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Melanogaster Doflijfjes

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Melanogaster Doflijfjes hoofdstuk 10 soortbesprekingen België is een exemplaar op een paaltje in de sneeuw gezien (pers. obs. W. Renema). Bij zonneschijn bezoeken ze wil- gen- en hazelaarkatjes, sleedoornbloesem en sporadisch andere vroeg bloeiende planten. Als er wolken voor de zon schuiven zitten ze soms op boomstammen, takjes en bla- deren nabij de bloeiende struiken. Mannetjes zweven vaak in aantal op enkele meters hoogte vlak naast bloeiende struiken. De larven zijn in Schotland eind juli gevonden bij blad- luizen op gewone zilverspar (R OTHERAY 1988B). De enige uit- gekweekte larve hiervan verpopte in november en bracht als pop de winter door. Overwintering in het popstadium werd al vermoed door Dušek & Láska (1986). Summary – Scarce. Less common before 1950, no trend since. Open areas near coniferous or mixed forest. Melangyna umbellatarum Melkelfje lvdl Vrij grote Melangyna met donkere middenknobbel, sterk glanzende en lichtbehaarde borststukrug en lichtgele (man- netje) of witte (vrouwtje) vlekkenparen op rugplaatjes 2-4. Ecologie Melangyna quadrimaculata Onderscheidt zich van M. compositarum en M. labiatarum Bosranden, wegbermen en andere plaatsen met hoge bloem- vrouwtje. Door hun zwarte door kale ogen (mannetjes) en grote stofvlekken op voor- rijke kruidenvegetaties. De soort is ook op beschaduwde uiterlijk worden vrouwtjes van hoofd en grotendeels gele voor- en middenschenen (vrouw- plaatsen in loofbossen aan te treffen. Beide seksen bezoeken deze soort makkelijk voor een tjes). Lengte 9-12 mm. schermbloemen zoals gewone berenklauw en zevenblad. Ze Cheilosia-soort aangezien. worden weinig vliegend waargenomen. Verspreiding en vliegtijd De eieren en larven zijn gevonden op gewone berenklauw, Holarctisch. In het palearctische gebied van West-Europa fluitenkruid en enkele andere kruiden bij een breed spec- tot in Kamtsjatka. In Europa van Ierland en Scandinavië tot trum aan bladluissoorten (CHANDLER 1968B, DUšEK & LÁSKA 1967). het Middellandse-Zeegebied. In heel Nederland vrij algemeen. De soort lijkt een voor- Melangyna umbellatarum, keur voor zand- en kleigrond te hebben. Vooral in de duin- mannetje op valeriaan. streek en in Zuid-Limburg komen soms hoge aantallen Deze soort wordt ook vaak voor, maar de aantallen wisselen sterk van jaar tot jaar. op schermbloemen gezien. Twee generaties. Melangyna umbellatarum vrij algemeen zeer lage aantallen >1950: geen trend <1950: gelijk Summary – Fairly common. No apparent trends. Forest edges, roadsides and other places with high herbaceous veg- etation. Also found at shady places in deciduous forest. Melanogaster 90 ♂ 72 mr Doflijfjes 54 36 Kleine zwarte zweefvliegen (5-8 mm) met glimmende borst- 18 stukrug. Het achterlijf is glimmend langs de randen en meest- J F M A M J J A S O N D 18 al dof op het midden. Mannetjes hebben een middenknobbel 36 □ voor 1950 op het gezicht, vrouwtjes niet. Van Chrysogaster-soorten te 54 ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 72 ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 onderscheiden aan de geheel donkere antennen, van Orthone- 90 ♀ vra- en Riponnensia-soorten aan de vleugeladering. Melangyna umbellatarum Reemer 2009. In: Nederlandse Fauna 8: 241-244 241 de nederlandse zweefvliegen Taxonomie en determinatie Melanogaster aerosa Melanogaster-soorten zijn in het verleden tot Chrysogaster zeldzaam zeer lage aantallen gerekend, maar Maibach et al. (1994a, b) stelden voor om ze >1950: geen trend in een eigen genus te plaatsen. Determinatie van de Neder- <1950: meer landse soorten is mogelijk met alle gangbare determinatie- werken, hoewel het raadzaam is om het onderscheid tussen mannetjes M. aerosa en M. hirtella te baseren op de genitaal- tekeningen in Maibach et al. (1994a, b). Andere West-Euro- pese soorten kunnen op naam worden gebracht met Maibach et al. (1994a, b), Vujic´ (1999b) en Vujic´ & Stuke (1998). Verspreiding Holarctisch en mogelijk afrotropisch genus met een klein aantal soorten. Het is moeilijk om het soortenaantal te schatten, omdat van voor veel onder Chrysogaster beschre- ven soorten niet duidelijk is tot welk genus zij volgens de huidige inzichten gerekend moeten worden. In Europa ko- men circa zes soorten voor, in Nederland drie. De in Duits- □ voor 1950 land voorkomende M. curvistylus Vujic´ & Stuke, 1998 en ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 M. parumplicata (Loew, 1840) zouden ook in Nederland ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 kunnen opduiken. Ecologie rige uit natte graslanden, kleiputten en vennetjes met een De vliegen zijn te vinden in vochtige biotopen. De larven leemlaag. In uiterwaarden vliegt de soort op vochtige wei- leven in modder en ondiep water. De telescopische adem- landen nabij sloten. Mogelijk is het voorkomen gerelateerd buis van de larve is voorzien van een scherp, naaldachtig aan kwel. uiteinde waarmee ze in plantenwortels boren om zuurstof De volwassen dieren zijn veelal te vinden op bloemen in te verkrijgen (HartleY 1961, VARLEY 1937). open biotopen, vaak op boterbloem of meidoorn. Ze vlie- gen laag bij de grond tussen vaak korte vegetatie. Zweefge- Melanogaster aerosa drag is nooit vastgesteld. De onvolwassen stadia zijn onbekend. Zomers doflijfje js Middelgrote Melanogaster. Mannetje verschilt van M. nuda Summary – Rare. More common before 1950, no trend door duidelijk behaard achterlijfsuiteinde, van M. hirtella since. Open, wet areas, mostly on clay soil. Most recent door grotere middenknobbel die voorbij mondrand uit- records from floodplains, older records also from peat and steekt en uitsluitend zwarte haren voorop borststukrug. fen areas. Possibly correlated with seepage. Vrouwtje verschilt van M. hirtella en M. nuda door aanlig- gende goudgele beharing op borststukrug. Lengte 7-8 mm. Melanogaster hirtella Melanogaster aerosa is in oudere literatuur te vinden onder Weidedoflijfje mr de naam Chrysogaster (Melanogaster) macquarti (Loew, 1843), maar dit is een synoniem van M. parumplicata (Loew, 1840), Middelgrote Melanogaster. Mannetje verschilt van M. nuda die alleen in Scandinavië voorkomt (Maibach ET AL. 1994B). door duidelijk behaard achterlijfsuiteinde, van M. aerosa door kleinere middenknobbel die minder ver uitsteekt dan Verspreiding en vliegtijd mondrand en meestal grotendeels lichte haren voorop Palearctisch. Van West-Europa tot in Mongolië en Oost- borststukrug. Vrouwtje verschilt van M. aerosa door af- Siberië. In Europa overal, maar mogelijk heeft een deel van staande, meestal grijsachtige beharing van borststukr ug. de meldingen betrekking op de nauw verwante M. parum- Lengte 6-8 mm. plicata, waarmee M. aerosa lang verward is. In de ons om- ringende landen is M. aerosa zeldzaam. V erspreiding en vliegtijd In Nederland zeldzaam en tegenwoordig grotendeels be- Europees. Van Ierland en Denemarken tot het Iberisch perkt tot het rivierengebied. Voorheen kwam M. aerosa ver- Schiereiland en de Alpen. Oostwaarts tot in Europees-Rus- spreid over het land voor. Plaatselijk was de soort talrijk op land, maar in Oost-Europa veel schaarser dan in het wes- 20 ♂ 16 de zandgronden, bijvoorbeeld op de Kraloose Heide (dr, ten. 12 8 pers. med. B. van Aartsen), maar op veel van deze vind- In heel Nederland algemeen en vaak talrijk, met name in 4 plaatsen is hij nu verdwenen. het westen en noorden van het land. J F M A M J J A S O N D Twee generaties. Een generatie. 4 8 12 16 Ecologie Ecologie 20 ♀ Open vochtige terreinen, vaak op kleigrond. De meeste Ne- Vochtige graslanden en andere open habitats nabij (matig) Melanogaster aerosa derlandse waarnemingen komen uit uiterwaarden, de ove- voedselrijk, stilstaand of langzaam stromend water. Talrijk Reemer 2009. In: Nederlandse Fauna 8: 241-244 242 hoofdstuk 10 soortbesprekingen Melanogaster nuda ◀ ◀ Melanogaster hirtella Kaal doflijfje mr paart in touwtrekhouding Vrij kleine Melanogaster. Mannetje te herkennen aan kort (mannetje links). en spaarzaam behaard achterlijfsuiteinde, vrouwtje aan na- genoeg kale borststukrug. Vaak met duidelijker donkere vlek middenop vleugels dan andere Melanogaster-soorten. Lengte 5-6 mm. Verspreiding en vliegtijd Palearctisch. Van West-Europa tot in het Midden-Oosten. In Europa van Zuid-Zweden tot aan de Middellandse Zee. In ons land vrij algemeen in Zuid-Limburg, delen van het kustgebied (met name laagveengebieden) en in het rivieren- gebied. Elders zeldzaam. Melanogaster hirtella Een generatie. algemeen zeer hoge aantallen Melanogaster nuda >1950: geen trend vrij algemeen <1950: meer zeer hoge aantallen >1950: geen trend <1950: meer □ voor 1950 ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 □ voor 1950 ◯ 1950 t/m 1989 ⦁ 1990 t/m 2007 in veenweide- en kleigebieden. In het voorjaar soms in aan- tal te vinden in bossen op bloeiende struiken, zoals gewone vogelkers en meidoorn, op enkele honderden meters af- Melanogaster nuda stand van vochtige biotopen. vrouwtje. De vliegen bevinden zich, meestal niet ver van water, op bloemen (veelal boterbloemen maar ook bijvoorbeeld mei- 550 ♂ doorns) en tussen lage vegetatie, waar ze rusten op planten 440 330 of rustig rondvliegen. Mannetjes vertonen zweefgedrag tus- 220 sen en vlak boven de vegetatie; vaak zit er dan een vrouwtje 110 in de buurt. J F M A M J J A S O N D 110 De eieren worden in clusters aan de onderzijde van boven 220 330 het water hangende vegetatie gelegd (HartleY 1961). De lar- 440 ven leven langs oevers in voedselrijke modder met plan- 550 ♀ tenwortels. Voor hun zuurstofvoorziening doorboren ze Melanogaster hirtella wortels van diverse water- en oeverplanten, zoals liesgras 150 ♂ en lisdodde (HartleY 1958, 1961, VARLEY 1937). De winter wordt Ecologie 120 90 als larve doorgebracht en verpopping vindt in het voorjaar Open natte gebieden zoals moerassen, oevervegetaties en 60 plaats op planten
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