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Sağlık Bilimlerinde Teori Ve Araştırmalar II (Cilt 3)

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Sağlık Bilimlerinde Teori Ve Araştırmalar II (Cilt 3) İmtiyaz Sahibi / Publisher • Yaşar Hız Genel Yayın Yönetmeni / Editor in Chief • Eda Altunel Kapak & İç Tasarım / Cover & Interior D esign • Gece Kitaplığı Editör / Edıtor • Prof. Dr. Cem Evereklioğlu Birinci Basım / First Edition • © Aralık 2020 ISBN • 978-625-7319-26-3 © copyright Bu kitabın yayın hakkı Gece Kitaplığı’na aittir. Kaynak gösterilmeden alıntı yapılamaz, izin almadan hiçbir yolla çoğaltılamaz. The right to publish this book belongs to Gece Kitaplığı. Citation can not be shown without the source, reproduced in any way without permission. Gece Kitaplığı / Gece Publishing Türkiye Adres / Turkey Address: Kızılay Mah. Fevzi Çakmak 1. Sokak Ümit Apt. No: 22/A Çankaya / Ankara / TR Telefon / Phone: +90 312 384 80 40 web: www.gecekitapligi.com e-mail: [email protected] Baskı & Cilt / Printing & Volume Sertifika / Certificate No: 47083 Sağlık Bilimlerinde Teori ve Araştırmalar II Cilt 3 Editörler PROF. DR. CEM EVEREKLIOĞLU1 1 Erciyes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Göz Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Kayseri, Türkiye, [email protected] IÇINDEKILER BÖLÜM 55 ASPROSIN VE METABOLIK ETKILERI Kıvanç İRAK ............................................................................................. 1 BÖLÜM 56 SIVRISINEK SOKMASI Adnan AYAN & Özlem ORUNÇ KILINÇ .............................................. 13 BÖLÜM 57 TIP 2 DIYABETES MELLITUS’TA INKRETIN BAZLI TEDAVILERDE KULLANILAN ILAÇLARIN ADMET SONUÇLARININ IN SILIKO OLARAK KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI: SWISSADMET VE ADMETSAR Ayşe PAK & Mustafa Emre ERCİN & Hülya COŞKUN ........................ 29 BÖLÜM 58 COVID-19 PANDEMISI VE SOSYAL DAMGALAMA Funda ÖZPULAT ..................................................................................... 63 BÖLÜM 59 KADIN VE SAĞLIKTA EŞITSIZLIK Funda ÖZPULAT ..................................................................................... 79 BÖLÜM 60 ORTAOKUL ÖĞRENCILERININ BESLENME VE EGZERSIZ DAVRANIŞLARININ BELIRLENMESI Adile TÜMER & Havva AKPINAR ........................................................ 95 BÖLÜM 61 EMBRIYONIK VE INDÜKLENMIŞ PLURIPOTENT KÖK HÜCRELERIN ÖZELLIKLERI VE UYGULAMALAR Leyla BAHAR ...................................................................................... 109 BÖLÜM 62 COVID-19 VE KOAGÜLASYON ÜZERINDEKI ETKISI Bilge BAL ÖZKAPTAN ........................................................................ 127 BÖLÜM 63 COVID 19 ENFEKSIYONU VE ORAL SAĞLIK Mehtap BİLGİN ÇETİN ...................................................................... 145 BÖLÜM 64 DENTAL IMPLANT KOMPLIKASYONLARI Rabianur BALTACI & Mehtap BİLGİN ÇETİN ................................163 BÖLÜM 65 COVID-19 PANDEMISIYLE TÜKETICILERIN HASTANE TERCIHLERINI ETKILEYEN FAKTÖRLER: BIR UYGULAMA Paşa GÜLTAŞ & Mustafa GÜLTAŞ .................................................... 195 BÖLÜM 66 YAŞLI BAKIMINDA AĞRI YÖNETIMI Handan ÖZDEMİR ................................................................................ 211 BÖLÜM 67 COVID-19’DA DOKULAR VE INTERFERON PROTEINLERINE BIYOKIMYASAL YAKLAŞIM Naci Ömer ALAYUNT & Sevgi GÜNEŞ ........................................... 227 BÖLÜM 68 OKSIDATIF STRESIN AZALTILMASINDA ANJIYOTENSIN DÖNÜŞTÜRÜCÜ ENZIMIN ROLÜ Ömer Faruk BAŞER & Abdulsamed KÜKÜRT & Mahmut KARAPEHLİVAN ..................................................................243 BÖLÜM 69 ORGANOFOSFATLI PESTISITLER VE BÖBREK HISTOPATOLOJISI Ayşegül Burçin YILDIRIM ................................................................... 255 BÖLÜM 70 ULTRASONOGRAFIK FETAL KALP MUAYENESI Barış SEVER ......................................................................................... 267 BÖLÜM 71 HIDRADENITIS SÜPÜRATIVA Nihat GÜLAYDIN ................................................................................. 281 BÖLÜM 72 ÇÖREK OTU’NUN (NIGELLA SATIVA) ANTITÜMORAL ETKISI Tuncay TUFAN ..................................................................................... 293 BÖLÜM 73 VARROA ILE MÜCADELE YÖNTEMLERI Adnan AYAN & Osman Selçuk ALDEMİR & Özlem ORUNÇ KILINÇ ..........305 BÖLÜM 74 SÜT DIŞI PULPA TEDAVILERI Hanife Betül KARAASLAN & Emin Caner TÜMEN ........................ 325 BÖLÜM 75 YAŞAM BOYU ÖĞRENME BIÇIMI OLARAK KANITA DAYALI UYGULAMA VE ARAŞTIRMA Murat ÇAY ............................................................................................. 349 BÖLÜM 76 KOYUNCULUKTA RAKAMLAR KONUŞUYOR Memiş BOLACALI ............................................................................... 371 BÖLÜM 77 NUTRISYONEL ANEMILERDE FARMAKOLOJIK TEDAVI Osman KUKULA ..................................................................................393 Bölüm 55 ASPROSIN VE METABOLIK ETKILERI Kıvanç İRAK1 1 Doç. Dr. Kıvanç İRAK, Siirt Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Siirt, Türkiye 2 . Kıvanç İrak Sağlık Bilimlerinde Teori ve Araştırmalar II .3 Giriş Asprosin, ilk olarak Romere ve ark. tarafından keşfedilen yeni bir glu- kojenik adipokindir. Fibrillin 1 (FBN1) geninin iki eksonu (ekson 65 ve ekson 66) tarafından kodlanmaktadır. Hepatik glikoz salınımını düzenle- yen ve açlık durumunda salınımı artan asprosin, beyaz adipoz tarafından salgılanmaktadır. Beyaz yağ dokusu, plazma asprosin kaynağı gibi görün- düğü için Yunanca beyaz (aspros) kelimesinden “Asprosin” adı türemiştir (Romere ve ark., 2016). Asprosin glikoz metabolizması, insülin direnci, hücre apoptozu ile ilgili olarak merkezi sinir sistemi, periferik dokular ve organlarda karmaşık bir rol oynamaktadır (Yuan ve ark., 2020). Asprosin, enerji alımını doğrudan, enerji tüketimini dolaylı olarak etkileyerek enerji regülasyonunda rol oynamaktadır (Hoffmann ve ark., 2020). Diyabet, obezite, polikistik over sendromu ve kardiyovasküler hasta- lıklar dahil olmak üzere metabolik hastalıklar temel olarak normal meta- bolik süreçlerin bozulmasına neden olmakta, bu durum insan sağlığı için önemli bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır.Yapılan çalışmalarda asprosinin diyabet, obezite, polikistik over sendromu (PCOS) ve kardiyovasküler gibi metabo- lik hastalıklar ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilmiştir (Yuan ve ark., 2020). Bu derlemede yeni keşfedilmiş bir hormon olan asprosinin yapısı, sentezi, biyokimyasal ve fizyolojik etkileri hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve bu hormon ile ilgili güncel çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Asprosin Hormonunun Yapısı, Sentezi, Biyokimyasal ve Fizyolo- jik Etkileri Fibrillin 1 (FBN1) 235 kb uzunluğunda ve toplam 66 ekson içermek- tedir (Sakai ve ark., 2016). Bu eksonlar, 2871 amino asit uzunluğunda bir proproteini kodlar. Daha sonra proprotein, aktifleştirilmiş proteaz furin ta- rafından C terminalinde bölünür, olgun fibrillin-1 ve 140 amino asit uzun- luğunda asprosin oluşur (Milewicz ve ark., 1995; Lönnqvist ve ark., 1998). FBN1 geninin iki eksonundan biri olan Ekson 65, 11 amino asidi kodlar- ken ekson 66 ise 129 amino asidi kodlar (Romere ve ark., 2016). Beyaz yağ dokusu, asprosin için önemli bir kaynaktır. FBN1 kalp, akciğer ve böbrek gibi çeşitli dokularda günlük salınım gösterir. Birçok organda oldukça yüksek FBN1 ifadesi göz önüne alındığında, bu organ- ların plazma asprosin kaynağı olarak da hizmet edebileceği belirtilmiştir (Romere ve ark., 2016; Yuan ve ark., 2020). Ek olarak, β hücreleri hi- perlipidemik koşullar altında asprosin salgılayabilir (Li ve ark., 2019). Sentezlendikten sonra asprosin kana salınır ve açlık durumlarında plazma konsantrasyonlarında artış görülür. Asprosin, periferik hedef dokulara etki etmenin yanı sıra, kan-beyin bariyerini de geçerek, merkezi sinir sistemi üzerinde etkili olabilir (Romere ve ark., 2016; Duerrschmid ve ark., 2017). 4 . Kıvanç İrak Bir protein hormonu olan dolaşımdaki asprosin, karaciğerden glikoz salınmasını tetikleyerek düşük diyet glikozuna yanıt verir ve asprosinin azalması metabolik sendromla ilişkili hiperinsülinizme karşı koruma sağ- lar (Romere ve ark., 2016) (Şekil 1). Dolaşımdaki asprosin konsantrasyon- larındaki günlük dalgalanmaları değerlendirmek için yapılan çalışmada fareler, 7 gün boyunca 12 saat ışık / 12 saat karanlık döngüsünde ve ardın- dan sabit karanlığa tabi tutulmuştur. ELISA yöntemiyle belirlenen plazma asprosin seviyelerinin beslenmenin başlangıcıyla akut bir düşüş sergiledi- ği, bu durumun tersine insanlarda, farelerde ve sıçanlarda gece boyunca aç kalmanın dolaşımdaki asprosin düzeyinin artışına neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Romere ve ark., 2016). Şekil 1. Asprosin hormonunun etki mekanizması (Romere ve ark., 2016). Merkezi sinir sistemi, periferal dokular ve organlar üzerinde çok sayı- da etkiye (Şekil 2) sahip olduğu bildirilen asprosin, farklı sinyal yolakları aracılığıyla iştah, glukoz metabolizması, insülin direnci, hücre apoptozi- sinde önemli etkilere sahiptir (Romere ve ark., 2016; Duerrschmid ve ark., 2017; Feng ve ark., 2018; Lee ve ark., 2019; Yuan ve ark., 2020). Esas olarak hipotalamik arkuat çekirdekte bulunan asprosinin merkezi reseptörleri, iştahın artmasına katkıda bulunur. Beslenme kontrol merkezi olarak hipotalamus, anoreksijenik pro-opiomelanokortin (POMC) nöron- Sağlık Bilimlerinde Teori ve Araştırmalar II .5 ları ve oreksijenik agouti ile ilişkili peptit (AgRP) nöronları sayesinde işta- hı düzenler (Sohn, 2015). Asprosinin karaciğer üzerindeki biyolojik etkisi, adenilil siklaz- protein kinaz A- siklik adenozin monofosfat ‘ a yanıt veren element bağlanma yolağını aktive eden, glikoz üretimine ve salınmasına yol açan G protein kenetli reseptör aracılığıyla gerçekleşir (Romere ve ark., 2016). Koku alma reseptörü 734’ün (OLFR734) bu etkiye aracılık eden asprosin reseptörlerinden biri olduğu bildirilmiştir (Li ve ark., 2019). Asprosin, fare iskelet kası hücrelerinde
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