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Human Rights in Post-Communist Albania

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Human Rights in Post-Communist Albania HUMAN RIGHTS IN POST-COMMUNIST ALBANIA Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Human Rights Watch New York !!! Washington !!! Los Angeles !!! London !!! Brussels Copyright 8 March 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-081455 ISBN: 1-56432-160-6 Cover photo copyright 8 Armando Babani. Tirana, Albania. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Human Rights Watch/Helsinki was established in 1978 to monitor and promote domestic and international compliance with the human rights provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords. It is affiliated with the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, which is based in Vienna, Austria. Holly Cartner is the executive director; Erika Dailey, Rachel Denber, Christopher Panico and Diane Paul are research associates; Ivan Lupis is the research assistant; Anne Kuper, Alexander Petrov, and Shira Robinson are associates. Jonathan Fanton is the chair of the advisory committee and Alice Henkin is vice chair. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords. It also includes five collaborative projects on arms transfers, children's rights, free expression, prison conditions, and women's rights. It maintains offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, London, Brussels, Moscow, Dushanbe, Rio de Janeiro, and Hong Kong. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Cynthia Brown, program director; Holly J. Burkhalter, advocacy director; Robert Kimzey, publications director; Jeri Laber, special advisor; Gara LaMarche, associate director; Lotte Leicht, Brussels office director; Juan Méndez, general counsel; Susan Osnos, communications director; Jemera Rone, counsel; and Joanna Weschler, United Nations representative. The regional directors of Human Rights Watch are Peter Takirambudde, Africa; José Miguel Vivanco, Americas; Sidney Jones, Asia; Holly Cartner, Helsinki; and Christopher E. George, Middle East. The project directors are Joost R. Hiltermann, Arms Project; Lois Whitman, Children's Rights Project; Gara LaMarche, Free Expression Project; and Dorothy Q. Thomas, Women's Rights Project. The members of the board of directors are Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian W. DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, Alice L. Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Irene Diamond, Edith Everett, Jonathan Fanton, James C. Goodale, Jack Greenberg, Alice H. Henkin, Harold Hongju Koh, Jeh Johnson, Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Alexander MacGregor, Josh Mailman, Andrew Nathan, Jane Olson, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Bruce Rabb, Orville Schell, Sid Sheinberg, Gary G. Sick, Malcolm Smith, Nahid Toubia, Maureen White, and Rosalind C. Whitehead. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6104 Tel: (212) 972-8400, Fax: (212) 972-0905, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 10951 West Pico Blvd., #203, Los Angeles, CA 90064-2126 Tel: (310) 475-3070, Fax: (310) 475-5613, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail: [email protected] Gopher Address://gopher.humanrights.org:port5000 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was researched and written by Fred Abrahams, a consultant to Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. It is based on time spent in Albania from July 1993 to August 1994, and again in January and August 1995. Ivana Nizich, former research associate at Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, also collected information for the report in a visit to Albania in May 1995. Ann Beeson, Bradford Wiley Fellow with Human Rights Watch/Free Expression Project and the International Freedom to Publish Committee (IFTPC) of the Association of American Publishers, also visited Albania on behalf of the IFTPC in May 1995, and contributed to the chapter on Albanian Media. The report was edited by Ivana Nizich, Jeri Laber, Senior Advisor to Human Rights Watch/Helsinki and Mike McClintock, Deputy Program Director at Human Rights Watch. Anne Kuper provided production assistance. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki interviewed numerous individuals in Albania and abroad, including lawyers, judges, human rights activists, former political prisoners, journalists, diplomats, government officials, refugees and students. We express our sincere thanks to all of these individuals for sharing their expertise and personal experiences. CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 II. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 4 III. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 7 HISTORY.......................................................................................................... 7 POPULATION .................................................................................................. 8 IV. THE LEGAL SYSTEM............................................................................................ 10 CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM...................................................................... 11 The Referendum of November 1994................................................ 12 INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY ...................................................... 14 The High Council of Justice............................................................. 15 Law Courses in Durres..................................................................... 18 The Case of Maksim Haxhia............................................................ 20 The Case of Zef Brozi...................................................................... 21 LEGISLATIVE REFORM .............................................................................. 25 Laws Regarding Communist-Era Secret Police Files....................... 26 Law on Labor Relations................................................................... 26 Press Law......................................................................................... 27 Penal Code....................................................................................... 28 Law on Police Searches ................................................................... 29 Ban on the Communist Party ........................................................... 30 Advocacy Law ................................................................................. 30 VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL ..................................... 31 V. ACCOUNTABILITY AND IMPUNITY................................................................... 33 THE TRIALS OF FORMER COMMUNIST OFFICIALS ............................. 35 LAW ON GENOCIDE AND THE LAW ON THE VERIFICATION OF MORAL CHARACTER .................................................................................. 38 IMPUNITY FOR PAST AND CURRENT CRIMES...................................... 42 VI. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND THE ELECTORAL PROCESS .................. 44 HARASSMENT OF THE POLITICAL OPPOSITION .................................. 44 Physical Attacks Against the Political Opposition........................... 45 The Murder of Gjovalin Cekini........................................ 45 The Attack on Teodor Keko............................................. 47 Attacks on Gjergji Zefi..................................................... 47 Attacks Against Members of the Socialist Party .............. 48 Legal Cases Against the Political Opposition .................................. 49 v The Case of Fatos Nano ................................................... 49 Political Discrimination in State Employment................................. 54 THE RIGHT TO PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY ................................................... 55 Socialist Party Rally......................................................................... 56 Association of Former Political Prisoners........................................ 57 Property Through Justice Hunger Strike.......................................... 58 Demonstration for Archimandrite Maidonis .................................... 58 THE RECOGNITION AND REGISTRATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES .. 59 FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS ..................................................................... 60 IMPROPER USE OF THE SIGURIMI FILES ..............................................
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