DOCSLIB.ORG

Walking in Old Hamina

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Walking in Old Hamina SIGHTS AND ATTRACTIONS HAMINA BASTION ORTHODOX CHURCH OF THE The Central Bastion, which is part of the HOLY APOSTLES ST PETER AND ST fortress of Hamina, was built by the Rus- PAUL sians in the early 19th century according Raatihuoneentori 2 to the plans of the Dutch-born General The main church of the Orthodox parish, Peter van Suchtelen. built in 1837, is dedicated to the memory The Hamina Bastion was formed in 1998 of the apostles St Peter and St Paul. after extensive renovation work: the bas- Open: June-August Tue-Sun at 12-16 tion vaults, in other words 58 casemates, were equipped with modern technology ST Mary’S CHURCH AND and the bastion field was covered by the CHURCH MUSEUM largest summer canopy in Europe. Pikkuympyräkatu 36 Renowned as the venue of events such as The medieval stone church dedicated to the Hamina Tattoo, the Hamina Bastion Virgin Mary was probably built at the pre- can provide even large-scale events with sent location before 1396. The church has a splendid setting and memorable experi- been destroyed and repaired on several HAMINA IS A CLEAN-CUT FORTRESS TOWN ences. occasions. The church was renovated to You cannot get lost in the circular its present appearance after the fire of – THE TOWN AND THE FORTRESS MAKE TOWN MUSEUM Hamina in 1821 in accordance with draw- UP AN INSEPARABLE WHOLE Kadettikoulunkatu 2 b ings by C.L. Engel. At that point, a belfry streets of the old centre of Hamina. The museum is located in a building com- was added to the church. pleted in ca. 1760. This building known The most recent renovation of the church The attractions are close to each Per Brahe founded a town by the name of Weckelax Nystad as “Catherine’s Palace” served the ne- was completed in 2013. The purpose in the area of the former Vehkalahti in 1653. At that time, gotiations between Catherine the Great, of the renovation carried out under the other, and the Town Hall located in the town was awarded the rights to be engaged in foreign Empress of Russia, and King Gustav III of supervision of the architect Ulla Rahola Sweden, during three days in 1783. The was to restore the spirit of the 19th cen- the centre of the circle is an excel- trade. When the town was destroyed in the Great North- Town Museum moved to the building in tury. The belfry is decorated by a relief ern War, it was rebuilt in the 1720s and was given a circular 1957. The museum houses a permanent by Sulo Mäkelä, a local artist, from 1964. town plan and the name Fredrikshamn after Frederick I, the exhibition displaying the colourful history Ecclesiastical items from the 18th century lent landmark, since you can see it of Hamina, plus temporary exhibitions. onwards are on display in the museum King of Sweden. The name soon gained the form Hamina in The upstairs room is a cosy venue for vari- room in the southern wing of the church. from every street corner. Finnish. Sweden started to fortify its eastern border against ous workshops and events, and it is rented Open: 5 June - 13 August 2017 at 11-15. Russia, whereby Hamina became a fortress town. as a meeting room also for outsiders. There is a guide in the church Open: June-August Tue-Sun at 10-16 during the opening hours. January-May Wed at 16–20, The fortress of Hamina was built under the Swedish General Thu-Sun at 12-16 ST JOHN’S CHURCH Axel von Löwen in the 1720s. The fortress and the town plan Raatihuoneentori 10 SHOPKEEPER’S HOUSE MUSEUM St John’s Church, designed by Carl Ludvig were based on an Italian star-shaped Renaissance fortress Kasarminkatu 6 Engel, originally served the Swedish- from the 16th century. The Swedes built the fortification just The Shopkeeper’s House Museum, speaking population in Hamina. The church as sand bulwarks. The Russians continued the fortification completed in 1841, is a log building with named after John the Baptist was inaugu- cultural history value. The courtyard of the rated on Midsummer Day in 1843. work in the 1740s, when the era of so-called Old Finland house comprises outbuildings, the last of The altarpiece which depicts the resurrec- began in Hamina under Russian rule. which were built in the 1870s. The house tion of Christ was painted by B.A. Goden- and the adjacent buildings used to serve as hjelm. The oldest item in the church is a the residence and work rooms for craft- Bible from 1703. The traditional miniature The star-shaped bastion fortress encloses the old circular speople in various fields, and most recently church boat above the font originates from town centre, with the eight radial streets starting from the for the Muravjev merchant family, which Koivisto in Karelia. Town Hall Square. The radial streets have two circular cross kept a shop in the building. The church yard contains a soldiers’ grave- The house was opened as a museum in the yard with memorials of soldiers who died in streets, Isoympyräkatu and Pikkuympyräkatu, which follow late 1970s. The museum with the old shop the Winter War and Continuation War and the shape of the fortress. Pikkuympyräkatu is a full circle of presents the Finnish-Russian merchant those who were left in Karelia during the about 1 kilometre. traditions of the early 1900s, and the wars, plus a memorial stone commemorat- HAMINA INFO courtyard dwellings and outbuildings ing the Treaty of Hamina of 1809. reflect the everyday life of craftspeople. Open: 5 June - 13 August 2017 at 10-15. Tourist information/SpaHotel Hamina The circular town, which is rare on a global scale, with its Some of the courtyard buildings are open There is a guide in the church Sibeliuskatu 32, tel. +358 40 199 1330 WALKING ramparts and extraordinary town plan is well preserved de- to the public. In addition to the permanent during the opening hours. Open Mon–Sat at 8–20 exhibition, the museum arranges Easter spite many large-scale fires which raged in the 19th century. and Christmas exhibitions plus various HIETAKYLÄ CEMETERY The military traditions of Hamina have lived on, first in the Summer info, Flag Tower events. Laivasillankatu 6 IN OLD HAMINA Imperial Cadet School of Finland in the 19th century and Open: June-August Tue-Sun at 10-16 The Hietakylä Cemetery was established Kaivokatu 6, tel. +358 40 577 4472 At other times open during in 1773 outside the fortress walls beside Open: later in the Reserve Officer School in the 20th century. the exhibitions and for groups the sea. The cemetery rich in atmosphere May Mon–Fri at 12–15 FORTRess AND by appointment. contains many valuable headstones which June–August Mon–Fri at 9–17, Sat–Sun at 10–15 The event arena Hamina Bastion was built in the Central reflect the cultural history of Hamina and Bastion of the fortress in 1998. In the summer, the Bastion RESERVE OFFICERS’ SCHOOL its surroundings. The Hietakylä Lutheran #kohtaamistenhamina #hamina CIRCulAR STReeTS MUSEUM cemetery was expanded in 1859, and it facebook.com/kohtaamistenhamina is covered by the largest dismountable canopy in Europe. Kadettikoulunkatu 8 was also surrounded by a stone wall then. Hamina Bastion now provides events of various sizes with a The museum presents the traditions of the Wealthier town dwellers have been buried instagram.com/kohtaamistenhamina Reserve Officers’ School and its students there since the fire of Hamina in 1821. A worthy venue. since the 1920s. cremation urn cemetery was established Open: June-August Tue-Sun at 10-16 in conjunction with the cemetery in WWW.HAMINA.FI In the winter by appointment. 1997-1998 according to the plans of the architect Bey Heng. STATUES AND MONUMENTS 1. TOWN HALL 1798 Nuolilinnake (Johan Brockman) Kirkkojärvi A. Statue of Varvara Winter War and Continuation War and The Renaissance-style Town Hall (Veikko Haukkavaara) to those left in Karelia. (the tower is of Neoclassical style Varvara Schantin (1870–1941) was a from the 1840s) has served many street vendor of bakery products. She E. Monument to Soldiers Fallen in purposes, including local administra- sold her products to officer candidates Coastal Battles tion. The building has also housed a Bastioni even when they were in the middle (Veli Klami) bank, shops, the police department, Häm eenlinna of their field exercises. To show their To commemorate the soldiers killed in and the main guard of the fortress. appreciation, the officers who had the 1939–1944 wars. The middle floor is currently in graduated from the courses 1–43 gave 18. festive use and serves as a meeting the town this statue in 1972. F. Orthodox Chapel 1837 facility for the town council and Built to commemorate the original town executive board. B. Statue for Finnish Baseball wooden Church of St Peter and St Paul, Keskusbastioni (Onni Pursiainen) which was located in the current field 2. TOWN MUSEUM 1760 Donated to Hamina in 1968 by Onni of the Reserve Officers’ School and The oldest town building in Hamina and Otso Paavola to show their ap- demolished in 1830. built for private use. Empress Cath- preciation for everything the town has erine II of Russia and her cousin King RAUHANKATU 26a. done for Finnish baseball and youth G. Millstone Gustav III of Sweden held negotia- ISOYMPYRÄKATU 17. R OOPERTINKATU work. (Eino Marttila) tions in the building in 1783. The new 19. Old millstones found in the Hietakylä permanent exhibition was opened MANNERHEIMINTIE G 7. C. Monument to Fallen Officers village were used as the models for after the renovation in 2008.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cost Effective Water Protection in the Gulf of Finland
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE The Finnish Environmentprovided by Helsingin yliopiston632 digitaalinen arkisto ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Mikko Kiirikki, Pirjo Rantanen, Riku Varjopuro, Anne Leppänen, Marjukka Hiltunen, Heikki Pitkänen, Petri Ekholm, Elvira Moukhametshina, Arto Inkala, Harri Kuosa and Juha Sarkkula Cost effective water protection in the Gulf of Finland Focus on St. Petersburg . .......................... FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE The Finnish Environment 632 Mikko Kiirikki, Pirjo Rantanen, Riku Varjopuro, Anne Leppänen, Marjukka Hiltunen, Heikki Pitkänen, Petri Ekholm, Elvira Moukhametshina, Arto Inkala, Harri Kuosa and Juha Sarkkula Cost effective water protection in the Gulf of Finland Focus on St. Petersburg HELSINKI 2003 . .......................... FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE The publication is also available in the Internet www.environment.fi/publications ISBN 952-11-1426-6 ISBN 952-11-1427-4 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 Cover photo: Karri Eloheimo/ Water sampling in the Central Waste Water Treatment Plant in St. Petersburg. Graphics: Paula Väänänen & Mikko Kiirikki Layout: Ritva Koskinen Printing: Dark Ltd Helsinki 2003 2 ..........................................................The Finnish Environment 632 Contents Summary ..........................................................................................5 1 Introduction ..................................................................................7 2 Nutrient load ..............................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 10:59:58PM Via Free Access 20 Chapter 2
    chapter 2 Dominant Groups and State-Making 1 The Early Nineteenth Century Purely external factors determined the creation of Finland as a distinct polit- ical entity. As Edward C. Thaden dryly puts it, ‘Finnish autonomy, and even the existence of a Finnish nation, can be considered an incidental byproduct of wars between Sweden and Russia during the eighteenth and at the beginning of the nineteenth centuries’.1 Prior to 1809 the mainly Finnish-speaking territories east of the Gulf of Both- nia and north of the Gulf of Finland were an integral part of Sweden. As on the other side of the Gulf of Bothnia, the language of the elites was Swedish. The sea did not separate but rather united the eastern provinces with the hub of the state, and these were more oriented to Stockholm than to each other (see Chapter 4). The south-western region of what later became the Finnish state belonged more or less to the core of the Swedish kingdom, whereas the other regions remained at the periphery. The concept of Finland existed, but it was more a geographical term than a political one. Initially it referred to the south- western region, which had been strongly linked to the core of the state from the thirteenth century onward. Only later was it extended to cover the Finnish- speaking peripheries, which in the course of the subsequent centuries came under the firm control of the Swedish monarchs.2 At the end of the eighteenth century about 15 percent of the total population consisted of Swedish-speakers, most of whom were engaged in farming and fishing on the coastal regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Rail Connecɵon from Kouvola to Kotka/ Hamina Ports, Works For
    Rail connecƟ on from Kouvola to Kotka/ Hamina ports, works for improving and construcƟ on of a new railway yard 2007-FI-12010-P • Part of Priority Project 12 Commission Decision: C(2008)7887 Member States involved: Finland ImplementaƟ on schedule: Start date: January 2008 End date: December 2013 Es mated end year: 2013 Budget: Total project cost: €66,000,000 EU contribu on: €6,600,000 Na onal budget: €59,400,000 Percentage of EU support: Works: 10% his project forms part of the Nordic Triangle railway/road axis (Priority Project 12), which links the capitals of Finland, TSweden, Norway and Denmark to each other and further to central Europe and Russia. The project supports the upgrade of approximately 60 km of railway line on the Kouvola-Kotka/Hamina sec ons and the construc on of a new railway yard at Kotolah . The improvements to the hinterland connec on are essen al to allow for a more effi cient use of freight traffi c on railways, for intermodal transport opera ons using the Motorways of the Sea ports of Kotka and Hamina. The planning and implementa on of the project also takes into due account reliability, func onality, traffi c safety and environmental considera ons. MAP Review The MidMid-Term Term evalua on concluded that the project proje can be completed by the end of 2013, provided any fi nancial uncertainty is eff ec vely removed. Moreover, administra ve procedures for diff erent works on the sec on Kouvola-Kotka/Hamina need to be approved before the end of 2010 and 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Kotka Hamina Pyhtää Virolahti Miehikkälä Kotkan–Haminan Seudun Strateginen Vaiheyleiskaava
    KOTKA HAMINA PYHTÄÄ VIROLAHTI MIEHIKKÄLÄ KOTKAN–HAMINAN SEUDUN STRATEGINEN VAIHEYLEISKAAVA Yhteenveto kaavaehdotuksesta saaduista lausunnoista ja muistutuksista sekä niihin laaditut vastineet 31.5.2018 Sisällys LAUSUNNOT ............................................................................................................ 4 1 Gasum Oy ........................................................................................................ 4 2 HaminaKotka Satama Oy.................................................................................. 4 3 Kaakkois-Suomen ELY-keskus ........................................................................... 4 4 Kotkan Energia Oy............................................................................................ 6 5 Kymenlaakson liitto ......................................................................................... 7 6 Kymenlaakson museo ...................................................................................... 8 7 Kymenlaakson pelastuslaitos............................................................................ 8 8 Liikennevirasto ................................................................................................ 8 9 MTK-Kaakkois-Suomi ....................................................................................... 9 10 Museovirasto................................................................................................. 10 11 Puolustusvoimat ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Welcome to Your Getaway Destination
    Welcome to Your Getaway Destination PORT OF HAMINAKOTKA port area in numbers: HAMINA KOTKA Kotka is a city on the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of • 1,100 ha of land areas Hamina is a small city nearby the Russian border on the Gulf of Finland by the Baltic sea. Hamina originates from Kymijoki River, by the Baltic Sea, with the city centre on an • 1,400 ha of sea areas the year 1653, when the town was awarded the rights to island. The stories of the town begin from the stone age, • 9 km of quays be engaged in foreign trade. It was destroyed in the Great and when the Vikings travelled to the east, the importance • 76 berths Northern War, and rebuilt in the 1720’s when it also was of the location for trade of the area was recognized. The given its circular town plan and the name Fredrikshamn Hanseatic era had its inluence in Kotka becoming an impor- • 90 km of railways after Frederick I, the King of Sweden, at the time when tant trading place. From being a border town between Swe- the area was a part of Sweden. The name soon gained den and Russia, the city developed in the late 1800’s into the form Hamina in Finnish. Sweden started to fortify its modern times from being an important fortress town into eastern border against Russia, whereby Hamina became a one of the biggest industrialized towns in Finland. The city fortress town. The fortress and the town plan were based belonged previously to the Kymi Parish in the 17th century on an Italian star-shaped Renaissance fortress from the and got its town rights in the year of 1879.
    [Show full text]
  • The Autonomy of Åland: a Reflexion of International and Constitutional Law
    THE AUTONOMY OF ÅLAND: A REFLEXION OF INTERNATIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW By Christer Janson, Chief Legislative Officer, Åland Provincial Government 1. The historical background of the autonomy of lland ' . _ , Aland has had af Swedish population at least since the sixth century A.D. For this reason Aland, when the Kingdom of Sweden was formed, from the very beginning was a part of that country. The population of the Finnish mainland however was probably already at that time of Finnish origin. Only after the Swedish conquest of Finland during the thirteenth century Swedes started to settle in the coastal regions of .Finland. When the Swedish domination in Finland had been consolidated and Finland been made a part of the Kingdom of Sweden Aland was in some administrative, judicial and ecclesiastical respect made a part of the Abo (Turku) region. The reasons for this were purely practical and had no constitutional significance since Finland was an integrated part of the Kingdom of Sweden. In the seventeenth century Sweden was a superpower in the Baltic region. During the eighteenth century its significance diminished. Eventually Finland and Aland were lost to Russia through the peace treaty of Fredrikshamn (Hamina) in 1809. During the Crimean War 1853-56 the Russian fortress Bomarsund in Aland was destroyed by English and French fleets. At the peace negotiations Sweden who had stayed neutral during the war claimed Aland back to Sweden. However, Russia refused to give up Aland. On the other hand Russia was forced to commit itself not to build any fortifications in Aland (the so-called Aland Islands Servitude).
    [Show full text]
  • TR 12 Lahti-Kouvola Impacts on the Community Structure and Employment
    TR 12 Lahti-Kouvola Impacts on the community structure and employment Taloustutkimus Oy Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä Further information: [email protected]; tel. +358(0) 50 374 7462 20 June 1 Taloustutkimus Oy / Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä 2018 A second transverse connection for Southern Finland ▪ In recent decades, the road network has mainly been developed radially, leading away from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. ▪ The east-west connection Turku – Helsinki region – Hamina – Vaalimaa is finally complete. ▪ The next development area: West coast – Tampere – Lahti – Kouvola – Lappeenranta – Nuijamaa? - Kotka/Hamina is the main export port of the forest industry.* - The significance of Russian trade and tourism will increase in the long term; political and economical trends vary - Asian trade flows; Kouvola logistics centre; Containers on rubber tires across the country ▪ Growth circle of Southeast Finland to accompany the growth triangle of Helsinki-Tampere-Turku: Helsinki-Lahti- Kouvola-Lappeenranta-Hamina * Centralising import and export logistics to Vuosaari is not a fully natural process; it is also based on infrastructural solutions. 20 June 2 Taloustutkimus Oy / Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä 2018 Prioritising the development corridors of Southern Finland Road Railroad Densely populated area 10 km zone Ports Prioritised points of the transport corridor https://www.uudenmaanliitto.fi/uudenmaan_liitto/uutishuone/artikkelit/etela- suomen_kehityskaytavilla_nelja_erilaista_profiilia.27145.blog 20 June 3 Taloustutkimus Oy / Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä 2018 Key sectors in the TR12 area ▪ The area includes Lahti Region, Kymenlaakso, Tavastia Proper, the Tampere region (Pirkanmaa), Satakunta, Southwest Finland and South Karelia. Review of the significance of trunk road 12’s area of influence for business life.
    [Show full text]
  • Returning Home, the Baltic Sea Gives the Med a Run for Its Money and The
    Back from theReturning home, the Balticu.s.s.r. Sea gives the Med a run for its money and the Coastguard provides a welcoming committee Text and photos: Thomas Kittel fter almost two months on Russian waters we NORWAY leave St Petersburg in the early morning of FINLAND August 5, heading for the Finnish archipelago. The weather is good and so are our spirits N Gulf of Bothnia Helsinki Åland – the immigration procedure in Kronstadt on SWEDEN islands Hamina Kotin Island is even less spectacular than Mariehamn when we arrived and soon we are steaming Gulf of Finland Nauvo Hanko ST PETERSBURG west through the Gulf of Finland. On board, Mariefred we’ve been joined by our friends Maria and Tonio, who will STOCKHOLM A accompany us to Helsinki, taking the place of my sister Beate and ESTONIA brother-in-law Dieter, who’ve kept us company from Moscow. Trosa For the first 90nm we follow the main Russian waterway west, then RUSSIA we turn north to the Finnish island of Haapasaari. The importance Västervik of this tiny island hidden in a group of even smaller islands is in Gotland complete contrast to its size, as it is here you officially re-enter the EU LATVIA St Petersburg and some interest in a boat coming from Russia is inevitable. But Öland that’s not the immediate problem today, because we can’t even see Karlskvona the harbour. Unfortunately this area is one of the few where we have Moscow to rely solely on our electronic charts and through a miscalculation COPENHAGEN LITHUANIARostock during our planning we MOSCOWhave no paper chart coverage of a limited sea Pea Islands BELARUS area, and the electronic charts in this area do not contain any In this three-part harbour charts or harbour information.
    [Show full text]
  • Kouvola & Kotka-Hamina
    KOUVOLA & KOTKA-HAMINA FINNLAND 2020 PRODUKTMANUAL FÜR REISEVERANSTALTER Version 2: Januar 2020 REGION KOUVOLA & KOTKA-HAMINA REGION KOUVOLA In Kouvola ist die Natur nie weit entfernt und gibt es zahlreiche faszinierende Orte. Sie ha- In Kouvola leben Stadt und Land harmonisch die verschiedenen Ausflugsziele sind leicht er- ben vielseitige Möglichkeiten - von rasanten Seite an Seite. Der sich durch die Region reichbar sowie stets sicher zu erkunden. Die Stromschnellen bis hin zu sanften, stillen Spa- schlängelnde Fluss Kymi bietet der lokalen Be- Region hat Naturliebhabern und Wanderern ziergängen inmitten großartiger Landschaft. völkerung sowie den Touristen einen Ort der einiges zu bieten, aber auch Kulturfreunde und Der Fluss Kymijoki, einst die Grenze zwischen Erholung, dient der lokalen Forstwirtschaft und Familien werden in Kouvola eine herrliche Zeit Schweden und Russland, ist ein Ort der Ruhe prägt die einzigartige Landschaft. Kouvola ist verbringen. sowie Entspannung - und gleichzeitig der bes- auch eine bekannte Eisenbahnstadt. Mit dem te Lachsfluss Südfinnlands. Allegro-Zug beträgt die Reisezeit zwischen REGION KOTKA-HAMINA Die Region bietet überdies interessante Einbli- Kouvola und St. Petersburg gerade einmal Die Region Kotka-Hamina liegt an der Süd- cke in die jüngere Vergangenheit sowie weiter 2 Stunden und 20 Minuten. Die Hauptstadt ostküste Finnlands, am Ufer der Ostsee, nur zurück liegende Epochen. Die lebhafte Ge- Finnlands ist ebenfalls nicht weit entfernt. Von 1 Autostunde von Helsinki und 3 Autostun- schichte der Grenzregion nimmt Sie mit auf ein Kouvola nach Helsinki dauert es mit dem Zug den von St. Petersburg entfernt. Die attraktive spannendes Abenteuer durch die Jahrhunderte etwas mehr als eine Stunde und mit dem Auto Region mit mehr als 100 Kilometern Küste ist aus der Sicht verschiedener Nationen – vom oder Bus etwas weniger als 1,5 Stunden.
    [Show full text]
  • Anssi Halmesvirta the British Conception of the Finnish
    Anssi Halmesvirta The British conception of the Finnish 'race', nation and culture, 1760-1918 Societas Historica Finlandiae Suomen Historiallinen Seura Finska Historiska Samfundet Studia Historica 34 Anssi Häme svida The British conception of the Finnish 'race', nation and culture, 1760 1918 SHS / Helsinki / 1990 Cover by Rauno Endén "The Bombardment of Sveaborg" (9-10 of August, 1855). A drawing by J. W. Carmichael, artist from the Illustrated London News ISSN 0081-6493 ISBN 951-8915-28-8 GUMMERUS KIRJAPAINO OY JYVÄSKYLÄ 1990 Contents PREFACE 7 INTRODUCTION 8 1. THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY IMAGE OF THE FINN 29 1.1. Some precedents 29 1.2. The naturalists' view 36 1.3. The historians' view 43 1.4. Travel accounts 53 2. ON THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIER OF CIVILIZATION: THE EVOLUTION OF THE FINNS 81 2.1. The science of race 81 2.2. The place of the Finn in British pre-evolutionary anthropology, 1820-1855 88 2.3. Philology, ethnology and politics: the evolution of Finnish 111 2.4. The political and cultural status of Finland, 1809-1856: British perceptions 130 2.5. Agitation, war and aftermath 150 3. ARYANS OR MONGOLS? — BRITISH THEORIES OF FINNISH ORIGINS 167 4. THE FINNS, THEIR KALEVALA AND THEIR CULTURE.. 191 5. COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND BRITISH PERCEPTIONS OF THE PROGRESS OF THE FINNS, 1860-1899 209 5 6. BRITISH RESPONSES TO THE FINNISH-RUSSIAN CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTION, 1899-1918 239 6.1. Immediate reactions 239 6.2. The Finnish question: variations on a Liberal theme 253 6.2.1. The constitutionalist argument 253 6.2.2. A compromise 266 6.2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Finnish Nationalism
    State and Revolution in Finland Historical Materialism Book Series Editorial Board Sébastien Budgen (Paris) David Broder (Rome) Steve Edwards (London) Juan Grigera (London) Marcel van der Linden (Amsterdam) Peter Thomas (London) volume 174 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hm State and Revolution in Finland By Risto Alapuro LEIDEN | BOSTON This title is published in Open Access with the support of the University of Helsinki Library. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. First edition of State and Revolution in Finland was published in 1988 by University of California Press. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2018043939 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface. ISSN 1570-1522 ISBN 978-90-04-32336-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-38617-4 (e-book) Copyright 2019 by the Authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Tallinmäki–Virojoki-Tie, Hamina, Virolahti Museotien Hoito- Ja Ylläpitosuunnitelma
    RAPORTTEJA 60 | 2015 Tallinmäki–Virojoki-tie, Hamina, Virolahti Museotien hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelma MARTTI PILTZ | LAURA SOOSALU Tallinmäki–Virojoki-tie, Hamina, Virolahti Museotien hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelma MARTTI PILTZ LAURA SOOSALU RAPORTTEJA 60 | 2015 TALLINMÄKI–VIROJOKI-TIE, HAMINA, VIROLAHTI MUSEOTIEN HOITO- JA YLLÄPITOSUUNNITELMA Pirkanmaan elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus Kansikuvat ja valokuvat: Laura Soosalu (LS) ja Martti Piltz (MP) Taitto: Mervi Koivula Kartat: © Maanmittauslaitos lupa nro 10/MML/15 © Karttakeskus, Lupa L4377 © Liikennevirasto 2015 © Suomen ympäristökeskus 2015 ISBN 978-952-314-285-5 (PDF) ISSN-L 2242-2846 ISSN 2242-2854 (verkkojulkaisu) URN URN:ISBN:978-952-314-285-5 www.ely-keskus.fi/julkaisut | www.doria.fi/ely-keskus Sisältö 1 Lähtötiedot.................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Tallinmäki–Virojoki-tien sijainti .......................................................................8 1.2 Tallinmäki–Virojoki-tien nimeäminen museotieksi .................................... 10 1.3 Tallinmäki–Virojoki-tien historialliset vaiheet .............................................11 1.3.1 Liikennetarve .............................................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Kulkuyhteyden synty ..................................................................................12 1.3.3 Tallinmäki–Virojoki-tie Liikenneviraston museokohdekokoelmassa ..........13 1.3.4 Kulttuurikohteet ja kiinteät
    [Show full text]