DOCSLIB.ORG

The Politics and Literature Debate As Cold War Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Politics and Literature Debate As Cold War Culture Volume 18 | Issue 17 | Number 1 | Article ID 5461 | Sep 01, 2020 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Early Freeze Warning: The Politics and Literature Debate as Cold War Culture Michael Bourdaghs political, or was it part and parcel of the Abstract: This essay revisits the 1946-7 political? “Politics and Literature Debate” Seiji( to bungaku ronsō), a pivotal controversy among In some ways, the debate represented a leftist Japanese writers and intellectuals that is resumption of disputes that had dogged the conventionally cited as the starting point of proletarian literature movement of the 1920s postwar literary history. Situating the debate in and 30s and that had been forced into silence tandem with three influential texts published at by the fascist state’s censorship and repression roughly the same time in the West—Lionel of the left. But the debate also reflected Trilling’s The Liberal Imagination (1951), Ruth something of a generational divide within the Benedict’s The Chrysanthemum and the Sword Japanese left, as a rising generation of critics (1946), and The God That Failed (1950), edited such as Hirano Ken and Ara Masahito—many of by Richard Crossman—the essay argues that them associated with the new cultural journal the debate should be considered an early Kindai Bungaku(Modern instance of the Cold War culture that would Literature)—challenged the authority of more- emerge globally in the decades that followed. established writers and critics such as Nakano Shigeharu and Kurahara Korehito, many of them veterans of the prewar proletarian literature, who were affiliated with the newly legalized Japan Communist Party and the journal Shin Nihon Bungaku (New Japanese Introduction: The 1946-7 “Politics andLiterature). As it unfolded across the pages of Literature Debate” (Seiji to bungaku ronsō) multiple journals and newspapers, the debate among leftist Japanese writers and intellectuals eventually involved dozens of writers. The is conventionally cited as the starting point for debate ultimately died out without ever Japan’s postwar literary history. Reflecting on reaching a clear resolution, as other issues took the disaster of the war and Japan’s imperialist center stage in intellectual life, notably the aggression against its neighbors, as well as on American Occupation’s Reverse Course and the the failure of the prewar proletarian culture resumption of intensified censorship against movement to prevent that disaster, participants the JCP and other leftists under intensified Cold on both sides of the debate shared a strong War conditions. But the after-currents of the commitment to the idea of Literature as a debate would continue to shape Japanese cornerstone to modern culture, as well as to literary criticism and intellectual life for the democratization of Japan and the rooting decades to come. out of fascist and “feudal” elements from its political life. The source of their disagreement Like much of Japan’s leftist and Marxist literary arose from sharply differing views of the history, the Politics and Literature Debate was correct relationship between those two goals: long ignored or glossed over in English- was literature properly autonomous from the language studies of Japanese literary history. A 1 18 | 17 | 1 APJ | JF research project organized in recent years by ’80s—that is, during the latter stages of the faculty and graduate students from Princeton Cold War. More important, this rethinking University, Waseda University, and theproductively shifts the ground from which an University of Chicago aimed to rectify this American scholar approaches Japan. Whereas situation by providing the first extensive the postwar Japan studies approach has often English-language investigation into the debate. proceeded from the implicit (and sometimes The project resulted in the publication of two explicit) assumption of America as the volumes: The Politics and Literature Debate in benefactor that rescued Japan from fascism, a Postwar Japanese Criticism, 1945-1952 (edited Cold War framework situates the United States by Atsuko Ueda, Michael K. Bourdaghs, Richi in a less-comfortable position, one in which its Sakakibara, and Hirokazu Toeda; Lexington own stance as a perpetrator of geopolitical Books, 2017), an anthology of annotated violence has to be raised alongside the study of translations of twenty-four key essays that Japanese cultural production. I conclude my constituted the original “Politics and Literature essay with a consideration of American Japan Debate,” and Literature among the Ruins, studies as yet another instance of Cold War 1945-1955: Postwar Japanese Literaryculture. Criticism (same editors; Lexington Books, 2018), a collection of new scholarly essays on The rethinking I want to pursue requires the debate by scholars from across North transcending the boundaries of Japan to place America and Japan. The following essay is the 1946–47 debates in a more global context. taken from the latter volume and reprinted In the wake of the horrors of World War II, here (with some revisions) by kind permission intellectuals around the world engaged in lively of Lexington Books. debates over the meanings and interrelationships of such concepts as “literature,” “politics,” “subjectivity,” “culture,” “nation,” “Marxism,” and “humanism.” We Early Freeze Warning: The Politics and need only to think of such classic works as Literature Debate as Cold War Culture Auerbach’s Mimesis (1946), Wellek and The Politics and Literature Debate of 1946–47 Warren’s Theory of Literature (1946), Adorno has long been taken as the starting point for and Horkheimer’s Dialectic of Enlightenment postwar Japanese literary history. My purpose (1947), or Sartre’s What Is Literature? (1947) 2 here, however, is to rethink it as an early to sense this context. We might add Orwell’s skirmish in Cold War cultural politics. Instead Animal Farm (1945) to this list—and note that of positioning the complicated disputesOccupation authorities arranged the 1949 involving Hirano Ken, Nakano Shigeharu, and publication of a Japanese translation of the others in reference to the just-ended war of novel and sponsored performances of a 1931–45, what happens when we map them in kamishibai storyteller adaptation aimed at relation to the global Cold War that was just factory workers, government officials, and getting under way? labor unions.3 Of course, the Politics and Literature Debate unfolded within its own This is not an entirely new gesture. Inspecific historical situation, yet its participants rethinking Japan’s postwar culture through the were aware that their activities as critics lens of the Cold War, I follow in the wake of paralleled similar developments around the 1 many others. Taking up the 1946–47 debates world. as early Cold War culture helps reveal connections with subsequent developments in The Politics and Literature Debate began with hihyō (criticism) in the 1960s, ’70s, and the April 1946 publication in the journal 2 18 | 17 | 1 APJ | JF Ningen (Humanity) of a roundtable discussion bungaku to seiji no mondai), while in January on “The War Responsibility of Writers”1952 it published Katō Shūichi’s translation of (Bungakusha no sekimu). Skimming the table of Sartre’s What Is Literature? Clearly, readers of contents of that journal from 1946 to 1947, we the Politics and Literature Debate as it come across the following article titles: unfolded across the pages ofNingen and kindred journals in late-1940s Japan had access to timely information about similar debates underway around the globe. Fukuro Ippei, “Saikin no soveto bungaku o megutte” (On recent Soviet literature) Moreover, intellectuals outside Japan, (January 1946) particularly after the Chinese Revolution (1949) and the outbreak of the Korean War (1950), Satō Saku, “Furansu bundan no showed keen interest in how Japanese shinchōryū” (Recent currents in French intellectuals understood the relationship literary circles) (May 1946) 4 between politics and literature. As I discuss in the following, the monthly Encounter regularly Honda Kiyoji, “Amerikateki shii” included translations from modern Japanese (American-style thought) (June 1946) literature as well as reportage on the Takeda Taijun, “Chūgoku no sakkatachi” intellectual milieu of 1950s Japan. Moreover, if (China’s writers) (June 1946) we browse such American intellectual journals as Partisan Review or Commentary from this Ramon Fernandez, “Thought andperiod, we find a striking resemblance to Revolution” (July 1946) Ningen and its peers in Japan. During the early Cold War, in both Japan and the West a shared Thomas Mann, Voyage with Don Quixote canon was emerging—centered on such figures (serialized October–December 1946) as Sartre, Dostoyevsky, Mann, and Gide—as the ground for ongoing debates over the proper André Gide, “André Malraux (The Human relationship between literature and politics. Adventure)” (November 1946) Rereading the 1946–47 Japanese debate in tandem with its counterparts abroad should André Gide, “French-Style Dialogue” open up a more global, dialogic understanding, (January 1947) as we come to see both what it shared with similar debates elsewhere and what was unique Takahashi Yoshitaka, “Hesse mondai” (The to it. Hesse problem) (February 1947) André Malraux, Man’s Hope (March 1947) My initial tactic here for tackling this enormous problem is to reread the Japanese debate alongside three intertexts. These three works were published in the United States at roughly In February 1946, Ningen also published a the time of the debate and played important special issue devoted to “American Thought,” roles in Cold War culture. Each remains in while in 1947 it ran a two-part special issue print today, and each was translated and (July and September) on contemporary French debated within Japan. Directly or indirectly, the literary trends. In April 1949 it carriedJapanese critics who engaged in the Politics Nakahashi Kazuo’s piece on “The Problem of and Literature Debate did so in dialogue with Literature and Politics in Contemporary English these texts, and through this dialogue concepts Literature” (Gendai Eibungaku ni okeruthat would become fixtures of Cold War culture 3 18 | 17 | 1 APJ | JF began to take shape.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History 600: Public Intellectuals in the US Prof. Ratner-Rosenhagen Office
    Hannah Arendt W.E.B. DuBois Noam Chomsky History 600: Public Intellectuals in the U.S. Prof. Ratner-Rosenhagen Lecturer: Ronit Stahl Class Meetings: Office: Mosse Hum. 4112 Office: Mosse Hum. 4112 M 11 a.m.-1 p.m. email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Room: Mosse Hum. 5257 Prof. RR’s Office Hours: R.S.’s Office Hours: T 3- M 9 a.m.-11a.m. 5 p.m. This course is designed for students interested in exploring the life of the mind in the twentieth-century United States. Specifically, we will examine the life of particular minds— intellectuals of different political, moral, and social persuasions and sensibilities, who have played prominent roles in American public life over the course of the last century. Despite the common conception of American culture as profoundly anti-intellectual, we will evaluate how professional thinkers and writers have indeed been forces in American society. Our aim is to investigate the contested meaning, role, and place of the intellectual in a democratic, capitalist culture. We will also examine the cultural conditions, academic and governmental institutions, and the media for the dissemination of ideas, which have both fostered and inhibited intellectual production and exchange. Roughly the first third of the semester will be devoted to reading studies in U.S. and comparative intellectual history, the sociology of knowledge, and critical social theory. In addition, students will explore the varieties of public intellectual life by becoming familiarized with a wide array of prominent American philosophers, political and social theorists, scientists, novelists, artists, and activists.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Lionel Trilling Jefferson Lecturer the Blakelock Problem
    Humanities New York City, a sheaf of rolled-up canvases under his arm, while Blakelock bargained; as often as not, they’d return to the same dealers with the same pic­ tures just before closing, Blakelock desperate and willing to accept almost anything for his work. He was a self-taught artist, born and raised in New York City, who headed west after graduation from what is now the City University of New York, sketch­ ing his way across the plains to the coast, returning by way of Mexico, Panama, and the West Indies. At first he painted pictures in the Hudson River style— romantically colored panoramas identifiable with the locales he had visited. But as the years passed, the children came, and fame, fortune or even a minimal income eluded him, Blakelock started building on canvas a world of his own: dark scenes, heavy with overarching trees Dr. Lionel Trilling brooding over moonlit waters, highly romantic Indian Jefferson Lecturer encampments that never were. Bright colors left his palette, the hues of night dominated. Dr. Lionel Trilling will deliver the first Jefferson Lec­ Blakelock did build up a modest following of col­ ture in the Humanities before a distinguished au­ lectors, but in the 1870’s and 1880’s, $30 to $50 was dience at the National Academy of Sciences Audi­ a decent price for a sizable painting by an unknown, torium, 2101 Constitution Avenue Northwest, Wash­ and his fees never caught up with his expenses. Only ington, D. C. on Wednesday, April 26 at eight once did light break through: in 1883, the Toledo o ’clock.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society Free
    FREE THE LIBERAL IMAGINATION: ESSAYS ON LITERATURE AND SOCIETY PDF Lionel Trilling,Louis Menand | 336 pages | 23 Oct 2008 | The New York Review of Books, Inc | 9781590172834 | English | New York, United States The Liberal Imagination - Wikipedia The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society is a collection of sixteen essays by American literary critic Lionel Trillingpublished by Viking in The book was edited by Pascal Covici, who had worked with Trilling when he edited and introduced Viking's Portable Matthew Arnold in The essays, then, represent Trilling's written work and critical thoughts of the s. In the essays, Trilling explores the theme of what he calls "liberalism" by looking closely at the relationship between literature, culture, mind, and the imagination. He offers passionate critiques against literary ideas of reality as material and physical, such as those he ascribes to V. ParringtonTheodore Dreiserand the writers of the Kinsey Reports. He supports writers who engage in "moral realism" through an engaged imagination and a "power of love," which he sees expressed in works by Henry JamesMark TwainTacitusF. Scott Fitzgeraldand William Wordsworth —and in the ideas of human nature in the works of Sigmund Freud. Blackmore, Norman Podhoretzand Delmore Schwartzrepresent the importance of this book to the "Intellectuals. Trilling argues that because his contemporary America is predominantly tending to an intellectually liberal tradition, the lack of a robust conservative intellectual tradition causes the lack of a cultural dialectic, making liberal ideas also weak. Trilling confronts the influence of literary critic V. Trilling argues that Parrington believed in a reality that is "immutable; it is wholly external, it is irreducible," and that Parrington believed the job of a literary writer to be the transmission of this reality by loyal reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Romantic Liberalism
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Romantic Liberalism DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in English by Brent Lewis Russo Dissertation Committee: Professor Jerome Christensen, Chair Professor Andrea Henderson Associate Professor Irene Tucker 2014 Chapter 1 © 2013 Trustees of Boston University All other materials © 2014 Brent Lewis Russo TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii CURRICULUM VITAE iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION v INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Charles Lamb’s Beloved Liberalism: Eccentricity in the Familiar Essays 9 CHAPTER 2: Liberalism as Plenitude: The Symbolic Leigh Hunt 33 CHAPTER 3: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Illiberalism and the Early Reform Movement 58 CHAPTER 4: William Hazlitt’s Fatalism 84 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Charles Rzepka and the Trustees of Boston University for permission to include Chapter One of my dissertation, which was originally published in Studies in Romanticism (Fall 2013). Financial support was provided by the University of California, Irvine Department of English, School of Humanities, and Graduate Division. iii CURRICULUM VITAE Brent Lewis Russo 2005 B.A. in English Pepperdine University 2007 M.A. in English University of California, Irvine 2014 Ph.D. in English with Graduate Emphasis in Critical Theory University of California, Irvine PUBLICATIONS “Charles Lamb’s Beloved Liberalism: Eccentricity in the Familiar Essays.” Studies in Romanticism. Fall 2013. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Romantic Liberalism By Brent Lewis Russo Doctor of Philosophy in English University of California, Irvine, 2014 Professor Jerome Christensen, Chair This dissertation examines the Romantic beginnings of nineteenth-century British liberalism. It argues that Romantic authors both helped to shape and attempted to resist liberalism while its politics were still inchoate.
    [Show full text]
  • Lionel Trilling's Existential State
    Lionel Trilling’s Existential State Michael Szalay Death is like justice is supposed to be. Ralph Ellison, Three Days Before the Shooting IN 1952, LIONEL TRILLING ANNOUNCED THAT “intellect has associated itself with power, per- haps as never before in history, and is now conceded to be in itself a kind of power.” He was de- scribing what would be his own associations: his personal papers are littered with missives from the stars of postwar politics. Senator James L. Buckley admires his contribution to American let- ters. Jacob J. Javits does the same. Daniel Patrick Moynihan praises him as “the nation’s leading literary critic.” First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy writes from the White House, thanking him for the collection of D. H. Lawrence stories and hoping to see him again soon. Three years later, President Lyndon Johnson sends a telegram asking Trilling to represent him at the funeral of T. S. Eliot. Politicians liked having Trilling around. He confirmed their noble sense of mission as often as they praised him.1 Trilling’s accommodating relation to power alienated many of his peers, like Irving Howe and C. Wright Mills, and later provoked condemnations from historians like Christopher Lasch and MICHAEL SZALAY teaches American literature and culture at UC, Irvine, and is the author of New Deal Modernism and The Hip Figure, forthcoming from Stanford University Press. He is co-editor of Stanford’s “Post*45” Book Series. 1 Trilling thought that the political establishment embraced intellectuals because it was “uneasy with itself” and eager “to apologize for its existence by a show of taste and sensitivity.” Trilling, “The Situation of the American Intellectual at the Present Time,” in The Moral Obligation to Be Intelligent, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Neoconservatism Hoover Press : Berkowitz/Conservative Hberkc Ch5 Mp 104 Rev1 Page 104 Hoover Press : Berkowitz/Conservative Hberkc Ch5 Mp 105 Rev1 Page 105
    Hoover Press : Berkowitz/Conservative hberkc ch5 Mp_103 rev1 page 103 part iii Neoconservatism Hoover Press : Berkowitz/Conservative hberkc ch5 Mp_104 rev1 page 104 Hoover Press : Berkowitz/Conservative hberkc ch5 Mp_105 rev1 page 105 chapter five The Neoconservative Journey Jacob Heilbrunn The Neoconservative Conspiracy The longer the United States struggles to impose order in postwar Iraq, the harsher indictments of the George W. Bush administration’s foreign policy are becoming. “Acquiring additional burdens by engag- ing in new wars of liberation is the last thing the United States needs,” declared one Bush critic in Foreign Affairs. “The principal problem is the mistaken belief that democracy is a talisman for all the world’s ills, and that the United States has a responsibility to promote dem- ocratic government wherever in the world it is lacking.”1 Does this sound like a Democratic pundit bashing Bush for par- tisan gain? Quite the contrary. The swipe came from Dimitri Simes, president of the Nixon Center and copublisher of National Interest. Simes is not alone in calling on the administration to reclaim the party’s pre-Reagan heritage—to abandon the moralistic, Wilsonian, neoconservative dream of exporting democracy and return to a more limited and realistic foreign policy that avoids the pitfalls of Iraq. 1. Dimitri K. Simes, “America’s Imperial Dilemma,” Foreign Affairs (Novem- ber/December 2003): 97, 100. Hoover Press : Berkowitz/Conservative hberkc ch5 Mp_106 rev1 page 106 106 jacob heilbrunn In fact, critics on the Left and Right are remarkably united in their assessment of the administration. Both believe a neoconservative cabal has hijacked the administration’s foreign policy and has now overplayed its hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Norman Podhoretz: a Biography"
    Books Book Review: "Norman Podhoretz: A Biography" By Thomas L. Jeffers (Cambridge University Press). By Saul Rosenberg '93GSAS | Fall 2010 Norman Podhoretz, a maker of friends, ex-friends, and enemies. (David Howells / Corbis) John Gross, the English literary critic, was once in a magazine office in New York when the secretary called across the room to him: “John, there’s a Mr. Podhoretz on the phone for you.” As Gross recalled, “I felt every pair of eyes drilling into me, as though she’d said, ‘There’s a Mr. Himmler on the phone for you.’” This anecdote, retold by Thomas Jeffers in his Norman Podhoretz: A Biography, nicely sums up what many people feel about “Mr. Podhoretz.” He is hated by liberals for his turn to the right at the end of the sixties, and particularly loathed for his energetic support of Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and the Iraq War. So it is good someone should remind us, as Jeffers admiringly does, that Podhoretz is a first- class intellectual of enormous culture and considerable humanity. Podhoretz ’50CC was a first-generation American prodigy, an acute reader initially of literature and then politics, whose aggressive intellect took him from beat-up Brownsville through a glittering student career at Columbia College and Cambridge University to the editorship of Commentary at age 30. He edited the monthly from 1960 to 1995 into a publication The Economist once mused might be “the best magazine in the world.” In the last 25 years of his tenure, Podhoretz helped found and lead the neoconservative revolution that insisted, against some popular and much elite opinion, that America was, for all its faults, a clear force for good in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    The Liberal Imagination in The Middle of the Journey Christopher Phelps When Lionel Trilling's first and only novel, The Middle of the Journey, was published in 1947, the circle of writers and cultural critics with whom he had long been associated was near the completion of its political transformation from anti-Stalinist radicalism to anti-communist liberalism. Only ten years before, most of these figures, yet to reach their self-anointed destiny as "the New York intellectuals," had been revolutionary socialists. Following a momentary association with Communism in the early thirties, they had become outspoken opponents of the bureaucratic despotism that had over- taken the global Communist movement, all the while upholding Marxism and retaining their opposition to imperialism and capitalism. By the late 1940s, however, a succession of international disasters - the Moscow trials, the Hitler-Stalin pact, the Second World War and the emergent Cold War, as well as the toll exacted over time by the condition of marginality to which revolu- tionary anti-Stalinists were relegated - had unmoored the New York intel- lectuals, with few exceptions, from their commitment to the liberation of the working class and the abolition of capitalism. The Middle of the Journey appeared at that unique moment in postwar intellectual history when the New York intellectuals' attachment to revolutionary aims had been severed but their ultimate course was not yet altogether fixed. If the mid-1940s were somewhat fluid, by the early 1950s the New York intellectuals were the practitioners of a suave, disappointed liberalism. Although they continued to refer to themselves as the "anti-Stalinist left," or part of it, their politics became ever more narrowly liberal as they ceased to distinguish between the worldview of Marxism, or the social ideal of commu- nism, and the reality of Stalinism.
    [Show full text]
  • Commentary Magazine the Legacy of the 30’S by Robert S
    The Legacy of the 30’s - Commentary Magazine The Legacy of the 30’s By Robert S. Warshow COMMENTARY - December 1947 The Middle of the Journey, the novel by Lionel Trilling just published by Viking, is one of the first to deal with what is possibly the the major experience of the intellectuals of our time—their involvement, stemming from the 30’s, in the complex of ideas and activities called variously “the Communist movement,” the “Marxist viewpoint,” “progressivism,” “liberalism,” etc. In the 30’s the intellectual’s commitments expressed themselves in “politics”; more recently they have been chiefly cultural, a matter of opinion and attitude—pro and con. In any case, the moral dilemmas involved in the experience—and the intellectual and artistic problems set by the need to know what it meant (and still means)—are very much with us now. In this article, Robert Warshow discusses some of the implications he sees in Mr. Trilling’s novel, which is already one of the two or three most widely discussed books in intellectual circles today. _____________ For most American intellectuals, the Communist movement of the 1930’s was a crucial experience. In Europe, where the movement was at once more serious and more popular, it was still only one current in intellectual life; the Communists could never completely set the tone of thinking in Europe, and Communist intellectuals themselves were able to draw a part of their nourishment from outside the movement. But in this country there was a time when virtually all intellectual vitality was derived in one way or another from the Communist party.
    [Show full text]
  • Creative Writing and the Cold War University Eric Bennett
    25 Creative Writing and the Cold War University Eric Bennett Treating institutionalized creative writing without reference to the aftershocks of fascism and the ideological struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union that emerged after World War II is sort of like discussing the Apollo program as pure science. The international shift in economic and political power beginning in 1945, the material and spiritual carnage of the war, and the global contest it gave rise to profoundly shaped the academic discipline of creative writing. The graduate programs emerged as part of the boom in American colleges and universities during the Cold War, and invoking the Cold War gives us not only a date of birth but a context of huge political, aesthetic, and philosophical significance. Our practices in the class- room today derive strangely but unmistakably from the historical moment in which they were born – a fact crucial to thinking about the present and future of the discipline. In 1940, the nascent Writers’ Workshop at the University of Iowa stood alone. By 1950, four programs had joined it, those at Johns Hopkins (in 1946), Stanford (in 1947), the University of Denver (in 1947), and Cornell (in 1948). Until the 1960s, these five were the big players, although after the war writers increasingly found posi- tions in English departments as the curriculum expanded. In the 1960s, with the matriculation of the Baby Boom generation, many new creative writing programs were founded, and by 1970 they numbered close to 50. They continued to proliferate at an astonishing rate through to the twenty-first century.1 The second round of programs, founded during the 1960s, derived from the first.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukraine, L9l8-21 and Spain, 1936-39: a Comparison of Armed Anarchist Struggles in Europe
    Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses Fall 2020 Ukraine, l9l8-21 and Spain, 1936-39: A Comparison of Armed Anarchist Struggles in Europe Daniel A. Collins Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Collins, Daniel A., "Ukraine, l9l8-21 and Spain, 1936-39: A Comparison of Armed Anarchist Struggles in Europe" (2020). Honors Theses. 553. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/553 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ukraine, 1918-21 and Spain, 1936-39: A Comparison of Armed Anarchist Struggles in Europe by Daniel A. Collins An Honors Thesis Submitted to the Honors Council For Honors in History 12/7/2020 Approved by: Adviser:_____________________________ David Del Testa Second Evaluator: _____________________ Mehmet Dosemeci iii Acknowledgements Above all others I want to thank Professor David Del Testa. From my first oddly specific question about the Austro-Hungarians on the Italian front in my first week of undergraduate, to here, three and a half years later, Professor Del Testa has been involved in all of the work I am proud of. From lectures in Coleman Hall to the Somme battlefield, Professor Del Testa has guided me on my journey to explore World War I and the Interwar Period, which rapidly became my topics of choice.
    [Show full text]
  • George Orwell: the Critical Heritage
    GEORGE ORWELL: THE CRITICAL HERITAGE THE CRITICAL HERITAGE SERIES General Editor: B.C.Southam The Critical Heritage series collects together a large body of criticism on major figures in literature. Each volume presents the contemporary responses to a particular writer, enabling the student to follow the formation of critical attitudes to the writer’s work and its place within a literary tradition. The carefully selected sources range from landmark essays in the history of criticism to fragments of contemporary opinion and little published documentary material, such as letters and diaries. Significant pieces of criticism from later periods are also included in order to demonstrate fluctuations in reputation following the writer’s death. GEORGE ORWELL THE CRITICAL HERITAGE Edited by JEFFREY MEYERS London and New York First published in 1975 Reprinted in 1997 by Routledge This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE & 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Compilation, introduction, notes and index © 1975 Jeffrey Meyers All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN 0–415–15923–7 (Print Edition) ISBN 0–203–19635–X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–203–19638–4 (Glassbook Format) For Alfredo and Barbara General Editor’s Preface The reception given to a writer by his contemporaries and near- contemporaries is evidence of considerable value to the student of literature.
    [Show full text]