20. Encounters with Animals
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RESEARCH ARTICLE Anti-Glioma Effect of Pseudosynanceia
DOI:10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.7.2295 Effect of Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma Venom on Glioblastoma Cells RESEARCH ARTICLE Editorial Process: Submission:02/14/2021 Acceptance:07/15/2021 Anti-Glioma Effect of Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma Venom on Isolated Mitochondria from Glioblastoma Cells Maral Ramezani, Fatemeh Samiei, Jalal Pourahmad* Abstract Background: Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system that occurs in the spinal cord or brain. Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma is a venomous stonefish in the Persian Gulf, which our knowledge about is little. This study’s goal is to investigate the toxicity of stonefish crude venom on mitochondria isolated from U87 cells. Methods: In the first stage, we extracted venom stonefish and then isolated mitochondria have exposed to different concentrations of venom. Finally, mitochondrial toxicity parameters (Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytochrome c release, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP), and mitochondrial swelling) have evaluated. Results: To determine mitochondrial parameters, we used 115, 230, and 460 µg/ml concentrations. The results of our study show that the venom of stonefish selectively increases upstream parameters of apoptosis such as mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release, MMP collapse and ROS. Conclusion: This study suggests that Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma crude venom has selectively caused toxicity by increasing active mitochondrial oxygen radicals. This venom could potentially be a candidate for the treatment of glioblastoma. Keywords: Mitochondria- glioblastoma- fish venoms- cell line- tumor- toxicity-Persian Gulf Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 22 (7), 2295-2302 Introduction freshwater or saltwater. Marine animals most commonly used for animals live in saltwater, i.e. in oceans, seas, Glioblastoma multiform is the most common group of etc. -
Marine Envenomations
Environmental Marine envenomations Ingrid Berling Geoffrey Isbister Background The majority of marine envenomings are minor and do Marine stings are common but most are minor and do not not require medical intervention. Jellyfish stings are a require medical intervention. Severe and systemic marine frequent reason for presentation to first aid and primary envenoming is uncommon, but includes box jellyfish stings, healthcare providers. A knowledge of the variety of stings Irukandji syndrome, major stingray trauma and blue-ringed and envenoming syndromes that occur in Australia, octopus envenoming. Almost all marine injuries are caused including those that are clinically significant, and available by jellyfish stings, and penetrating injuries from spiny fish, treatments, is necessary for practitioners, particularly those stingrays or sea urchins. working in coastal regions. Objective This article describes the presentation and management Marine envenoming can be considered in two broad categories: of marine envenomations and injuries that may occur in jellyfish stings and penetrating venomous marine injuries. Jellyfish Australia. stings range from the life-threatening major box jellyfish (Chironex Discussion fleckeri) to painful, but generally benign, bluebottle stings common First aid for jellyfish includes tentacle removal, application to most southeastern Australian beaches (Figure 1). Penetrating of vinegar for box jellyfish, and hot water immersion (45°C venomous marine injuries often occur when handling fish, but can for 20 min) for bluebottle jellyfish stings. Basic life support occur to anyone involved in water activities, fresh water or marine. is essential for severe marine envenomings that result in They are typically more painful than just the trauma of the wound, and cardiac collapse or paralysis. -
Spider Bites
Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section Office of Public Health, Louisiana Dept of Health & Hospitals 800-256-2748 (24 hr number) www.infectiousdisease.dhh.louisiana.gov SPIDER BITES Revised 6/13/2007 Epidemiology There are over 3,000 species of spiders native to the United States. Due to fragility or inadequate length of fangs, only a limited number of species are capable of inflicting noticeable wounds on human beings, although several small species of spiders are able to bite humans, but with little or no demonstrable effect. The final determination of etiology of 80% of suspected spider bites in the U.S. is, in fact, an alternate diagnosis. Therefore the perceived risk of spider bites far exceeds actual risk. Tick bites, chemical burns, lesions from poison ivy or oak, cutaneous anthrax, diabetic ulcer, erythema migrans from Lyme disease, erythema from Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, sporotrichosis, Staphylococcus infections, Stephens Johnson syndrome, syphilitic chancre, thromboembolic effects of Leishmaniasis, toxic epidermal necrolyis, shingles, early chicken pox lesions, bites from other arthropods and idiopathic dermal necrosis have all been misdiagnosed as spider bites. Almost all bites from spiders are inflicted by the spider in self defense, when a human inadvertently upsets or invades the spider’s space. Of spiders in the United States capable of biting, only a few are considered dangerous to human beings. Bites from the following species of spiders can result in serious sequelae: Louisiana Office of Public Health – Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section Page 1 of 14 The Brown Recluse: Loxosceles reclusa Photo Courtesy of the Texas Department of State Health Services The most common species associated with medically important spider bites: • Physical characteristics o Length: Approximately 1 inch o Appearance: A violin shaped mark can be visualized on the dorsum (top). -
Traveler Information
Traveler Information QUICK LINKS Marine Hazards—TRAVELER INFORMATION • Introduction • Risk • Hazards of the Beach • Animals that Bite or Wound • Animals that Envenomate • Animals that are Poisonous to Eat • General Prevention Strategies Traveler Information MARINE HAZARDS INTRODUCTION Coastal waters around the world can be dangerous. Swimming, diving, snorkeling, wading, fishing, and beachcombing can pose hazards for the unwary marine visitor. The seas contain animals and plants that can bite, wound, or deliver venom or toxin with fangs, barbs, spines, or stinging cells. Injuries from stony coral and sea urchins and stings from jellyfish, fire coral, and sea anemones are common. Drowning can be caused by tides, strong currents, or rip tides; shark attacks; envenomation (e.g., box jellyfish, cone snails, blue-ringed octopus); or overconsumption of alcohol. Eating some types of potentially toxic fish and seafood may increase risk for seafood poisoning. RISK Risk depends on the type and location of activity, as well as the time of year, winds, currents, water temperature, and the prevalence of dangerous marine animals nearby. In general, tropical seas (especially the western Pacific Ocean) are more dangerous than temperate seas for the risk of injury and envenomation, which are common among seaside vacationers, snorkelers, swimmers, and scuba divers. Jellyfish stings are most common in warm oceans during the warmer months. The reef and the sandy sea bottom conceal many creatures with poisonous spines. The highly dangerous blue-ringed octopus and cone shells are found in rocky pools along the shore. Sea anemones and sea urchins are widely dispersed. Sea snakes are highly venomous but rarely bite. -
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Millions of years ago, unlikely pioneers sparked a revolution. Cnidarians set animal life in motion. So much of what we take for granted today began with Cnidarians. FROM SHAPE OF LIFE The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Take a moment to follow these instructions: Raise your right hand in front of your eyes. Make a fist. Make the peace sign with your first and second fingers. Make a fist again. Open your hand. Read the next paragraph. What you just did was exhibit a trait we associate with all animals, a trait called, quite simply, movement. And not only did you just move your hand, but you moved it after passing the idea of movement through your brain and nerve cells to command the muscles in your hand to obey. To do this, your body needs muscles to move and nerves to transmit and coordinate movement, whether voluntary or involuntary. The bit of business involved in making fists and peace signs is pretty complex behavior, but it pales by comparison with the suites of thought and movement associated with throwing a curve ball, walking, swimming, dancing, breathing, landing an airplane, running down prey, or fleeing a predator. But whether by thought or instinct, you and all animals except sponges have the ability to move and to carry out complex sequences of movement called behavior. In fact, movement is such a basic part of being an animal that we tend to define animalness as having the ability to move and behave. -
Emily Coluccio, PA-S OUCH!
BUG BITES & STINGS Emily Coluccio, PA-S OUCH! ● Insect bites & stings can be mild, but they also have the ability to transmit insect-borne illnesses and cause severe allergic reactions ● Bites vs. Stings ○ Bites consist of punctures made by the mouthparts of the organism ○ Stings involve the injection of venom and may cause reactions ranging from local irritation to life-threatening allergic reactions ● Lesions from arthropod bites (mosquitoes, ticks, kissing bugs, bed bugs, black flies, etc.) usually result from the host's immune reactions to the insect’s salivary secretions or venom TYPES OF REACTIONS LOCAL REACTIONS ● Normal reaction to an insect bite is an inflammatory reaction at the site, appearing within minutes, and usually involves pruritic erythema and edema ● Treatment ○ Wash with soap and water ○ Ice or cold packs may help with swelling ○ Topical creams, gels, and lotions (Calamine or Pramoxine) may help with itching ○ Oral antihistamines (Cetirizine or Fexofenadine) preferred in small children to help with troublesome itching PAPULAR URTICARIA ● Hypersensitivity disorder in which insect bites (most commonly fleas, mosquitoes, or bed bugs) lead to recurrent and sometimes chrony itchy papules on exposed areas of skin ● Reported predominantly in young children (typically 2-10 years old) ○ Diaper area, genital, perianal, and axillary areas are spared PAPULAR URTICARIA ● There may be a delay between the inciting bite and the onset of lesions, and new lesions may appear sporadically ● Renewed itching may reactivate older lesions, -
The Bug Beneath the Bathing Suit: a Case Report and Discussion of Seabather’S Eruption Versus Cutaneous Larva Migrans
The bug beneath the bathing suit: A case report and discussion of seabather’s eruption versus cutaneous larva migrans Andrew Jensen, BS,* Marcus Goodman, DO, FAOCD** *Medical Student, 4th year, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA **Dermatology Residency Program Director, PCOM/North Fulton Hospital Medical Campus, Roswell, GA Abstract Seabather’s eruption is an important differential diagnosis when a patient who has recently swum in a subtropical ocean presents with a pruritic rash in the distribution of their swimwear. Treatment with systemic corticosteroids is indicated in severe cases and can successfully reduce symptoms. Oral steroid therapy in general has proven to be an effective treatment for many acute and chronic diseases but has long been associated with increased risk for infections. In this report, we present an atypical case of cutaneous larva migrans and discuss its clinical unmasking after systemic steroid treatment was given for an initial diagnosis of seabather’s eruption. Introduction Case Report Figure 2 Seabather’s eruption is a benign, superficial A 52-year-old female presented to her reaction to toxins from marine-animal larvae. dermatologist complaining of an itchy rash on It is the most common marine-related problem her groin and upper leg for one week. The patient in the waters south of the United States.1 stated she recently traveled to Mexico, where she It was reported in Florida as early as 1903 spent several days on the beach and swimming in as a “rash which set up an intense itching” the ocean. Physical exam revealed erythematous, shortly after bathing in ocean water.2 In 1949, edematous papules on her lower abdomen and Sams postulated the eruption was caused by groin, assuming a location directly beneath her “some living, microorganism, in the nature of swimsuit (Figure 1). -
Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas
Marine mammals and sea turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEA BASINS Main seas, straits and gulfs in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, together with locations mentioned in the text for the distribution of marine mammals and sea turtles Ukraine Russia SEA OF AZOV Kerch Strait Crimea Romania Georgia Slovenia France Croatia BLACK SEA Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Monaco Bosphorus LIGURIAN SEA Montenegro Strait Pelagos Sanctuary Gulf of Italy Lion ADRIATIC SEA Albania Corsica Drini Bay Spain Dardanelles Strait Greece BALEARIC SEA Turkey Sardinia Algerian- TYRRHENIAN SEA AEGEAN SEA Balearic Islands Provençal IONIAN SEA Syria Basin Strait of Sicily Cyprus Strait of Sicily Gibraltar ALBORAN SEA Hellenic Trench Lebanon Tunisia Malta LEVANTINE SEA Israel Algeria West Morocco Bank Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of SirteMEDITERRANEAN SEA Gaza Strip Jordan Suez Canal Egypt Gulf of Sirte Libya RED SEA Marine mammals and sea turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas Compiled by María del Mar Otero and Michela Conigliaro The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by Compiled by María del Mar Otero IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain © IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Malaga, Spain Michela Conigliaro IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain Copyright © 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources With the support of Catherine Numa IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain Annabelle Cuttelod IUCN Species Programme, United Kingdom Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the sources are fully acknowledged. -
2015C10 Lesson1 Presentation.Pdf
Invasive Mosquito Network Lesson 1 An introduction to mosquitoes and mosquito transmitted diseases -Introduction to Mosquitoes Mosquito • Small, flying, blood- sucking insects • Family: Culicidae • Can be a threat and a nuisance • Found on every continent except Antarctica Image #9187 from the CDC Public Health Image Library Types of Mosquitoes • 41 genera • >3,000 species • 176 species in the United States • Not all species transmit disease causing pathogens • Some rarely interact with humans Invasive Mosquitoes • Mosquitoes that are not native and spread rapidly in new location • Can be very detrimental to native species and overall ecosystem • Bring diseases that native species have no immunity Example: Hawaii’s invasive mosquitoes Aedes •Throughout the United States•Prefers mammals •Spreading quickly •Fly short distances •Container-breeders and •Transmits encephalitis, accumulated water Chikungunya, yellow •Feeds during the day fever, dengue, and more http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Aedes_aegypti_resting_position_E-A-Goeldi_1905.jpg Mosquito species Diseases they transmit Known Location in the U.S. Aedes albopictus Yellow fever, dengue, and Southern and eastern United Asian tiger mosquito Chikungunya States Aedes aegypti Yellow fever, dengue, and Throughout the southern Yellow fever mosquito Chikungunya United States Aedes triseriatus La Crosse encephalitis, yellow Eastern United States Eastern tree hole mosquito fever, Eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, and canine -
Violent Incidents Between Humans and Orcas in Captivity
Violent incidents between humans and orcas in captivity Several accounts of violent incidents with humans have appeared in books and news clips, with little information on the dates or details of those incidents. Other descriptions have made headlines, and some were captured on video tape. There are also anecdotal reports of incidents that were never officially documented. NO. DATE AQUARIUM WHALEs INCIDENT SOURCE early years New York When water level was lowered for pool cleaning, young female Lupa sent Edward R. Riciuti, , New #1 1968 Lupa York, Walker & Co., 1973, Aquarium, USA trainers scrambling from the pool, snapping her jaws threatening. pp. 227-228. Edward R. Riciuti, Killers of the Sea, New York, Young male Cuddles became so increasingly aggressive, having a hold of at Walker & Co., 1973, pp. Flamingo Park, least two trainers, that keepers had to clean the pool from the protection of a 227-228; Reading #2 1969-1970 Cuddles England shark cage. Cuddles also dragged keeper Don Robinson into the pool when he Eagle, August 15, was at Dudley Zoo but that was possibly a PR stunt. 1971; Doug Cartlidge, personal communication, March 2010. Karen Pryor writes, "I have since heard... of at least one killer whale which Karen Pryor, Lads Before the Wind, New York, #3 1970s unknown unknown launched an unprovoked attack on a favorite trainer, in normal circumstances, Harper & Row, 1976, p. savaged him very badly, and nearly killed him." 220. Vancouver Trainer Doug Pemberton described young female Skana as the dominant Cranky killer whales put trainers through their #4 1970's Aquarium, Skana animal in the pool. -
Awareness, Prevention and Treatment of World-Wide Marine Stings and Bites
Awareness, Prevention and Treatment of world-wide marine stings and bites Dr Peter Fenner Honorary Medical Officer, Surf Life Saving Australia International Life Saving Federation Medical/Rescue Conference Proceedings September 1997 Abstract The most common world-wide first aid treatment used by the average lifesaver/lifeguard is the treatment of marine envenomation, especially the treatment of jellyfish stings. It is important to use the correct first aid treatment for each type of envenomation. This study provides a simplified protocol for: - 1. Awareness of the geographical distribution and possibilities of envenomation enabling: - 2. Preventative strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality from marine envenomation 3. First aid treatment of marine envenomation by jellyfish or other marine animals This discussion is based on protocols developed for Surf Life Saving Australia and other first aid providers in Australia over the past ten years. Their success has been proven by a 30% reduction in the number of stings over the past 10 years (statistics from the author’s records). Information for this article has been taken from: - 1. Venomous and poisonous marine animals: a medical and biological handbook produced by Surf Life Saving Queensland 2. The global problem of cnidarian stinging. MD Thesis by the author for the University of London. Introduction The global problem of marine envenomation is not fully appreciated. Each year hundreds of deaths occur from poisoning (by ingestion or eating) or by envenomation (stinging by jellyfish, or biting by venomous marine animals). The morbidity is even greater with jellyfish stings world-wide being numbered in their millions. Each summer it is estimated that up to half a million stings occur on the east coast of the United States from the Portuguese man-o’-war (Physalia physalis). -
A Guide to Harmful and Toxic Creatures in the Goa of Jordan
Published by the Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan. P. O. Box 831051, Abdel Aziz El Thaalbi St., Shmesani 11183. Amman Copyright: © The Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non- commercial purposes is authorized without prior written approval from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. ISBN: 978-9957-8740-1-8 Deposit Number at the National Library: 2619/6/2016 Citation: Eid, E and Al Tawaha, M. (2016). A Guide to Harmful and Toxic Creature in the Gulf of Aqaba of Jordan. The Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan. ISBN: 978-9957-8740-1-8. Pp 84. Material was reviewed by Dr Nidal Al Oran, International Research Center for Water, Environment and Energy\ Al Balqa’ Applied University,and Dr. Omar Attum from Indiana University Southeast at the United State of America. Cover page: Vlad61; Shutterstock Library All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder, and it should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without permission. 1 Content Index of Creatures Described in this Guide ......................................................... 5 Preface ................................................................................................................ 6 Part One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 8 1.1 The Gulf of Aqaba; Jordan ......................................................................... 8 1.2 Aqaba;