DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Southampton Research Repository

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Southampton Research Repository University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non- commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Stéphanie Mailleur-Aldbiyat (2020) " Imagining Roman Ports. The Contribution of Iconography to the Reconstruction of Roman Mediterranean Portscapes of the Imperial Period", University of Southampton, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, PhD Thesis. Data: Stéphanie Mailleur-Aldbiyat (2020) Title. URI [dataset] Faculty of Arts and Humanities Archaeology Imagining Roman Ports. The Contribution of Iconography to the Reconstruction of Roman Mediterranean Portscapes of the Imperial Period by Stéphanie Mailleur-Aldbiyat VOLUME I: THESIS Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2020 II UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT Faculty of Humanities Archaeology Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy IMAGINING ROMAN PORTS. THE CONTRIBUTION OF ICONOGRAPHY TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN PORTSCAPES OF THE IMPERIAL PERIOD Stéphanie Mailleur-Aldbiyat Under the Roman Empire, harbours played an important role for the image of the city. They were more than utilitarian constructions. The buildings and monuments were organised within the space of the port in a programmatic way that made up a genuine urban landscape that I have described as a “portscape”. This term, derived from Zanker’s townscape concept, is understood as the urban aspect, layout and design of Roman ports but also as the lived environment with its societies reflected by its cultural characteristics. Despite recent excavations conducted at Roman ports, our knowledge of portscapes under the Roman Empire is very unclear and the reality of port monuments remains poorly understood. Most known ancient Mediterranean ports are not well preserved, and often only preserved archaeologically at the level of their foundations. While archaeologists are able to reconstruct a plan, understanding ports three dimensionally is at best a challenge. What did Roman ports really look like? Due to the lack of ancient sources relating to Roman ports, using iconography could be useful. This research aims to demonstrate that port depictions, quite abundant during the Imperial period and decorating various type of artistic media (coins, ceramics, mosaics, paintings, gemstones etc.), can make an important contribution for learning more about ports as they are the only source of information that allows us to understand volumetrically, the architecture of ports that no longer survives archaeologically. I Through this work, I will see how the pictorial genre of maritime landscape emerged during the Augustan period as well as the process of its diffusion, reception and standardisation in art during the Imperial period. I will also address the issue of the contexts in which port-themed decoration has been found. I will focus on the main characteristics of portscapes by means of a linguistic approach that distinguishes the different messages conveyed by images according to their contexts (domestic, funeral, politics, etc.). By means of three specific case studies, I will demonstrate how it is possible to deal with the iconographic and epigraphic evidence in order to better understand the components of Roman portscapes. Case-study 1 focuses on the weighing control systems (sacomaria). Case-study 2 studies the single monuments that decorated the portscape, such as freestanding column monuments and honorific arches. Case-study 3 aims to better understand cult spaces in port contexts by using the example of the sanctuaries of Isis. Finally, I will focus on the urban syntax of the portscape through the case-study of the port of Leptis Magna. Enquiry will ascertain the extent to which the urban programme of its portscape corresponded to a standard design in reality and in iconography. II UNIVERSITÉ LYON II-LUMIÈRE RÉSUMÉ UFR Temps et territoires Archéologie et Histoire des Mondes Anciens Thèse de Doctorat IMAGINER LES PORTS ROMAINS. LA CONTRIBUTION DE L’ICONOGRAPHIE A LA RECONSTITUTION DES PAYSAGES PORTUAIRES DE MEDITERRANEE A L’EPOQUE IMPERIALE. Stéphanie Mailleur-Aldbiyat Au cours des trois premiers siècles de notre ère, Rome connait son apogée et la domination romaine continue de s'établir tout autour de la Méditerranée. Le contrôle de la Mare Nostrum et la connexion entre Rome et ses provinces sont assurés grâce aux réseaux de ports. À l’époque impériale, les ports jouent ainsi un rôle crucial puisqu’ils permettent de maintenir un rayonnement économique et commercial tout autour de l’Empire. Plus qu’une simple interface entre la mer et la terre, les ports font l’objet d’une attention particulière et forment un réel paysage urbain, constitué de bâtiments et de monuments organisés autour de l’espace portuaire de façon scénographique et programmée, que l’on peut qualifier de « portscape » (paysage portuaire). Cette notion théorique, que j’ai développée dans cette thèse, est dérivée du concept de « townscape » (paysage de la ville) introduit par P. Zanker dans sa publication sur l’urbanisme de Pompéi publiée en 19981. Elle consiste à analyser l’organisation spatiale des bâtiments et monuments, individuellement et dans l’ensemble de l’espace portuaire, ainsi que leurs fonctions respectives. Cette approche a également pour objectif d’étudier la relation entre la fabrication de cet espace urbain et la société. Cette réflexion holistique est combinée au concept de « maritime cultural landscape » (paysage culturel maritime), introduit par C. Westerdhal en 19922, qui permet d’aborder les aspects culturels de cet espace construit constituant le cadre de vie des sociétés portuaires et de leurs activités. 1 Zanker 1998, Pompeii: Public and Private Life, p. 3. 2 Westerdahl 1992, “The maritime cultural landscape”, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 21, pp. 5- 14. III Le développement disciplinaire de l’archéologie sous-marine et l’intérêt croissant pour les réseaux et le commerce maritime ont mené à la multiplication des études portant sur les infrastructures portuaires au cours des dernières décennies. Malgré cela, la réalité des infrastructures portuaires reste assez mal comprise car les vestiges ne sont généralement pas très bien conservés. Il est donc fondamental d’utiliser d’autres types de sources, comme l’iconographie, pour mieux appréhender les « portscapes » romains. Sous l’Empire, les ports apparaissent fréquemment dans les représentations artistiques. Au cours de cette recherche, j’ai rassemblé un corpus de 264 images portuaires sur des supports variés : lampes, monnaies, peintures, mosaïques, sculptures, verres incisés, pierres gravées etc. Sur ces documents figurent des vues générales de paysages maritimes, des éléments architecturaux isolés de ports (tels que des phares) et des activités portuaires suggérant les infrastructures portuaires (comme des scènes de pesée ou bien des scènes de chargement/déchargement de marchandises). Bien que l’essentiel du corpus date de l’époque impériale, l’intégration de documents appartenant aux périodes préromaines et à l’Antiquité tardive permet d’établir des comparaisons diachroniques. Cette recherche constitue la première tentative d’évaluation, à grande échelle, du potentiel documentaire des sources iconographiques pour comprendre l'aspect, la disposition et le design des ports romains. Considérer les images comme sources historiques est un concept assez récent puisque l'art, longtemps considéré comme étant simplement illustratif, n’occupait qu’une place marginale dans les études d’histoire ancienne. Les images peuvent apporter, en effet, une contribution importante pour l'étude de l'aspect architectural et urbain des principaux ports de Méditerranée car elles montrent ce qui n'existe plus archéologiquement, telles que les élévations de bâtiments portuaires, souvent réduits aujourd’hui à leurs seuls niveaux de fondations. Ainsi, cette thèse de doctorat soulève les questions de recherche suivantes : - Quelle contribution l'iconographie peut-elle apporter à notre compréhension des paysages portuaires de l’époque impériale ? - Quelles sont les caractéristiques du « portscape » romain selon les sources iconographiques ? - Quels sont les éléments réels et quels sont les éléments standardisés ? D’où viennent ces standards ? - Dans quelle mesure pouvons-nous confronter l'iconographie à d'autres types de sources (comme l'épigraphie et l'archéologie) pour mieux comprendre la « réalité » du paysage portuaire ? IV Pour répondre à ces problématiques, ma thèse s’articule en sept chapitres : Le chapitre 1 introduit le contexte et l’intérêt de la thèse, les principales questions de recherche à aborder et offre un aperçu du potentiel et des limites de l’usage des sources iconographiques. Le chapitre 2 présente les cadres théoriques qui permettent de contextualiser et définir le concept du portscape ainsi que les questions relatives à l'influence de la politique et de la religion dans
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tezi Yöneteu
    İSTAltBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ EDEBİYAT FAKÜTITESİ LİSA.liS TEZİ TEZİN KONUSU : STRABOlPUll XIV. KİTABilillA GEÇEli BÖLGE, KENT, TANRI, TAURIÇA VE ŞAHIS İSİMLERİ ÜZERİIIDE KISA AÇIKLAL'IALI TARAiliA. ÇALiı;MASI • TEZİ YÖNETEU : PROF. DR. ADUAN PEKmAN İSTANBUl/HAZİRAN 1982 NERİrı!AN ARSLAN 18809 İÇİNDEKİLER 1. ÖNSÖZ 2. BİDLİYOGRAFYA 3· STRABON'UN KİŞİLİGİ VE ESERLERİ 4. STRABOIPUN XIV. KİTABIIillA GEÇEN BÖLGE, KEUT, TANRI, TAHRIÇA VE ŞAHIS İSİMLERİ ÜZERİNDE KISA AÇIKLAMALI TABALlA ÇALişmASI ÖN SÖ Z Eskiçağın ünlü coğTafyacısı Strabon r un 17 lü taplık "Geographika" adlı bir eseri vardır. Strabon ayrıca tarih alanında da büyülc çalışmalar yapmış ve 47 cil·tlik bir tarih yazmıştır. Ancak bu eseri günümüze kadar ulaşa~amıştır. Strabon Coğrafya eserinde Eskiçağdwci Anadolu'nun sadece coğrafyası halekında değil tarihi haldtında da b~lgiler vermektedir. Eserinin çeşitli yerlerinde kendisinden ve atalarından bahsetmek­ tedir: Strabon hakkındaki bildiklerimizde eserinde bize naklettiği bilgi­ lerden ibaret·tir. A-taları Pontos kralları yanında önemli görevler almış olan kimselerdir. özellikle anne tarafından soylu bir aileye mensup olan Strabon m.ö. 64-63 yıllarında Pontos bölgesinde Aınaseia (Amasya) şehrinde doğmuştur. Varlıklı bir aileye mensup olduğu için iyi bir ÖbTenim yapabil­ miş ve istediği kadar seyahat edebilmiştir. Öğrenimini genç yaşta Karia'da (Tralles) yanında Nysa şehrinde Aristodemos'un yru1ında yapmıştır. H.ö. 44 yıllarında Roma'ya gitmiş ve orada da öğrenimine devam etmiştir. Onun hocaları arasında Stoic filozof tarihçi, büyük bilgin Poseidonios da vardır. Strabon'un kendisi de Stoic felsefenin ilkelerine bağlı bir filazoftur. Eserlerinde Roma Siyasetine ve siyasetçilerine bir hayranlılc gÇ;izlenılenmelctedir. Afrilca'nın ve Anadolu­ nun büyük bir kısmını dolaşan s·trabon hayatının son 26-27 yılını Amasia 1da geçirmiş tir.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading for Monday 4/23/12 History of Rome You Will Find in This Packet
    Reading for Monday 4/23/12 A e History of Rome A You will find in this packet three different readings. 1) Augustus’ autobiography. which he had posted for all to read at the end of his life: the Res Gestae (“Deeds Accomplished”). 2) A few passages from Vergil’s Aeneid (the epic telling the story of Aeneas’ escape from Troy and journey West to found Rome. The passages from the Aeneid are A) prophecy of the glory of Rome told by Jupiter to Venus (Aeneas’ mother). B) A depiction of the prophetic scenes engraved on Aeneas’ shield by the god Vulcan. The most important part of this passage to read is the depiction of the Battle of Actium as portrayed on Aeneas’ shield. (I’ve marked the beginning of this bit on your handout). Of course Aeneas has no idea what is pictured because it is a scene from the future... Take a moment to consider how the Battle of Actium is portrayed by Vergil in this scene! C) In this scene, Aeneas goes down to the Underworld to see his father, Anchises, who has died. While there, Aeneas sees the pool of Romans waiting to be born. Anchises speaks and tells Aeneas about all of his descendants, pointing each of them out as they wait in line for their birth. 3) A passage from Horace’s “Song of the New Age”: Carmen Saeculare Important questions to ask yourself: Is this poetry propaganda? What do you take away about how Augustus wanted to be viewed, and what were some of the key themes that the poets keep repeating about Augustus or this new Golden Age? Le’,s The Au,qustan Age 195.
    [Show full text]
  • Separating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration
    hesperia yy (2008) SEPARATING FACT Pages399-430 FROM FICTION IN THE AIOLIAN MIGRATION ABSTRACT Iron Age settlementsin the northeastAegean are usuallyattributed to Aioliancolonists who journeyed across the Aegean from mainland Greece. This articlereviews the literary accounts of the migration and presentsthe relevantarchaeological evidence, with a focuson newmaterial from Troy. No onearea played a dominantrole in colonizing Aiolis, nor is sucha widespread colonizationsupported by the archaeologicalrecord. But the aggressive promotionof migrationaccounts after the PersianWars provedmutually beneficialto bothsides of theAegean and justified the composition of the Delian League. Scholarlyassessments of habitation in thenortheast Aegean during the EarlyIron Age are remarkably consistent: most settlements are attributed toAiolian colonists who had journeyed across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia,Akhaia, or a combinationof all three.1There is no uniformityin theancient sources that deal with the migration, although Orestes and his descendantsare named as theleaders in mostaccounts, and are credited withfounding colonies over a broadgeographic area, including Lesbos, Tenedos,the western and southerncoasts of theTroad, and theregion betweenthe bays of Adramyttion and Smyrna(Fig. 1). In otherwords, mainlandGreece has repeatedly been viewed as theagent responsible for 1. TroyIV, pp. 147-148,248-249; appendixgradually developed into a Mountjoy,Holt Parker,Gabe Pizzorno, Berard1959; Cook 1962,pp. 25-29; magisterialstudy that is includedhere Allison Sterrett,John Wallrodt, Mal- 1973,pp. 360-363;Vanschoonwinkel as a companionarticle (Parker 2008). colm Wiener, and the anonymous 1991,pp. 405-421; Tenger 1999, It is our hope that readersinterested in reviewersfor Hesperia. Most of trie pp. 121-126;Boardman 1999, pp. 23- the Aiolian migrationwill read both articlewas writtenin the Burnham 33; Fisher2000, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imperial Cult and the Individual
    THE IMPERIAL CULT AND THE INDIVIDUAL: THE NEGOTIATION OF AUGUSTUS' PRIVATE WORSHIP DURING HIS LIFETIME AT ROME _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Department of Ancient Mediterranean Studies at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by CLAIRE McGRAW Dr. Dennis Trout, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2019 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled THE IMPERIAL CULT AND THE INDIVIDUAL: THE NEGOTIATION OF AUGUSTUS' PRIVATE WORSHIP DURING HIS LIFETIME AT ROME presented by Claire McGraw, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _______________________________________________ Professor Dennis Trout _______________________________________________ Professor Anatole Mori _______________________________________________ Professor Raymond Marks _______________________________________________ Professor Marcello Mogetta _______________________________________________ Professor Sean Gurd DEDICATION There are many people who deserve to be mentioned here, and I hope I have not forgotten anyone. I must begin with my family, Tom, Michael, Lisa, and Mom. Their love and support throughout this entire process have meant so much to me. I dedicate this project to my Mom especially; I must acknowledge that nearly every good thing I know and good decision I’ve made is because of her. She has (literally and figuratively) pushed me to achieve this dream. Mom has been my rock, my wall to lean upon, every single day. I love you, Mom. Tom, Michael, and Lisa have been the best siblings and sister-in-law. Tom thinks what I do is cool, and that means the world to a little sister.
    [Show full text]
  • Maxim M. KHOLOD1
    Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 26(2): 199–211 On the Ionian League in the Fourth Century BC Maxim M. KHOLOD1 Abstract. The author argues that the revival of the Ionian League, most likely dissolved by the Persians right after 494, happened ca. 373 BC. The sLeague seems to have been refounded then as a purely religious association. Its life was very long this time: the League most probably did not cease to exist not only during the rest of the 4th century BC but it was the same one which functioned almost interruptedly throughout further several centuries and disappeared only at a moment after the mid-3rd century AD. Rezumat. Autorul susține că renașterea Ligii Ionice, cel mai probabil dizolvată de perși imediat după 494, s-a produs aprocimativ în 373 î.H. Liga pare să fi fost reîntemeiată atunci ca o asociație pur religioasă. Existența sa a fost foarte îndelungată: Liga nu numai că nu a încetat cel mai probabil să existe pe parcursul secolului al IV-lea î.Hr., ci a funcționat aproape neîntrerupt în secolele care au urmat și a dispărut imediat după mijlocul secolului al III-lea d.Hr. Keywords: Ionian League, Panionion, Panionia, Persian Empire, Alexander the Great. The evidence for the Ionian League (also named the Panionian League) in the Classical period, after the suppression of the Ionian revolt by the Persians in 4942, is scarce. It is absolutely absent for the rest of the 5th century, a fact speaking, in all likelihood, that the League did not exist at this time3. Furthermore, it is significant that Herodotus describing the Panionion, a sacred place of the Ionians at Mycale in the territory of Priene, writes about a festival of the Ionian League in honour of Heliconian Poseidon held at this place, the Panionia, as if it is no longer celebrated in his time (I, 148)4.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Quarries and Building Sites in Asia Minor
    Bibliotheca Archaeologica Collana di archeologia a cura di Giuliano Volpe 45 ANCIENT QUARRIES AND BUILDING SITES IN ASIA MINOR Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archaeometry, conservation edited by Tommaso Ismaelli and Giuseppe Scardozzi E S T R A T T O Bari 2016 ISBN 978-88-7228-819-1 ISSN 1724-8523 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4475/819 L’autore ha il diritto di stampare o diffondere copie di questo PDF esclusivamente per uso scientifico o didattico. Edipuglia si riserva di mettere in vendita il PDF, oltre alla versione cartacea. L’autore ha diritto di pubblicare in internet il PDF originale allo scadere di 24 mesi. The author has the right to print or distribute copies of this PDF exclusively for scientific or educational purposes. Edipuglia reserves the right to sell the PDF, in addition to the paper version. The author has the right to publish the original PDF on the internet at the end of 24 months. fraGMents of Painted Plaster froM tHe CHUrCH of st PHiliP in HieraPolis: a PreliMinary arCHaeoloGiCal and arCHaeoMetriC stUdy Emma Cantisani, Silvia Vettori, Susanna Bracci, Maria Piera Caggia, Elisabetta Neri, Ana Sofia Pedro Leal aBstraCt - this paper presents the results of the analyses and study of the fragments of painted plaster discovered during the re- cent archaeological investigations inside the Church of st Philip in Hierapolis. the archaeological and archaeometric approach has made it possible to better document the various building phases of the church and to offer, despite the extremely fragmentary na- ture of the analysed material, a reconstruction of some decorative motifs.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMANY ACCEPTS ARMISTICE TERMS and ALL HOSTILITIES ARE CONCLUDED; CONDITIONS ANNOUNCED by PRESIDENT President Announces Signing of Armistice
    THE WAR THUS CQMES TO AN END-Woodrow Wilson PUBLLFHED DAZLY under order of THE PREXIDENT of THE UNZTED STATES by COMMITTEE on PUBLIC ZNFORMATZON GEORGE CREEL, Chairman * * COMPLETE Record of U. .. GOVERNMENT .Activities VOL. 2 WASHINGTON, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1918. No. 460 GERMANY ACCEPTS ARMISTICE TERMS AND ALL HOSTILITIES ARE CONCLUDED; CONDITIONS ANNOUNCED BY PRESIDENT President Announces Signing of Armistice. My fellow countrymen: The armistice was signed this morning. Everything for which America fought has been accomplished. It will- now be our fortunate duty to assist by example, by sober, friendly counsel, and by mnaterial aid in the establishment of just democracy throughout the world. WOODROW WILSON. The Secretary of State an- armistic, between the Allies November 11, 1918, and that nounces the receipt of advices and the United States and Ger- hostilities would cease at 11 from.Paris which state Jha the many was signed at 5 a. In., a. m. to-day. DRAFT CALLS SUSPENDED, GERMANY TO GIVE UP ALSACE-LORRAINE, SECRETARY OF WAR ANNOUNCES DEMOBILIZE ARMIES, MAKE REPARATION, Men Now Entrained for Camps UNDER TERMS OF THE AGREEMENT SIGNED Also to be Turned Back as Far as Possible. stupendous change it will in some President Tells Con- degree lighten my sense of respon- gress of Armistice sibility to perform in person the At 10.50 o'clock this morning the See- duty of communicating to you some retary of \Yar made the following an- Terms of the larger circumstances of the nouncement: situation with I have suspended further calls under which it is necessary At a joint session of the two to deal.
    [Show full text]
  • Pausanias' Description of Greece
    BONN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY. PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. PAUSANIAS' TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH \VITTI NOTES AXD IXDEX BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A., Soiiii'tinie Scholar of Trinity L'olltge, Cambridge. VOLUME IT. " ni <le Fnusnnias cst un homme (jui ne mnnquo ni de bon sens inoins a st-s tlioux." hnniie t'oi. inais i}iii rn>it ou au voudrait croire ( 'HAMTAiiNT. : ftEOROE BELL AND SONS. YOUK STIIKKT. COVKNT (iAKDKX. 188t). CHISWICK PRESS \ C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCEKV LANE. fA LC >. iV \Q V.2- CONTEXTS. PAGE Book VII. ACHAIA 1 VIII. ARCADIA .61 IX. BtEOTIA 151 -'19 X. PHOCIS . ERRATA. " " " Volume I. Page 8, line 37, for Atte read Attes." As vii. 17. 2<i. (Catullus' Aft is.) ' " Page 150, line '22, for Auxesias" read Anxesia." A.-> ii. 32. " " Page 165, lines 12, 17, 24, for Philhammon read " Philanimon.'' " " '' Page 191, line 4, for Tamagra read Tanagra." " " Pa ire 215, linu 35, for Ye now enter" read Enter ye now." ' " li I'aijf -J27, line 5, for the Little Iliad read The Little Iliad.'- " " " Page ^S9, line 18, for the Babylonians read Babylon.'' " 7 ' Volume II. Page 61, last line, for earth' read Earth." " Page 1)5, line 9, tor "Can-lira'" read Camirus." ' ; " " v 1'age 1 69, line 1 , for and read for. line 2, for "other kinds of flutes "read "other thites.'' ;< " " Page 201, line 9. for Lacenian read Laeonian." " " " line 10, for Chilon read Cliilo." As iii. 1H. Pago 264, " " ' Page 2G8, Note, for I iad read Iliad." PAUSANIAS. BOOK VII. ACIIAIA.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Graves the White Goddess
    ROBERT GRAVES THE WHITE GODDESS IN DEDICATION All saints revile her, and all sober men Ruled by the God Apollo's golden mean— In scorn of which I sailed to find her In distant regions likeliest to hold her Whom I desired above all things to know, Sister of the mirage and echo. It was a virtue not to stay, To go my headstrong and heroic way Seeking her out at the volcano's head, Among pack ice, or where the track had faded Beyond the cavern of the seven sleepers: Whose broad high brow was white as any leper's, Whose eyes were blue, with rowan-berry lips, With hair curled honey-coloured to white hips. Green sap of Spring in the young wood a-stir Will celebrate the Mountain Mother, And every song-bird shout awhile for her; But I am gifted, even in November Rawest of seasons, with so huge a sense Of her nakedly worn magnificence I forget cruelty and past betrayal, Careless of where the next bright bolt may fall. FOREWORD am grateful to Philip and Sally Graves, Christopher Hawkes, John Knittel, Valentin Iremonger, Max Mallowan, E. M. Parr, Joshua IPodro, Lynette Roberts, Martin Seymour-Smith, John Heath-Stubbs and numerous correspondents, who have supplied me with source- material for this book: and to Kenneth Gay who has helped me to arrange it. Yet since the first edition appeared in 1946, no expert in ancient Irish or Welsh has offered me the least help in refining my argument, or pointed out any of the errors which are bound to have crept into the text, or even acknowledged my letters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Traveller's Guide to the Bouches-Du-Rhône Sectorsthe Five Sectors Themestravel Themes of the Bouches-Du-Rhône Culture and Heritage Prehistory and Antiquity P
    > The traveller’s guide The Traveller's Guide to the Bouches-du-Rhône SectorsThe Five Sectors ThemesTravel Themes of the Bouches-du-Rhône Culture and Heritage Prehistory and Antiquity P. 56 Aix and Salon-de-Provence Sector P. 7 Church Architecture P. 58 Aix-en-Provence P. 8 Castles P. 59 The Countryside around Aix-en-Provence P. 11 Salon-de-Provence P. 12 Rural and Village Architecture P. 60 The Countryside around Salon-de-Provence P. 13 Urban and Suburban Architecture P. 61 Discovery Circuits P. 14 Feast Days and Festivals P. 62 Crafts and Popular Traditions P. 64 Saint-Rémy and the Alpilles Sector P. 17 Cultural Creativity P. 66 Saint-Rémy de Provence P. 18 Gastronomy P. 68 The Countryside around Saint-Rémy P. 20 Discovery Circuits P. 22 Outdoor Pursuits Arles, the Camargue and La Crau Sector P. 25 Water P. 72 Arles P. 26 The Countryside around Arles P. 30 Protected Natural Sites P. 74 Discovery Circuits P. 32 Water-centred Activities P. 76 Golf Courses and Driving Ranges P. 78 Martigues and the Côte Bleue Sector P. 35 Hiking, Horse Riding and Cycling P. 80 Martigues P. 36 Climbing and Caving P. 82 The Countryside around Martigues P. 38 Discovery Circuits P. 40 Children Marseille and the Calanques Sector P. 43 Practical Information P. 86 Marseille P. 44 The Countryside around Marseille and Aubagne P. 49 Discovery Circuits P. 50 General Information P. 88 The Five Sectors of the Bouches-du-Rhône 7 Aix and Salon-de-Provence Saint-Rémy and the Alpilles 17 Arles, 25 the Camargue and La Crau Martigues and the Côte Bleue 35 Marseille and the Calanques 43 Aix and Salon-de-Provence Overview This sector, along with the Alpilles, is one of the inland regions of Provence.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded From
    Rochester Bridge Trust Learning about Bridges Let’s learn about bridges! The Rochester Bridge Trust was founded in 1399 to provide a crossing over the River Medway in Kent. The Trust still provides free bridges today. The Trust is passionate about bridge building and wants to encourage young people to find out more about bridges and become as enthusiastic as we are! Our education kit contains loads of information, fun activities and interesting facts. You can work through the whole kit which contains a school term’s worth of activities or just try a session or two. It’s up to you! Content by Sue Threader BEng CEng MICE 1 Printed from the Rochester Bridge Trust Learning about Bridges, a FREE resource designed by Guy Fox Limited. Copyright © 2014, Rochester Bridge Trust www.rbt.org.uk Duplication is permitted for educational use only. About the Rochester Bridge Trust The first bridge at Rochester was built by the Romans soon after the invasion of Britain in AD43. Once the Romans left, their bridge was maintained by the local people of Kent until the 14th century. In 1381, the River Medway froze solid and, when the thaw came, the ice and floodwater swept away the Roman Bridge. Two benefactors built a new stone bridge one hundred yards upstream which was opened in September 1391. Their names were Sir John de Cobham and Sir Robert Knolles. Together the benefactors also persuaded their friends and acquaintances to make donations of land and money for the perpetual maintenance of Rochester Bridge. In 1399, King Richard II granted letters patent which allowed the Rochester Bridge Trust to be set up to care for the bridge and its property.
    [Show full text]