DOCSLIB.ORG

Ulmaceae, One Family Or Two? Evidence from Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Mapping

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ulmaceae, One Family Or Two? Evidence from Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Mapping --Plant Pl. Syst. Evol. 210:249-270 (1998) Systematics and Evolution © Springer-Verlag 1998 Printed in Austria The Ulmaceae, one family or two? Evidence from chloroplast DNA restriction site mapping SUSAN J. W~EGREFE, KENNETH J. SYTSMA, and RAYMOND P. GURmS Received October 22, 1996; in revised version January 22, 1997 Key words: Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Urticales, Cannabis.- Chloroplast DNA, cladistics, restriction site mapping. Abstraet: The Ulmaceae is usually split into two subgroups, referred to as either tribes or more commonly subfamilies (Ulmoideae and Celtidoideae). The two groups are separated, with some exceptions, on the basis of leaf venation, fruit type, seed morphology, wood anatomy, palynology, chemistry, and chromosome number. Proposifions to separate the two groups as distinct families have never gained general acceptance. Recent morphological and anatomical data have suggested, however, that not only is family status warranted but that Celtidaceae are more closely related to Moraceae and other Urticales than to Ulmaceae. In order to test these alternative sets of relationships, restriction site mapping of the enfire cpDNA was done with nine rare cutting enzymes using 11 genera of Ulmaceae s. 1., three other families of the Urticales, and an outgroup family from the Hamamelidae. Cladistic analysis of the data indicates that Ulmaceae s. 1. is not monophyletic and that distinct families (Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae) are warranted; that Ulmaceae is the sister group to Celtidaceae plus all other families in the order; and that Cannabaceae might be nested within Celtidaceae. Familial placements of vafious problemafic genera (e.g. Ampelocera, Aphananthe) are resolved and charäcter evolution of key morphological, anatomical, chemical, and chrornosomal features are discussed. The elm family, Ulmaceae MIRBEL, as originally described contained two genera, Ulmus L. and Celtis L. (MmBEL 1815). Subsequently, the number of genera included in the family has ranged as high as 18 (CRONQUIST 1981), although 15 (Table 1) are now recognized (MANCHESTER 1989, OGrNUMA & al. 1990, OMORI & TERABAYASHI 1993, TAV~HAS~ 1989, TERABAYASHI 1991). The family is distributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world in the form of trees, shrubs, or lianas. Two subgroups, associated with each of the original genera, traditionally have been recognized and referred to as subfamilies (Ulmoideae and Celtidoideae: ENGLER c% PRANTL 1893, THORNE 1968, CRONQUIST 1988) or some- fimes tribes (HUTCH1NSON 1967). Typical members of the two groups (hereafter referred to, in a taxonomically neutral fashion, as the "ulmoids" and "celtoids," respectively) differ in an impressive list of characters (summarized in SWEITZER 1971, CRONQUIST 1981, JUDD & al. 1994). The ulmoids are generally separated from 250 S. J. W~EG~~ & al.: O~ ..~ ¢.,) ~.) ~ O .~ ..= ~<~ O O O © ¢..) I O tt~ r,,,~ r,,,~ v..~ v,,,~ tl') O UZ xA~ oo 7 ~ I O~ © ~3 II II i © ==r~3 eD Circumscription of Ulmaceae s. 1., cpDNA evidence 251 the celtoids based on leaves strictly pinnately veined or craspedodromous vs. leaves pinnipalmately veined or brochidodromous (GRUDZINSKAYA 1967); on generally bisexual vs. generally unisexual flowers (GRUDZINSKAYA 1967); on fruit dry and commonly a samara vs. fruit drupaceous (GRUDZINSKAYA 1967; CHERNICK 1980); on seeds flattened, with straight embryo vs. seeds globose, with a curved embryo (GRUDZ~NStC~Ya 1967); pollen 4-5 porate vs. pollen 2-3 porate (KuPRIANOVA 1962, TAKAHASHI1989); and chromosome number n = 14 vs. n = 10 or 11 (MEHRA & GILL 1974, RAVEN 1975, OGINUMA & al. 1990). As SWErTZER (1971) has pointed out, however, the placement of some genera can be debated because not all characters unambiguously place these genera into one or the other group. Early interpretations of subgroup affiliations with fewer recognized genera (PLANCHON 1873, ENCL~R & PRANTL 1893) were consistent in their assignment of Ulmus, Planera J. E GMEL., and Holoptelea PLANCH. to the Ulmoideae, and Celtis, Chaetachme PLANCH., and others to the Celtidoideae; they differed primarily on the assignment of Zelkova SPACH within the family (Table 2). More recent interpretations (e.g. GRUDZINSKAYA1967, HUTCHINSON 1967, SWEITZER 1971, GIANNASI 1978), with larger numbers of genera included in each subfamily, Table 2. Ulmaceae s. 1. subfamily compositions according to various taxonomists: PLANCnON (1873), ENCLER & PRANTL (1893), HUTCmNSON(1967), GRUDZINSKAYA(1967), SWE~TZER (1971), and GIANNASI (1978); and based on cpDNA (current study). Symbols: U Ulmoideae; C Celtidoideae; - not included in classification or study. 1GRuDZINSKAYA included Chaetoptelea within Ulmus. 2WmcREW & al. (1994) show with cpDNA restriction sites that Chaetoptelea is included within Ulmus. 3pLANCHON(1873) included Trema under the name of Sponia. 4 Based on rbcL sequence evidence (SYTSMA& al. 1996) Genus PLANCHON E. & E HUTCHIN GRUDZ SWEITZER GIANNASI cpDNA Son inskaya Ampelocera -- C C C C U U Aphananthe C C C C C U C Celtis C C C C C C C Chaetachme C C C C C C -- Chaetoptelea -- __ __ 1 U U U 2 U Gironniera C C C C C U/C 4 C Hemiptelea U -- C U C U U Holoptelea U U U U U U U Lozanella -- -- C C C C C Mirandaceltis -- -- C -- C U -- Parasponia C C C C C C 4 C Phyllostylon -- U U U U U -- Plagioceltis .... C C -- Planera U U U U U U U Pteroceltis -- C C C C C C Trema 3 C C C C C C C Ulmus U U U U U U U Zelkova U C C U C U U 252 S.J. Wm~~FE &al.: are offen discordant (Table 2). The problem of seemingly parallel evolution in the key morphological characters used to separate the two subfamilies is exemplified by Zelkova. The genus was originally placed in the celtoid group based on its drupaceous fruits, but is more similar to the ulmoids based on other characters, especially its strictly pinnate veined leaves. The division of the Ulmaceae into separate families (Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae LIyK) was first proposed by LINS: (1831) over a century and a half ago, but never gained general acceptance. Opponents of the two family classification (e.g. SWEITZZR 1971, CROYQUISr 1981, 1988) cited the existence of "intermediate" genera and the small size of each of the resultant families as deterrents to the split, because it was assumed that the two families would be sister groups to each other (CRONQUIST 1988). However, GRUDZINSKAYA(1967) proposed that not only are the two subgroups sufficienfly distinct to warrant elevation to the rank of separate families, but more importantly that each of the two groups had been imprecisely characterized and that the Celtidaceae were actually more closely related to the Moraceae LINK than to the Ulmaceae. A number of the similarities (pollen shape and pore number, carpel number, gynoecial vasculature, and curved embryos) shared between the Celtidaceae and the other families of Urticales (excluding Ulmaceae) are likely synapomorphic (GRUDZINSKAYA1967, JuDo & al. 1994, OMORI & TERABAYASHI1993), thus placing Ulmaceae basal in the order and the sister group to the rest of the order. Her two family proposition has been supported by two recent preliminary cladistic analyses. The morphological analysis of the order Urticales (JUDO & al. 1994) and the rbcL analysis of Juglandaceae A. RICHARD EX KUNTH and relatives in Hamamelidae (GUNTERH al. 1994) both place Ulmus basal in the Urticales and Celtis as the sister group to the remainder of the order. However, only Ulmus and Celtis were sampled from the Ulmaceae s. 1. in both studies. An independent data set analyzed cladistically is needed to re-evaluate these morphological, anatomical, and chemical data and to determine whether individual characters are synapomorphies, symplesiomorphies, or possibly parallelisms. We employed detailed restfiction site mapping tecbniques of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) to determine phylogenetic relationships within and among the ulmoids, celtoids, and other families of Urticales. The conservative rate of cpDNA evolution, the precision provided by restriction endonuclease site mapping (PALMER & al. 1988, OLMSTEADH PALMER 1994), and the lower levels of homoplasy seen in cpDNA restriction site studies (GIVNISH & SYTSMA 1997a, b) make this approach useful for producing an independent data source for assessing phylogenetic relationships, cpDNA analysis has proven useful in examining relationships among species and genera (see SYTSMA H HAHN 1994, 1996 for recent reviews), but few cpDNA studies have been done at the familial and ordinal levels (e.g. JANSENH al. 1992, OLMSTEAD H SWEERE 1994). Specific questions addressed were: (1) What is the genefic composifion of the ulmoid and celtoid groups? Does the molecular evidence support the various morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical results in terms of group composition? (2) What is the nature of the relafionsbip between the two groups? Are they one monophyletic lineage, is one paraphylefic relative to the other (both suggesting retention of Ulmaceae in the broader sense), or are they distinct and unrelated lineages (suggesting the Circumscription of Ulmaceae s. 1., cpDNA evidence 253 recognition of Ulmaceae and Celtidaceae)? (3) What are the relationships of the ulmoids and celtoids to the other families in Urticales? Are the ulmoids basal in the order and the celtoids more closely related to the Moraceae or other families (e.g., Cannabaceae, Urticaceae)? This restriction site mapping study was designed primarily to address questions 1 and 2, but with enough sampling in the order to gain insight into the relationships of the ulmoids and celtoids to each other and to other families. A subsequent analysis based on rbcL sequencing throughout the Urticales addresses the latter question in more detail (SVTSMA& al. 1996). Materials and methods DNA extraction and restriction site mapping. Eleven of the 15 genera of Ulmaceae s. 1., representatives of three other families in the Urticales (Moraceae, Urticaceae A. L. DE Jusslzu, and Cannabaceae E~LICI-mR), and a representative from the order Hamamelidales as a remote outgroup were collected (Table 3). Total cellular DNAs were extracted from Table 3. Ulmaceae s. 1. and outgroup genera examined, source and voucher information.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Urticalean Rosids: Circumscription, Rosid Ancestry, and Phylogenetics Based on Rbcl, Trnl-F, and Ndhf Sequences1
    American Journal of Botany 89(9): 1531±1546. 2002. URTICALEAN ROSIDS: CIRCUMSCRIPTION, ROSID ANCESTRY, AND PHYLOGENETICS BASED ON RBCL, TRNL-F, AND NDHF SEQUENCES1 KENNETH J. SYTSMA,2,9 JEFFERY MORAWETZ,2,4 J. CHRIS PIRES,2,5 MOLLY NEPOKROEFF,2,6 ELENA CONTI,2,7 MICHELLE ZJHRA,2,8 JOCELYN C. HALL,2 AND MARK W. C HASE3 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA, and 3Molecular Systematics Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK To address the composition of the urticalean rosids, the relationships of the component families (maximally Cannabaceae, Cecro- piaceae, Celtidaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae, and Urticaceae) and analyze evolution of morphological characters, we analyzed sequence variation for a large sampling of these families and various rosid outgroups using rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF plastid regions. Urticalean rosids are derived out of a lineage including Barbeyaceae, Dirachmaceae, Elaeagnaceae, and Rhamnaceae, with Rosaceae less closely related; thus, they are imbedded within Rosales. Ulmaceae are the sister to all remaining families. Cannabaceae are derived out of a subclade of Celtidaceae; this expanded family should be called Cannabaceae. Cecropiaceae are derived within Urticaceae and are polyphyletic with Poikilospermum derived elsewhere within Urticaceae; this expanded family should be called Urticaceae. Monophy- letic Moraceae are sister to this expanded Urticaceae. Support for these relationships comes from a number of morphological characters (¯oral sexuality, presence or absence of hypanthium, stamen type and dehiscence, pollen pore number, ovule position, and embryo alignment) and chromosome numbers. Most fruit types, in terms of ecological dispersal, are derived independently multiple times and are strongly correlated with habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Louisiana Certified Habitat Plant List Native Woody Plants (Trees
    Louisiana Certified Habitat Plant List Native Woody Plants (trees, shrubs, woody vines) Common name Scientific name Stewartia Gum, Swamp Black Nyssa biflora Camellia, Silky malacodendron Acacia, Sweet Acacia farnesiana Catalpa Gum, Tupelo Nyssa aquatica Liquidambar Alder, Black/Hazel Alnus rugosa Catalpa, Southern bignonioides Gum, Sweet styriciflua Allspice, Carolina/ Cedar, Eastern Red Juniperus virginiana Sweet Shrub Calycanthus floridus Cedar, Hackberry Celtis laevigata Ashes, Native Fraxinus spp. Atlantic/Southern Chamaecyparis Hawthorn, Native Crataegus spp. White thyoides Hawthorn, Barberry- Ash, Green F. pennsylvanicum Cherry, Black Prunus serotina leaf C. berberifolia Ash, Carolina F. caroliniana Hawthorn, Cherry, Choke Aronia arbutifolia Ash, Pumpkin F. profunda Blueberry C. brachycantha Cherry-laurel Prunus caroliniana Hawthorn, Green C. viridis Ash, White F. americana Chinquapin Castanea pumila Hawthorn, Mayhaw C. aestivalis/opaca Rhododendron Coralbean, Azalea, Pink canescens Eastern/Mamou Erythrina herbacea Hawthorn, Parsley C. marshallii Azalea, Florida Rhododendron Crabapple, Southern Malus angustifolia Hickories, Native Carya spp. Flame austrinum Creeper, Trumpet Campsis radicans Hickory, Black C. texana Anise, Star Illicium floridanum Parthenocissus Anise, Hickory, Bitternut C. cordiformes Creeper, Virginia quinquefolia Yellow/Florida Illicium parviflorum Hickory, Mockernut C. tomentosa Azalea, Florida Rhododendron Crossvine Bignonia capreolata Flame austrinum Hickory, Nutmeg C. myristiciformes Cucumber Tree Magnolia acuminata Rhododendron Hickory, PECAN C. illinoensis Azalea, Pink canescens Cypress, Bald Taxodium distichum Hickory, Pignut C. glabra Rhododendron Cypress, Pond Taxodium ascendens serrulatum, Hickory, Shagbark C. ovata Cyrilla, Swamp/Titi Cyrilla racemiflora viscosum, Hickory, Azalea, White oblongifolium Cyrilla, Little-leaf Cyrilla parvifolia Water/Bitter Pecan C. aquatica Baccharis/ Groundsel Bush Baccharis halimifolia Devil’s Walkingstick Aralia spinosa Hollies, Native Ilex spp. Baccharis, Salt- Osmanthus Holly, American I.
    [Show full text]
  • FLORA from FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE of MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2
    ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70 ORIGINAL PAPER FLORA FROM FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş, Romania 2Mureş County Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania *Correspondence: Silvia OROIAN [email protected] Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 15 July 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to identify a potential source of medicinal plant from Transylvanian Plain. Also, the paper provides information about the hayfields floral richness, a great scientific value for Romania and Europe. The study of the flora was carried out in several stages: 2005-2008, 2013, 2017-2018. In the studied area, 397 taxa were identified, distributed in 82 families with therapeutic potential, represented by 164 medical taxa, 37 of them being in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.5. The study reveals that most plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%) etc. This plants can be used in the treatment of various human disorders: disorders of the digestive system, respiratory system, skin disorders, muscular and skeletal systems, genitourinary system, in gynaecological disorders, cardiovascular, and central nervous sistem disorders. In the study plants protected by law at European and national level were identified: Echium maculatum, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus, Salvia nutans, Iris aphylla, Orchis morio, Orchis tridentata, Adonis vernalis, Dictamnus albus, Hammarbya paludosa etc. Keywords: Fărăgău, medicinal plants, human disease, Mureş County 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Characteristics of Leaves Determine Foraging Rate of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta Mexicana
    1 Phytochemical characteristics of leaves determine foraging rate of the leaf-cutting ant 2 Atta mexicana (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 3 Dennis A. Infante-Rodríguez1, Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva1, Klaus Mehltreter1, Gloria L. 4 Carrión1, Jean-Paul Lachaud2,3, A. Carlos Velázquez-Narváez1, Víctor M. Vásquez-Reyes1, 5 Jorge E. Valenzuela-González1*, José A. Guerrero-Analco1* 6 1Instituto de Ecología, A.C., 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. 2El Colegio de la Frontera 7 Sur (Unidad Chetumal), 77014, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. 3CRCA, Centre de 8 Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse Cedex 09, France. 9 *e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 10 ORCID: Infante-Rodriguez D.A. 0000-0002-3330-5340; Guerrero-Analco J.A. 0000-0003- 11 0998-757X; Valenzuela-González J.E 0000-0003-2106-6693 12 Abstract –Atta mexicana is a polyphagous insect that can exploit a wide range of plant 13 species to cultivate its main food source, the symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus 14 gongylophorus. In the present study, we evaluated the foraging rate of Atta mexicana 15 workers among leaves of three favored and three rejected plant species under laboratory 16 conditions. In addition, we conducted a phytochemical characterization of leaves of these 17 six plant species. Ants preferred leaf-discs of Rosa x alba, Trema micrantha and Styrax 18 glabrescens, but rejected those of Coffea arabica, Citrus reticulata and Psidium guajava. 19 In a second behavioral experiment using plant extracts, the results suggest that in the case 20 of C. reticulata, rejection was not due chemical composition, but may have been due to 21 different foliar attributes that could modulate the ant's foraging preferences in this species.
    [Show full text]
  • Microscopic, Histochemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Characterization of Leaves of Trema Micrantha (L.) Blume
    Anales de Biología 43: 93-99, 2021 ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesbio.43.09 ISSN/eISSN 1138-3399/1989-2128 Microscopic, histochemical and preliminary phytochemical characterization of leaves of Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Cledson dos Santos Magalhães1, Rafaela Damasceno Sá1, Solma Lúcia Souto Maior de Araújo Baltar2 & Karina Perrelli Randau1 1 Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-321, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. 2 Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil. Resumen Correspondence Caracterización microscópica, histoquímica y fitoquímica preilmi- K.P. Randau nar de las hojas de Trema micrantha (L.) Blume E-mail: [email protected] Para enriquecer el enriquecer el conocimiento sobre Trema mi- Received: 22 November 2020 crantha (L.) Blume, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar Accepted: 15 April 2021 la caracterización anatómica, histoquímica y fitoquímica de las ho- Published on-line: 30 May 2021 jas de la especie. Se realizaron cortes transversales del pecíolo y limbo, así como cortes paradérmicos del limbo, analizados en mi- croscopía óptica y polarizada. Se utilizaron diferentes reactivos para el análisis histoquímico. Se han descrito estructuras anatómi- cas que proporcionan un diagnóstico detallado de las especies es- tudiadas. La histoquímica mostró la presencia de metabolitos es- enciales (flavonoides, taninos, entre otros) para la especie y me- diante análisis SEM-EDS se confirmó que los cristales están com- puestos por oxalato de calcio. El análisis fitoquímico permitió la identificación de mono y sesquiterpenos, triterpenos y esteroides, entre otros. El estudio proporcionó datos sin precedentes sobre la especie, ampliando la información científica de T. micrantha. Palabras clave: Cannabaceae; Microscopía; Farmacobotánica.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Trema Orientalis (L.) Blume SCORE:10.0 RATING
    TAXON: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume SCORE: 10.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Family: Cannabaceae Common Name(s): charcoal tree Synonym(s): Celtis guineensis Schumach. gunpowder tree Celtis orientalis L. peach cedar Trema guineensis (Schumach.) Ficalho poison peach Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 4 Mar 2020 WRA Score: 10.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical, Pioneer Tree, Weedy, Bird-Dispersed, Coppices Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401
    [Show full text]
  • High Resolution GC/MS Analysis of the Holoptelea Integrifoli's Leaves And
    Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 22 (2019) 101405 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology High resolution GC/ MS analysis of the Holoptelea integrifoli's leaves and their medicinal qualities Vijay Kumar a , * , 1, Simranjeet Singh b, c, d, 1, Sapna Avinash Kondalkar e, 1, Bhavana Srivastava a, Brijesh Singh Sisodia f, Bandana Barthi a, Ravindara Singh g, Om Prakash h a Department of Chemistry, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Aamkho, Gwalior, M. P, 474009, India b Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India c Regional Advanced Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, Punjab, 160059, India d Punjab Biotechnology Incubators, Mohali, Punjab, 160059, India e Department of Pharmacognosy, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Aamkho, Gwalior, M. P, 474009, India f Department of Biochemistry, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Aamkho, Gwalior, M. P, 474009, India g Department of Chemistry, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), New Delhi, 110058, India h Department of Ayurveda, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Aamkho, Gwalior, M. P, 474009, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords : Plants and their sec ondary mol e cules are con sid ered as unique gift of God to humans. Secondary mol e cules of Holoptelea integrifolia plants are con sid ered as major ther apeu tic agents to cure di verse classes of dis ease. The aim of the present Antioxidant activity study was to iden tify the sec ondary mol e cules of the leaf ex tract of Holopte lea in tegri fo lia (HI). Iden ti fica tion of Anti - diabetic activity bio mol e cules us ing the fourier trans forma tion in frared (FTIR) and gas chro matog ra phy cou pled with high res - Anti - inflammatory activity Antimicrobial activity olu tion mass spec trome ter (GC - HRMS) have con firmed the presence of seven prominent mol e cules in clud ing four new mol e cules.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtis Occidentalis
    Celtis occidentalis - American or Common Hackberry (Ulmaceae) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Celtis occidentalis is a tough tree for urban or rural -lateral stems often die back a few inches to give a sites, growing rapidly to provide shade, windbreak, ragged appearance to the ends of branches and/or erosion control under stressful conditions. Trunk -light gray to gray-green FEATURES -very corky to warty ornamental bark, slowly Form becoming platy with age -large deciduous tree -often to 3' or more in diameter on old trees, with -maturing at 70' tall x significant basal flair 50' wide -wood is much stronger than Silver Maple (another -upright oval growth quick shade tree) habit in youth, quickly losing its central USAGE leader and becoming Function rounded to irregular in -shade tree (for highly stressed, poor soil, or wet soil habit with age sites where rapid growth is needed), deciduous -rapid growth rate windbreak, pioneer invader tree Culture Texture -full sun -medium texture overall in foliage and when bare -prefers moist soils but (fine-textured twigs, but bold and irregular branching is adaptable to many pattern) adverse conditions, -average density in foliage but thick when bare including wet or dry Assets sites and poor soils -urban tolerant (dry sites, soil compaction, pollution, -propagated primarily wind, heat, acid or alkaline soil tolerant), ornamental by seed but also by rooted stem cuttings or grafted bark, rapid growth, adaptable to wet
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1
    Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1 Authors: Jiang, Wei, He, Hua-Jie, Lu, Lu, Burgess, Kevin S., Wang, Hong, et. al. Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 104(2) : 171-229 Published By: Missouri Botanical Garden Press URL: https://doi.org/10.3417/2019337 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden on 01 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS Volume 104 Annals Number 2 of the R 2019 Missouri Botanical Garden EVOLUTION OF ANGIOSPERM Wei Jiang,2,3,7 Hua-Jie He,4,7 Lu Lu,2,5 POLLEN. 7. NITROGEN-FIXING Kevin S. Burgess,6 Hong Wang,2* and 2,4 CLADE1 De-Zhu Li * ABSTRACT Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in root nodules is known in only 10 families, which are distributed among a clade of four orders and delimited as the nitrogen-fixing clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Lacebark Elm Scientific Name: Ulmus Parvifolia Order
    Common Name: Lacebark Elm Scientific Name: Ulmus parvifolia Order: Urticales Family: Ulmaceae Description The leaf arrangement of the lacebark elm (also known as Chinese elm) is alternate. Each leaf is oval with a serrate margin. Typical leaf coloration is leathery green, with purple, red, and yellow in the fall. The tree grows to a height of 40 to 50 feet with a spread of 35 to 50 feet. The bark is thin, thus giving rise to its common name as the lacebark elm. The tree produces a hard and dry fruit that brown and typically less than .5 inches in length. The root system contains a number of large-diameter members located close to the surface, and can grow for a long distance from the trunk. Growth Habit Lacebark elm is deciduous, but has been known to be evergreen in the southern extent of its range. The trees typically have a single trunk, although some have split trunks. They typically grow to a mature height of over 10 – 12 feet. It produces a bloom from late summer to fall which is yellow to green in color. A fruit is set in the fall. Hardiness Zone(s) The USDA hardiness zones for this plant are 5B through 10A. Culture Lacebark elm has no demanding culture for its habitat, and is considered to be quite hardy. It grows well in part shade as well as full sun, and has a high drought tolerance. For habitats near ocean, it has a moderate air-borne salt tolerance. For soils, it tolerates nearly all types, from clay, to sand, to loam.
    [Show full text]