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Historic Floors: Their Care and Conservation Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology

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Historic Floors: Their Care and Conservation Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology Historic Floors: Their Care and Conservation Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology Series Editors: Arts and Archaeology Andrew Oddy British Museum, London Architecture Derek Linstrum Formerly Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, University of York US Executive Editor: Norbert S. Baer New York University, Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts Consultants: Sir Bernard Feilden David Bomford National Gallery, London C.V. Horie Manchester Museum, University of Manchester Colin Pearson Canberra College of Advanced Education Sarah Staniforth National Trust, London Published titles: Care and Conservation of Geological Material (Howie) Care and Conservation of Natural History Collections (Carter, Walker) Care and Conservation of Palaeontological Material (Collins) Chemical Principles of Textile Conservation (Tímár-Balázsy, Eastop) Conservation and Restoration of Ceramics (Buys, Oakley) Conservation of Brick (Warren) Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, Volumes 1 and 2 (Ashurst, Dimes) Conservation of Earth Structures (Warren) Conservation of Historic Buildings (Feilden) Conservation of Historic Timber Structures: An Ecological Approach (Larson, Marstein) Historic Floors: their Care and Conservation, paperback edition (Fawcett) A History of Architectural Conservation, paperback edition (Jokilehto) Lacquer: Technology and Conservation (Webb) The Museum Environment, 2nd Edition (Thomson) Radiography of Cultural Material (Lang, Middleton) The Textile Conservator’s Manual, 2nd Edition (Landi) Upholstery Conservation (Gill, Eastop) Related titles: The Complete Works of Robert and James Adam and Unbuilt Adam (King) Digital Collections (Keene) Edwardian Civic Buildings (Fellows) Lighting Historic Buildings (Phillips) Materials for Conservation (Horie) The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, 2nd Edition (Mills, White) Remedial Treatment of Buildings, 2nd edition (Richardson) Restoration of Motion Picture Film (Meyer, Read) Risk Assessment for Object Conservation (Ashley-Smith) Victorian Houses and their Details (Long) Historic Floors: Their Care and Conservation Edited by Jane Fawcett Published in association with ICOMOS UK (International Council on Monuments and Sites) With the generous assistance of The Manifold Trust and Historic Scotland OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published 1998 as Historic Floors: Their History and Conservation Paperback edition 2001 © Jane Fawcett 1998, 2001 Chapter 18 © Parliamentary copyright 1998, 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Historic floors: their history and conservation. – (Conservation and museology series) 1. Floors – Europe – History 2. Floors – Europe – Conservation and restoration I. Fawcett, Jane II. ICOMOS UK 721.6'094 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Historic floors: their history and conservation/edited by Jane Fawcett. p. cm. – (Butterworth-Heinemann series in conservation and museology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 7506 2765 4 1. Floors – England – History. 2. Floors – England – Conservation and restoration. 3. Historic buildings – England – Conservation and restoration. I. Fawcett, Jane. II. Series NA2970.H57 98–10712 721'.6'0942–dc21 CIP ISBN 0 7506 2765 4 Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Bath Press, Bath To my beloved husband Teddy This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents Foreword ix Series editors’ preface xi Editor’s introduction xiii Acknowledgements xv List of contributors xvii 1 Decorated pavements and floor monuments in European cathedrals and churches Jane Fawcett 1 2 The archaeology of church and cathedral floors Warwick Rodwell 41 3 The two great marble pavements in the sanctuary and shrine areas of Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey Tim Tatton-Brown 53 4 Archaeological research: Canterbury Cathedral nave floor Kevin Blockley 63 5 Ledger stones. Documentary sources: York Minster Bernard Barr 69 6 York Minster ledger stones: conservation options Charles Brown 79 7 The surveyor’s approach to recording floors Ross W.A. Dallas 85 8 Photographic recording of floor surfaces and components Robert Skingle 94 9 The retrieval of damaged inscriptions through remote sensing techniques Christopher J. Brooke 101 10 The preservation of the records of historic floors Mark Dorrington 106 viii Contents 11 Records and computerization Diana Hale 109 12 Winchester Cathedral: conserving the retrochoir pavement Peter Bird 113 13 Use and abuse: management and good practice in cathedrals and greater churches Jane Fawcett 120 14 Secular buildings: tile, mosaic and marble pavements, parquetry floors and carpets Jane Fawcett 129 15 The conservation of the excavated floor Daryl Fowler 164 16 Seventeenth-century and later floors at Ham House Christopher Rowell 172 17 Historic floors at risk: Uppark, a case study Iain McLaren 179 18 Encaustic pavements. Conservation, protection and replacement issues: The Palace of Westminster A.T. Jardine 187 19 Historic floors at risk: St George’s Hall, Liverpool Donald Insall 194 20 The open house – the management of visitors Christopher Hanson-Smith 198 Appendix: English cathedral floor studies – historic features and areas at risk Jane Fawcett 205 Glossary 223 Reading list 229 Index 237 Foreword This book raises the readers’ awareness of a useful suggestions for minimizing wear and neglected, but important, subject. It must be tear from both liturgical and touristic angles. read by ecclesiastical and conservation archi- She berates cathedral chairs as one of the most tects, as well as surveyors and all those destructive of all church furnishings, and responsible for the maintenance and manage- suggests they should be fitted with protective ment of historic buildings. It draws attention pads. In my experience, moving chairs is a to areas of floor at risk, and the location of major activity in any cathedral. The emphasis historic features. on cathedrals and churches may seem too The first chapter and final appendix deal great, but they are too important, with their with cathedrals, churches and chapels, review- valuable floors, to be given less attention. ing the conservation of tiles, mosaics, Cosmati A tremendous amount of historical informa- work, marble and stone pavements, together tion is also given on the various floor materi- with ledger slabs and brasses. It is full of infor- als used in palaces and great houses, such as mation and outlines the history of each floor marquetry, plaster, scagliola, marble and stone. surface. Ledger slabs encapsulate the entire Floors become an integrated component of history of lettering, from earliest Gothic to the architectural composition, as practised by finest Roman script. Besides iconography, they Robert Adam at Syon House, where his carpet provide information on heraldry and genea- design follows his decorative designs. Donald logy. Indeed, once one gets into the habit of Insall in his chapter on St George’s Hall, reading these ledgers, one finds clues to local Liverpool recognizes the same factor in C.R. and social history. So many women dying in Cockerell’s floor designs. The wooden floor childbirth – even a whole family wiped out by designs in most of the rooms at Ham House some terrible disease, as were three daughters, make an important contribution to the tout aged thirteen, eight and six, of the Rector of ensemble in the words of Christopher Rowell, Stiffkey in one week in 1771 by a malignant who describes their conservation. Curiously, fever. carpets imported from the Orient from the Each specialist contributor makes useful seventeenth century, superseded ever more points. Bernard Barr on documentary sources complex marquetry designs, which originated available to York Minster, followed by Dr in the Renaissance from the architect Serlio. Charles Brown dealing with recording ledgers Floors wear out due to foot traffic, much of and the possible conservation options. Ross which is caused by mass tourism. Christopher Dallas reviews surveying techniques, together Hanson-Smith, in the chapter on management with their application in practice. Jane Fawcett of visitors, offers several different methods of in her chapter on cathedral floors makes many controlling the capacity of a building. Once x Foreword this critical capacity is exceeded, damage contribution of three chapters and the final escalates. appendix is formidable and crucial. Her co- I hope I have convinced the potential reader ordination of so many contributors was essen- that this is a useful and valuable book. It has tial and effective! certainly raised my own consciousness of the issues involved. Sir
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