COVER During World War II, the 1st Air Squadron, Florida Defense Force encouraged women to join, as did the Civil Air Patrol. The Clifford sisters, Ruth and Mary, of Lakeland served first with Florida’s Defense Force and then with the CAP. Photograph courtesy of Thomas Reilly, Safety Harbor, Florida. Florida Volume LXXVI, Number 4 Spring 1998 The Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) is published quarterly by the Flor- ida Historical Society, 1320 Highland Avenue, Melbourne, FL 32935, and is printed by E.O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, FL. Second-class postage paid at Tampa, FL, and at additional mailing office. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Florida Historical Quarterly, 1320 Highland Avenue, Melbourne, FL 32935. Copyright 1998 by the Florida Historical Society, Melbourne, Florida. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Kari Frederickson, Editor Samuel Proctor, Editor Emeritus Nancy Rauscher, Editorial Assistant Imar DaCunha, Graduate Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Raymond O. Arsenault, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg William S. Coker, University of West Florida David R. Colburn, University of Florida James B. Crooks, University of North Florida Kathleen Deagan, University of Florida Wayne Flynt, Auburn University Michael V. Gannon, University of Florida Maxine D. Jones, Florida State University Harry A. Kersey, Jr., Florida Atlantic University Jane Landers, Vanderbilt University Eugene Lyon, Flagler College John K. Mahon, University of Florida Raymond A. Mohl, University of Alabama at Birmingham Gary R. Mormino, University of South Florida Theda Perdue, University of Kentucky Gerald E. Poyo, St. Mary’s University Joe M. Richardson, Florida State University William W. Rogers, Florida State University Daniel L. Schafer, University of North Florida Correspondence concerning contribution, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly Department of History, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-1350. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, originality of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy should be dou- ble spaced and about 25 pages or 6,000 words. Footnotes are to be numbered con- secutively in the text. Documentation should conform to The Chicago Manual of Style. THE AUTHOR SHOULD SUBMIT AN ORIGINAL AND A PHOTOCOPY RETAINING A COPY FOR SECURITY Authors are also asked to submit articles on a diskette in IBM WordPerfect 5.1. The Florida Historical Society and the editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made or opin- ions held by authors. The Quarterly reviews books dealing with all aspects of Florida history. Books to be reviewed should be sent to the editor together with price and information on how they may be ordered. Table of Contents THE FLORIDA ARCHITECTURE OF F. BURRALL HOFFMAN JR., 1882-1980 Donald W. Curl 399 FLORIDA’S FLYING MINUTE MEN: THE CIVIL AIR PATROL, 1941-1943 Thomas Reilly 417 CLAUDE PEPPER, STROM THURMOND, AND THE 1948 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN FLORIDA Julian M. Pleasants 439 BOOK REVIEWS . 474 BOOK NOTES . .. .. 5 13 HISTORY NEWS ............................................................................. 520 VOLUME INDEX ............................................................................ 522 BOOK REVIEWS THE INDIANS’ NEW SOUTH: CULTURAL CHANGE IN THE COLONIAL SOUTHEAST, by James Axtell reviewed by Theda Perdue “A ROGUE’S PARADISE”: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN ANTEBELLUM FLORIDA, 1821- 1861, by James M. Denham reviewed by Maxwell Bloomfield BUILDING MARVELOUS MIAMI, by Nicholas N. Patricios reviewed by Donald W. Curl JOHN ELLIS: MERCHANT, MICROSCOPIST, NATURALIST, AND KING’S AGENT—A BIOLO- GIST OF HIS TIMES, by Julius Groner and Paul F. S. Cornelius reviewed by Roy A. Rauschenberg “WHAT NATURE SUFFERS TO GROE”: LIFE, LABOR, AND LANDSCAPE ON THE GEORGIA COAST, 1680-1920, by Mart A. Stewart reviewed by Jeffrey R. Young LETTERS OF DELEGATES TO CONGRESS, 1774-1789, VOLUME 24, NOVEMBER 6, 1786- FEBRUARY 29, 1788, edited by Paul H. Smith and Ronald M. Gephart reviewed by Robert M. Calhoon POLICING THE SOUTHERN CITY; NEW ORLEANS, 1805-1889, by Dennis C. Rousey reviewed by David R. Johnson TAKING CHRISTIANITY TO CHINA: ALABAMA MISSIONARIES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM, 1850-1950, by Wayne Flynt and Gerald W. Berkley reviewed by David D. Buck THE PEOPLE’S WELFARE: LAW AND REGULATION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA, by William J. Novak reviewed by Eric Tscheschlok THE DARKEST DAYS OF THE WAR: THE BATTLES OF IUKA & CORINTH, by Peter Cozzens reviewed by Brooks D. Simpson SIX YEARS OF HELL: HARPERS FERRY DURING THE Civil WAR, by Chester G. Hearn reviewed by Brian Holden Reid THE QUALITY OF MERCY: SOUTHERN BAPTISTS AND SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY, 1890-1920, by Keith Harper reviewed by Thomas J. Little SHERMAN’S HORSEMEN: UNION CAVALRY OPERATIONS IN THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN, by David Evans reviewed by Christopher C. Meyers THE PAPERS OF ANDREW JOHNSON, VOLUME 13, SEPTEMBER 1867-March 1868, edited by Paul H. Bergeron reviewed by Richard N. Current GULF COAST SOUNDINGS: PEOPLE & POLICY IN THE MISSISSIPPI SHRIMP INDUSTRY, by E. Paul Durrenberger reviewed by Jack Rudloe DIXIE DEBATES: PERSPECTIVES ON SOUTHERN CULTURE, edited by Richard H. King and Helen Taylor reviewed by Pete Daniel WHAT DO WE NEED A UNION FOR? THE TWUA IN THE SOUTH, 1945-1955, by Timothy J. Minchin reviewed by William P. Jones FROM GEORGE WALLACE TO NEWT GINGRICH: RACE IN THE CONSERVATIVE COUNTER- REVOLUTION, 1963-1994, by Dan T. Carter reviewed by Raymond Arsenault JIMMY CARTER: AMERICAN MORALIST, by Kenneth E. Morris reviewed by Edmund F. Kallina The Florida Architecture of F. Burrall Hoffman Jr., 1882-1980 by DONALD W. CURL VERYONE interested in Florida’s architectural history should E know of Francis Burrall Hoffman Jr. and his connection to Mi- ami’s great villa Vizcaya. Few realize he had a distinguished Florida career spanning over sixty years and designed buildings in several sections of the state. In fact, when the United States entered World War I in 1917, the thirty-five-year-old Hoffman may have been, in terms of cost of commissions, Florida’s most successful domestic ar- chitect. In only eight short years of private practice, Hoffman had designed Vizcaya, the Biscayne Bay mansion, for industrialist James Deering, large oceanfront residences in Palm Beach for Mrs. Fred- erick Guest and her brother Henry Carnegie Phipps (their father had been Andrew Carnegie’s partner), and probably had received the commission for the elaborate music room of Pittsburgh indus- trialist Joseph Riter, which he completed at the war’s end. More- over, Hoffman returned to Florida to design several houses and Our Lady of Mercy Chapel on Boca Grande; a half century later he began to winter on Jupiter Island where he completed his last ma- jor commissions. Hoffman, the son of F. Burrall Hoffman Sr. and Lucy Shattuck Hoffman, was born in New Orleans on March 6, 1882. Both he and his father were named for Frances Amelia Burrall, the great-grand- mother of the younger Burrall Hoffman. Although his father’s firm, Shattuck and Hoffman, did most of its business in the South, the Hoffman family came from a distinguished line of New Yorkers that began with Martin Hermanzen Hoffman who immigrated to America from Sweden in 1657.1 Burrall Hoffman Sr.‘s father had begun the family association with New Orleans during the Civil War where he served as a colo- nel on the staff of General Benjamin Butler. His son said that when he first arrived in the city in the early 1880s a delegation from the Donald Curl is professor and chair of history at Florida Atlantic University. 1. William Wickham Hoffman, Eleven Generations of Hoffmans in New York: Descen- dants of Martin Hoffman, 1657-1957 (New York, 1957) 1-2, 25. [399] 400 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Boston Club, “the best and oldest Club in the city,” called to tell him he had been elected to honorary membership. When he asked why this great honor, a delegate said: “Don’t you know what your fa- ther, Colonel Wickham Hoffman, did for us here? He gathered up all the family silver which had been looted by officers and soldiers and returned it to its owners.” Shattuck and Hoffman, his partner- ship with his brother-in-law, Albert Richardson Shattuck, served as merchants and negotiators of loans on improved farm properties. It also owned a sugar plantation on the Bayou Teche and a cotton plantation on the Mississippi River. Until the turn of the century, the Hoffman family maintained residences on St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans and on East Sixty-second Street in New York City.2 Although the younger Hoffman began his schooling in New Orleans, his parents enrolled him in Georgetown Preparatory in 1893. After a year at Georgetown University, he entered Harvard, his grandfather Wickham Hoffman’s alma mater, in 1899. As a member of a wealthy and socially prominent New York family, Hoff- man easily gained membership in Spee, Hasty Pudding, and the Lampoon. In 1898 his father built a large limestone-fronted town house at 58 East Seventy-ninth Street in New York City. The house was designed by Carrere and Hastings, who, in the decade since completing the Hotel Ponce de Leon in St. Augustine for Henry Morrison Flagler, had become established architects with nearly one hundred commissions including that for the New York Public Library on Fifth Avenue. Hoffman, perhaps inspired by the firm’s work for his family, became interested in an architectural career, and finding that Harvard had no degree program, spent his senior year in the Carrere and Hastings office. From 1903 to 1907 he at- tended the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris and after receiving his di- ploma with honors, returned to the Carrere and Hastings office in 1907.3 Hoffman remained an apprentice architect, working in the Carrere and Hastings drafting rooms for two years.