1212 Laß, Kristian Advancing non-linear optical probes for ocean interfaces 01.11.12 01.11.17 CP1213 Singh, Arvind Nitrogen fixation in the ocean: Present and future scenarios 01.11.12 01.11.15 CP1215 Saha, Mahasweta The drivers og algal invasion success: adaptation and 01.11.12 01.11.15 co-evolution of resistance towards foulers? CP1216 Krebs-Kanzow, Uta Interactions of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation and the 01.11.12 01.11.17 atmospheric hydrological cycle during the Last Glacial Termination CP1217 Scott, Rebecca Lagrangian analysis of sea turtle ecology and ocean currents 01.11.12 01.11.15 CP1218 Hoving, Henk-Jan In situ ocean observations of cape verdean pelagic 01.11.12 01.11.17 communities in a changing ocean CP1219 Patara, Lavinia Southern ocean CO2 uptake in high-reolution ocean- 01.11.12 01.11.15 biogeochemistry simulations for the 20th and 21st centuries CP1220 Grundle, Damian Nitrous oxide production through suboxic interfaces and 01.11.12 01.11.15 sea-to-air fluxes at the sea-surface interface CP1302 Roth & Schulenburg Emerging marine diesease: why to shift from friendly to nasty 01.04.13 08.04.14 CP1304 Hiebenthal, Claas Measuring and modelling the effect of calcification on 01.04.13 01.04.14 seawater carbonate chemistry in Kiel mussel reefs CP1317 Duscher & Völker Next Generation Interactive Scientific Poster 01.04.13 01.04.14 CP1323 Schmitz-Streit & Rosenstiel Insight to the Evolution of Metaorganisms from an ancient Ocean Invader 01.04.13 01.04.14 CP1324 Treude et al. The Fate of Microplastics in Benthic Marine Environments 01.04.13 01.04.15 CP1325 Schulz & Oschlies Modelling microalgae cultures to maximise yield 01.04.13 01.04.14 CP1331 Linke et al. Quabble 01.04.13 01.04.14 CP1336 Braack & Quaas Analysis of spatial differentiated shadow prices using 01.04.13 03.04.14 the example of the Pacific skipjack tuna CP1338 Prieß, Slawig & Kriest Surrogate-based Optimization for Marine Biochemical Models 01.04.13 01.04.14 CP1340 Riebesell & Kiko Automated high-resoluton imaging system for non-invasive in 01.04.13 08.04.13 situ measurements of marine partcles and zooplankton CP1341 Körtzinger, Hauss Biogeochemistry and Ecology of Oxygen Depleted 01.04.13 03.04.15 & Karstensen Eddies in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic CP1343 Gutekunst & Schwark Do cyanobacteria hold an additional CO2-fixation pathway? 01.04.13 05.04.15 CP1346 Melzner & Thomsen Invasion of Mediterranean mussels into a warming Baltic Sea: will 01.04.13 07.04.14 hybridization with local mussels impact emerging aquaculture enterprises? CP1347 Sachs & Brandt At sea 01.04.13 01.04.14 CP1350 Michels & Wirtz Potential fate of microplastics in the marine water column 01.04.13 01.04.15 CP1351 Schmidt & Pfirman Marine Spatial Planning Game 01.04.13 10.04.14

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Editing & Production Emanuel Söding, Friederike Balzereit, Nancy Smith

Layout Katja Duwe

Future Ocean Office Cluster of Excellence The Future Ocean Christian - Albrechts - Universität zu Kiel Christian - Albrechts - Platz 4 24118 Kiel, Germany Tel. +49 (0) 431 . 880 16 04 Fax. +49 (0) 431 . 880 25 39 [email protected] www.futureocean.org

CO-CHAIRS Prof. Dr. Martin Visbeck Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)

Prof. Dr. Ralph R. Schneider Institute of Geosciences, Christian - Albrechts - Universität zu Kiel

The Cluster of Excellence 80 The Future Ocean is funded within the framework of the Excellence Initiative by the German Research Foundation (DFG) on behalf of the German federal and state governments. Founding institutions of the Cluster of Excellence are the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), the GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, the Institute for the World Eco- nomy at the Universität Kiel (IfW) and the Muthesius Academy of Fine Arts and Design.

| 69 Cluster of Excellence The Future Ocean Christian - Albrechts - Universität zu Kiel Christian - Albrechts - Platz 4 24118 Kiel, Germany [email protected] www.futureocean.org

70 | Future Ocean Report |