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Albania the Drafting Process for the 1998 Albanian Constitution, Scott
THE DRAFTING PROCESS FOR THE 1998 ALBANIAN CONSTITUTION Scott N. Carlson INTRODUCTION With its adoption of a new constitution in 1998, the Republic of Albania joined the ranks of other Central and East European nations who have now adopted democratic constitutions. For Albania, the new constitution provides a historic foundation upon which to forge an independent, democratic future. Throughout recent history, Albania has endured domination and rigid control at the hands of regional powers, and even when independent, the country has suffered under autocracy. The most egregious example of the latter, the Stalinist dictator, Enver Hoxha, led post-World War II Albania into 45 years of exile from the international community. With its adoption of a democratic constitution, Albania took a significant step towards solidifying its democracy and joining the community of nations who rely on constitutions to structure and safeguard their democratic systems of government. While the history of domination and isolation does not fully explain Albania’s delay in the adoption of a new constitution, it does shape the context in which constitutional reform developed. In particular, it helps to explain the lack of constitutional materials in the Albanian language, the lack of familiarity and experience with modern democratic institutions and human rights, and both international and local agreement on the necessity for extensive foreign input. The introduction of a new constitutional system or structure necessarily entails challenges. Even a completely tried and tested system or structure may fail when introduced into a new environment. The process of legal transplantation is a delicate one, and the host state can reject the introduction of foreign legal concepts for a variety of reasons. -
Albania: Military Review 2012
TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND MILITARY REVIEW Security and Defence Review Training and Doctrine Command Third Edition, June 2012 Tirana, June 2012 ‐ 1 ‐ Board of Military Review Publication Approved by the Order of the Minister of Defense No. 1538, dated 18/08/2010 Board Chair B.G. Prof. Asc. Dr. Agim Lala Members Col.(R) Thimi Hudhra Col. Perikli Koliçi M.G. (R) Prof. Dr. Ruzhdi Gjatoja M.G. (R) Prof. Dr. Kostaq Karoli Editor in chief Pano Hallko Editor Silvana Markgjonaj Operator Lindita Kuçana Art design Teuta Mullisi ISSN 2227-8133 (Print), ISSN 2227-8141 (Online) Copyright © 2012 All rights reserved. The Center for Defence Analyses (CDA) of the Albanian Training and Doctrine Command. The views and opinions expressed in this Military Review are of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policies or positions of the Ministry of Defence, General Staff and Training and Doctrine Command. The authors of Military Review articles will not be subject to punishment for free expression of individual views and positions even if they are not in line with the official positions of the defence institution. The authors are also responsible for any slander actions, distortions of facts, offense and plagiarism aspects to the creativity and thoughts of other authors. This edition of Military Review is found on the website http://www.tradoc.mil.al/ In case you can not get the information you need on the Internet, please apply for a copy at the electronic address: e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Training and Doctrine Command Center for Defence Analyses Research Publications Branch Printed: June 2012 ‐ 2 ‐ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION_____________________________________________________________5 On the Process Strategy of “Smart Defence”________________________________________6 Address by Albanian Minister of Defence Mr. -
Greater Albania – the Next Crisis in the Balkans?
School of Social Science Department of Peace and Development Studies Master Thesis Spring 2009 Greater Albania – The Next Crisis in the Balkans? Author: Mimoza Ardolic Tutor: Manuela Knapp ABSTRACT University of Växjö, School of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Development Studies Master Thesis Title: Greater Albania – The Next Crisis in the Balkans? Author: Mimoza Ardolic Tutor: Manuela Knapp Date: 2009-06-08 The Balkans has suffered from quite a few problems as a result of the countless ambitious endeavors for great states of the ethnic groups residing in the peninsula. The most recent great state idea to have caused troubles in the region is the Serbs’ Great Serbia (i.e. Yugoslvia), which caused a cycle of wars, the latest one being the war in Kosovo in the late 1990s. This thesis attempts to evaluate the rumors of yet another great state in the making – or rather awakening again: the attempt at a Greater Albania, and whether the Albanians in the Balkans are still harboring the idea of any such state. Particular emphasis is placed upon the following questions: Where does the idea of a Greater Albania stem from? Is a Greater Albania today still on the Albanians’ agenda as a real political plan? What speaks for and against a Greater Albania? Is the idea even feasible? The findings indicate that none of the Albanian communities residing in the Balkan region wish for a Greater Albania, nor do their leaders. The Serbs nonetheless maintain that an Albanian threat exists and has done so ever since 1878 when the idea of a Greater Albania first arose. -
Albania: Overview of Political Corruption
ALBANIA: OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION QUERY SUMMARY Please provide an overview of and background to Political corruption is a serious and ongoing recent measures taken to address political problem in Albania. Pressed by the European Commission and GRECO’s recommendations, the corruption in Albania. We are particularly interested Albanian government has recently adopted a in elections, political party financing, codes of number of measures intended to reduce political conduct, asset declaration, immunity, conflict of corruption in the country. In 2012 it amended the interest and lobbying. Albanian Constitution to restrict the immunity of high-level public officials, politicians and judges. Other amendments considerably broadened the CONTENT range of public officials subject to the asset 1. Overview of political corruption in Albania disclosure law and imposed stricter sanctions for 2. Elections violations of the conflict of interest provisions. Legal 3. Party financing changes in 2011 brought in new provisions regarding annual funding of political parties, while in 4. Immunity 2013 further legislation was passed to improve 5. Code of conduct transparency in party funding. 6. Conflict of Interest 7. Asset declaration In spite of recent reforms, political corruption 8. References continues to be a barrier to Albania’s candidature for EU membership. Despite anti-corruption support from donors, increased public awareness and \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ government promises, the new government’s -
Europe Report, Nr. 54: the State of Albania
THE STATE OF ALBANIA ICG Balkans Report N°54 Tirana, 06 January 1999 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ I I. THE MAJKO-BERISHA MEETING................................................................. 1 II. KOSOVO......................................................................................................... 2 III. CRIME AND THE GENERAL SECURITY SITUATION .................................. 4 IV. DRUGS ........................................................................................................... 4 V. COLLECTION OF WEAPONS........................................................................ 5 VI. ISLAM ............................................................................................................. 6 VII. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RAPID URBANISATION ......................... 8 VIII. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 10 IX. RECOMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 12 ANNEXES NEW GOVERNMENT LIST ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP LIST OF SELECTED ICG REPORTS THE STATE OF ALBANIA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Premier Pandeli Majko's new coalition government is slowly consolidating its hold over the administration, though the overall power of the government remains weak after the country was rocked in September by the worst political violence since the uprising of March 1997. Within the cabinet the -
Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Albania
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 25 Number 2 Article 6 Spring 2000 Of Courts and Rights: Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Albania Emin S. Toro Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Emin S. Toro, Of Courts and Rights: Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Albania, 25 N.C. J. INT'L L. 485 (1999). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol25/iss2/6 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Of Courts and Rights: Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Albania Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/ vol25/iss2/6 Of Courts and Rights: Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Albania I. Introduction The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Empire have radically transformed the constitutional order of Eastern European countries and the former Soviet republics.' Democratic systems of government and respect for individual rights have replaced dictatorship and oppression. As a result, a flurry of drafting efforts during the last decade has brought into being a number of new constitutions, which drastically change the relationship between the people and the state.2 In a well-attended See, e.g., BELR. CONST., translated in 2 CONSTITUTIONS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD I (Gisbert H. -
© Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace
Part IV Europe © Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace © Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace 11 The Drafting Process for the 1998 Albanian Constitution Scott N. Carlson hen the Republic of Albania adopting a new constitution, but it does adopted a new constitution in shape the context in which constitutional re- 1998, it joined the ranks of other form developed. It helps to explain the lack WCentral and Eastern European countries of constitutional materials in the Albanian that have moved to democratic forms of gov- language, lack of familiarity and experience ernment. For Albania, the new constitution with modern democratic institutions and provides a historic foundation upon which to human rights, and both international and forge an independent and democratic future. local agreement on the need for extensive © CopyrightThroughout its recent history, by Albania the has Endowmentforeign input. of endured domination and rigid control at the Introducing a new constitutional system thehands United of regional powers. States Even when inde- Instituteor structure is unavoidably of challenging.Peace Even pendent, the country has suffered under au- a completely tried and tested system or struc- tocracy, most egregiously so under Stalinist ture may fail when applied to a new environ- dictator Enver Hoxha, who led post–World ment. The process of legal transplantation is War II Albania into forty-five years of exile delicate, as the host state can reject foreign from the international community. Alba- legal concepts for a variety of reasons. Legal nia’s adoption of a democratic constitution and political traditions can be both founda- was a significant step toward solidifying its tions upon which to graft new structures and democracy and joining the community of obstacles to implementing them. -
ALBANIA COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
ALBANIA COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 30 March 2012 ALBANIA 30 MARCH 2012 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN ALBANIA FROM 01 MARCH 2012 TO 30 MARCH 2012 Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON ALBANIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 01MARCH 2012 TO 30 MARCH 2012 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Largest religious groups (Albania) ..................................................................... 1.05 Maps ...................................................................................................................... 1.09 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 Public Holidays - 2011 to 2012 ............................................................................ 2.06 3. HISTORY - 1912 TO 2009 .......................................................................................... 3.01 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: JANUARY 2010 TO FEBRUARY 2012 .................................... 4.01 Floods in Albania – 2010 ...................................................................................... 4.11 5. CONSTITUTION .......................................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION -
Albania: the State of the Nation 2001
ALBANIA: THE STATE OF THE NATION 2001 25 May 2001 ICG Balkans Report N°111 Tirana/Brussels Table of Contents MAP OF ALBANIA……………………………………………………………………………….i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………...ii I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 1 II. RELATIONS WITH ALBANIA’S BALKAN NEIGHBOURS ................................ 2 A. Kosovo ................................................................................................. 4 B. Montenegro.......................................................................................... 6 C. Macedonia............................................................................................ 6 III.ALBANIAN-GREEK RELATIONS.................................................................... 9 A. The Local Elections in Himara............................................................ 11 B. The State of War ................................................................................ 13 C. Repairing the Damage ....................................................................... 13 IV. INTERNAL POLITICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS ............................... 15 A. The Socialist Party ............................................................................. 16 B. The Democratic Party ........................................................................ 16 C. The New Democratic Party ................................................................ 17 D. Emigration ........................................................................................ -
Albania Democracy and Governance Assessment
ALBANIA DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE ASSESSMENT Revised Version Submitted to: The U.S. Agency for International Development DCHA/DG Under USAID Contract No. DFD-I-00-04-00229-00 Democracy and Governance Analytical Services Prepared by: Democracy International, Inc. 4802 Montgomery Lane, Suite 200 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 February 2006 Disclaimer The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 1 I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 3 A. ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES....................................................................................... 3 Organization of Report ..................................................................................................... 3 B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................................................... 4 The Legacy of Communism.............................................................................................. 4 Early Years of Transition.................................................................................................. 4 Elections and Change of Government in 2005 ................................................................. 5 C. EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ...................................................................................... -
Security Sector Reform in Albania Enika Abazi, Aldo Bumci, Enri Hide, Albert Rakipi
Security Sector Reform in Albania Enika Abazi, Aldo Bumci, Enri Hide, Albert Rakipi To cite this version: Enika Abazi, Aldo Bumci, Enri Hide, Albert Rakipi. Security Sector Reform in Albania. 2009, Iniciative for Peacebuilding (IFP): Security Cluster. halshs-01238710 HAL Id: halshs-01238710 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01238710 Submitted on 11 Dec 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. IFP Security Cluster Security Sector Reform in Albania Enika Abazi, Aldo Bumci, Enri Hide and Albert Rakipi June 2009 This initiative is funded by the European Union About IfP The Initiative for Peacebuilding (IfP) is a consortium led by International Alert and funded by the European Commission. IfP draws together the complementary geographic and thematic expertise of 10 civil society organisations (and their networks) with offices across the EU and in conflict-affected countries. Its aim is to develop and harness international knowledge and expertise in the field of conflict prevention and peacebuilding to ensure that all stakeholders, including EU institutions, can access strong independent analysis in order to facilitate better informed and more evidence-based policy decisions. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. -
ALBANIA COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
ALBANIA COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service 25 March 2011 ALBANIA 25 MARCH 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN ALBANIA FROM 1 MARCH 2011 TO 25 MARCH 2011 Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON ALBANIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 1 MARCH 2011 TO 25 MARCH 2011 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Maps ...................................................................................................................... 1.05 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 Public Holidays - 2011.......................................................................................... 2.06 3. HISTORY - 1912 TO 2009 .......................................................................................... 3.01 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: JANUARY 2010 TO JANUARY 2011...................................... 4.01 Floods in Albania – 2010...................................................................................... 4.06 5. CONSTITUTION.......................................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................