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Home , Archbishop of Dublin, Louis Cappel, Narcissus Marsh, Petrus Cunaeus, Richard Bentley, William Laud

JUDAEO-CHRISTIAN INTELLECTUAL CULTURE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES

INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS 163

JUDAEO-CHRISTIAN INTELLECTUAL CULTURE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

A Celebration of the Library of (1638-1713)

edited by ALLISON P. COUDERT SARAH HUTTON RICHARD H. POPKIN and

GORDON M. WEINER

Founding Directors: P. Dibont (Paris) and R.H. Popkin (Washington University, St. Louis & UCLA) Director: Sarah Hutton (The University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom) Assistant-Directors: J.E. Force (Lexington); J.e. Laursen (Riverside) Editorial Board: J.F. Battail (Paris); F. Duchesneau (Montreal); A. Gabbey (New York); T. Gregory (Rome); J.D. North (Groningen); MJ. Petry (Rotterdam); J. Popkin (Lexington); G.A.J. Rogers (Keele); Th. Verbeek (Utrecht) Advisory Editorial Board: J. Aubin (Paris); B. Copenhaver (Los Angeles); A. Crombie (Oxford); H. Gadamer (Heidelberg); H. Gouhier (Paris); K. Hanada (Hokkaido University); W. Kirsop (Melbourne); P.O. Kristeller (Columbia University); E. Labrousse (Paris); A. Lossky (Los Angeles); J. Malarczyk (Lublin); 1. Orcibal (Paris); W. Rod (MUnchen); G. Rousseau (Los Angeles); H. Rowen (Rutgers University, N.J.); J.P. Schobinger (ZUrich); J. Tans (Groningen) JUDAEO-CHRISTIAN INTELLECTUAL CULTURE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

ACelebration of the Library of Narcissus Marsh (1638-1713)

edited by ALLISON P. COUDERT Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A. SARAH HUTTON University of Hertfordshire, West Hall Campus, U.K. RICHARD H. POP KIN University of California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. and GORDON M. WEINER Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A. .... SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS" MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-94-010-5956-5 ISBN 978-94-011-4633-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4633-3

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, incIuding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner CONTENTS

Introduction M McCarthy ...... vii 1. Two Treasures of Marsh's Library R. H Popkin ...... 1 2. Queen Christina's Sefer-ha-Raziel Manuscript S. Akerman ...... 13

3. ~:btral~ti~eN~~;~ns:all~~~~~~ .~~~~~.. ~~~ .~ .~~~~. :.~~ .t~~ ...... 27 4. Seventeenth-Century Christian Hebraists: Philosemities or Antisemites? A. P. Coudert ...... 43 5. The Prehistoric English D. S. Katz ...... 71 6. Apocrypha Canon and Criticism from Samuel Fisher to John Toland, 1650-1718 J. A. 1. Champion ...... 91 7. 'Liberating the Bible from Patriarchy:' Poullain de la Barre's Feminist Hermeneutics R. Whelan ...... 119 8. Faith and Reason in the Thought of Moise Amyraut D. M Clarke .. .145 9. Descartes and Immortality D. Berman ...... 161 10. Spinoza and Cartesian ism T. Verbeek ...... 173 11. La Religion Naturelle et Revelee Philosophie et Theologie: Louis Meyer, Spinoza, Regner de Mansvelt J. Lagree ...... 185 12. Stillingfleet, Locke and the G.A.J. Rogers ...... 207 13. 'The Fighting of two Cocks on a dung-hill:' Stillingfleet versus Sergeant B. C. Southgate ...... 225 14. Limborch's Historia Inquisitionis and the Pursuit of Toleration L. Simonutti ...... 237 Index ...... 257 INTRODUCTION

MURIEL MCCARTHY

This volume originated from a seminar organised by Richard H. Popkin in Marsh's Library on July 7-8, 1994. It was one of the most stimulating events held in the Library in recent years. Although we have hosted many special seminars on such subjects as rare books, the , and Irish church history, this was the first time that a seminar was held which was specifically related to the books in our own collection. It seems surprising that this type of seminar has never been held before although the reason is obvious. Since there is no printed catalogue of the Library scholars are not aware of its contents. In fact the collection of books by late seventeenth and early eighteenth century European authors on, for example, such subjects as biblical criticism, political and religious controversy, is one of the richest parts of the Library's collections. Some years ago we were informed that of the 25,000 books in Marsh's at least 5,000 English books or books printed in were printed between 1640 and 1700. While there is no printed catalogue of all the books in Marsh's there are some sectional catalogues which with one exception are now out of print and are only available in special libraries. The first printed catalogue was compiled by J. R. Scott and edited by N. J. D. White: Catalogue of the Manuscripts, published in 1913. 1 N. J. D. White also compiled A Short Catalogue ofEnglish Books . .. Printed before MDCXLI, 1905 2 (this contains a listing of our incunabula) and A Catalogue of Books in the French Language (1918).3 A Catalogue of the Music Books, compiled by Richard Charteris, was published by the Boethius Press in Kilkenny in 1982.

Archbishop Marsh's Library

Marsh's Library, the first public library in Ireland, was founded by Archbishop Narcissus Marsh in 1701.~ Marsh was born in Hannington in Wiltshire in 1638 and educated in Oxford. He was ordained a clergyman in the and became a distinguished scholar and administrator. Marsh was later appointed Principal of St. Alban Hall in Oxford and was subsequently offered the Provostship of Trinity College in

A.P. Coudert, S. Hutton, R.H. Popkin and G.M Weiner (eds): Judaeo-Christian Intellectual Culture in the Seventeenth Century, viii-xviii. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Vll viii Introduction

Dublin. He accepted this position and shortly after his arrival in Trinity College in 1679 he discovered that there was nowhere to go to read or study in . The College Library was only available to the staff and students. Marsh decided to build a public library but he did not get the opportunity to do so until he became nearly twenty years later. The Library, which was designed by Sir William Robinson, is now one of the few eighteenth-century buildings left in Dublin which is still being used for its original purpose. Archbishop Marsh intended that the Library should be used by 'divines and anybody who wanted to spend an hour or two upon any occasion of study'. The original rules for readers also stated that 'all graduates and gentlemen shall have free access to the said Library on the days and hours before determined provided they behave themselves ... give place and pay due respect to their betters'. The interior of the Library with its beautiful dark oak bookcases each with carved and lettered gables, topped by a mitre, and the three elegant wired alcoves or 'cages' where the readers were locked with rare books, remains unchanged since it was built nearly three hundred years ago. It is a magnificent example of a seventeenth century scholars' library. There are four main collections, consisting of 25,000 books relating to the sixteenth, seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth centuries. As one might expect, there is a large collection of liturgical works, missals, breviaries, books of hours of the Sarum use, printed in almost every language, including the four great Polyglot bibles, and a great deal of theology and religious controversy. But these collectors were men of scholarly tastes, and the scope of the subjects is surprisingly wide and varied. There are books on medicine, law, science, travel, navigation, mathematics, music, surveying and classical literature in all the collections. While most of the books in Marsh's are in the possession of other great libraries some of the editions are either unique to the Library or are held by only a few national libraries. Apart from the books there are several distinctive features which set Marsh's apart from similar institutions. One unusual feature is that the interior design of the Library has changed so little that the books remain in the same places with the same shelfmarks where Archbishop Marsh and his first librarian placed them nearly three hundred years ago. This also means that the first manuscript catalogue compiled by the first librarian can still be used. Of the four main collections the most important is the library of

Edward Stillingfleet (1635-1699) who was ofWorcester.5 In 1705 Muriel McCarthy ix

Narcissus Marsh paid £2,500 for this library of nearly 10,000 books. Bishop was one of the most influential divines in the Church of England in the seventeenth century. He acted as spokesman for the Anglican Church during a period of great religious conflict. It was also a period when the Bible and biblical interpretations and translations were being questioned. Stillingfleet was renowned for his controversies with atheists, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and other religious groups. He preached sermons and wrote extensively on these disputes. Stillingfleet's 'noble' library is a great tribute to his scholarship and knowledge of books and it is not surprising to find that he purchased books until a few weeks before his death." Many of the books in Stillingfleet's library bear the signatures of important previous owners. These include Archbishop William Laud, Joseph Scaliger, John Dee, Nicholas Udall (who wrote the first English comedy, Ralph Roister Doister), (Stillingfleet's chaplain), Sir Kenelm Digby and Ben Jonson. One of the most interesting discoveries in recent years is that we have 26 books which previously belonged to one of the heroes of Renaissance classical scholarship, Isaac Casaubon.' Casaubon was a major theologian at the centre of the religious controversies at the courts of Henry IV of France and James I of England. It was James I who requested Isaac Casaubon to reply to Cardinal Baronius's Annales ecclesiastici. The copy of this work in Stillingfleet's collection contains several sheets of manuscript notes made by Casaubon. There are also 77 books which belonged to Casaubon's son, Meric. The second collection in the Library belonged to Elias Bouhereau, a Huguenot refugee who fled from France in 1685 and came to Ireland in 1697." Archbishop Marsh appointed Bouhereau the first librarian in 170l. His books, which he donated to the Library, relate to protestant theology and controversy and also to the protestant Academie of Saumur which he had attended. It is interesting to note that three of the most renowned scholars in the Academie of Saumur, Moise Amyraut, Louis Cappel and Taneguy Le Fe:vre, were Boubereau's teachers. A prize book given to Boubereau when he was in the Academie has been signed by Amyraut and Le Fevre. Boubereau's library represents a typical scholar's library of the seventeenth century. Religious controversy, history, politics, science, medicine and many of the classical authors are well represented. There are also a considerable number of books relating to the French protestants and the Edict of Nantes. Jean-Paul Pittion, when commenting on Boubereau's x Introduction library said that 'it constitutes a unique source of information for the study of in seventeenth century France'.9 In 1981 Roger Nicole from the Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in America informed us that 'the world's most extensive collection of Amyraut's works is to be found in Marsh's Library' .10 Bouhereau's library also represents his interest in modem medicine and intellectual developments in seventeenth century France. This can be seen in his purchase of the first issue and later issues of the Journal des S~avans, his medical prescriptions, and the latest publications on medicine and related subjects. Bouhereau's only publication was a translation from Greek into French of a work by Origen, Traite d'Origene contre Celse, which was published in Amsterdam in 1700. It was mentioned by such notable French scholars as Bayle and Le Clerc. The third collection consists of Marsh's own books, which he left to his Library at his death. The fourth major collection consists of the books of Bishop Stearne of Clogher (the only Irish collector). Stearne bequeathed his books to Marsh's when he died in 1745. These four great scholarly collections represent some of the finest books produced m Europe in the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries.

The Oriental Collection

Marsh's interest in languages began in Oxford where he studied oriental languages and rabbinical and medieval writers. He was part of a learned circle that specialised in oriental studies in Oxford. The members of this group exchanged gifts with each other and an example of this can be seen in a charming inscription to Marsh by a member of the Buxtorffamily in a Hebrew Bible printed in Venice in 1615. The librarian of the also gave handsome gifts to Marsh, including Edward Pocock's Arabic version of 's De veritate religion is christianae (1660). It is interesting to note the extent and provenance of Marsh's original oriental collection, which contained both printed books and manuscripts. He donated all his oriental manuscripts, consisting of over 700 items, to the Bodleian Library.1I The choicest of these superb manuscripts were purchased for Marsh at the auction in Holland of Jacob Golius famous collection in 1696.'2 Marsh also purchased manuscripts and printed books from the widow of the Dublin orientalist, . 13 We know from his correspondence that he purchased Hebrew books from a Mr Aron Moses and that Frances Guise, the widow of the Oxford Muriel McCarthy xi orientalist William Guise, presented him with books when he was and Leighlin in 1690. " Until recently the only information we had on the use and importance of Marsh's collection came from two sources. The first was in Professor George Stokes's Some Worthies of the Irish Church (London, 1900). Stokes included' An account of Archbishop Marsh and his library', and a brief description of some of the liturgical and oriental books. The second reference was given by Louis Hyman in his book The Jews in Ireland (London/Jerusalem, 1972). Hyman said that 'in the presence of Rev. Dr Thomas Sheridan ... the Rev. John Alexander and other Hebrew scholars (they) held a disputation in the public library of St. Sepulchre's in May 1733'. (Marsh's Library was originally called the Library of St. Sepulchre.) In 1994 Professor Popkin told us that when an Israeli scholar studied a microfilm of our oriental collection he said that it was the biggest list of Latin Judaica he had ever seen or heard of. Because of this new information it may be useful to give some details of the oriental books in our collections.

Biblical and Henrew Books

There are superb Bibles, Mishnas, Targums, , oriental grammars, dictionaries, lexicons, and some poetry in the collections. Many of the Hebrew books were printed by the famous Daniel Bomberg in Venice and the well known Jewish printers in Amsterdam. The Jewish writers include Moses Kimchi, David Kimchi, Moses ben Nachman, Moses ben Jacob Kimchi, Menasseh ben Israel, Elias Levitica, Ben Naphtali Issachar, David ben Isaac de Pomis and Levi ben Gershon. writers such as Guillaume Postel, , and Gilbert Genebrard made fine contributions to Hebrew studies and they are also represented in the collections. A copy of Edml!nd Castell's Lexicon heptagiotton (London, 1669) was given to Marsh by Frances Guise when he was Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin in 1690. This enormous work contains Persian and Arabic sections and is a great tribute to Castell's learning and knowledge of Semitic languages. The writings of the well-known professor of theology at the University of Leiden, Johannes Coccejus, are well represented, including his Tituli duo Thalmudici Sanhedrin et Maccoth (Amsterdam, 1629). Another professor at Leiden, Petrus Cunaeus, wrote a study of the government of ancient Israel entitled De republica Hebraeorum (Leiden, 1632), which was collected by Archbishop Marsh, and a later edition by Xli Introduction

Bouhereau. Most of the books on rabbinical and medieval Hebrew written by the Elder, who was professor of Hebrew in the University of Basle, are also here. Buxtorfs first description of Jewish practices and beliefs in his Synagoga Iudaica (Hanover, 1622) is in Bouhereau's collection and Stillingfleet had the translation by David Le Clerc (Basle, 1641). 's editing of Critici Sacri was a milestone in the technical methodology in biblical interpretation and copies of his work are in Stillingfleet's and Stearne's collections. There are three copies of one of the greatest books in Jewish philosophy, Doctor perplexorum (Guide of the Perplexed), by Moses . The earliest is in the Stillingfleet Collection and was printed in Sabionetta in 1553. Sebastian MUnster was another professor of Hebrew at the University of Basle. MUnster wrote Hebrew grammars and dictionaries which were very popular with Marsh and Bouhereau. His KalendariD Hebraicum (Basle, 1527) is in Bouhereau's collection and Marsh had a copy of his Praecepta Mosaica (Basle, 1533) and Cosmographiae universalis (Basle, 1634). The curator of Hebrew books in the Vatican library, Julius Bartoloccius, wrote a description of Hebrew books and their authors, which is in Stillingfleet's collection. This book, entitled Bibliotheca magna Rabbinica de scriptoribus & scriptis Hebraicis. was printed in Rome in three volumes between 1675 and 1683 and is still regarded as a valuable reference book. Conrad Gesner's Bibliotheca instituta et collecta (Zurich, 1583) was one of the first attempts to complete a bibliography of all printed books which included Jewish authors. There are two copies in Stillingfleefs collection and a copy in Bouhereau's collection. Since it would be impossible to mention the books in all the collections I have selected some authors who might be of special interest to scholars. They are as follows: Leon of Modena, Johannes Leusden, John Lightfoot, Philip Van Limborch, Philippe du Plessis Momay, , John Spencer, , Brian Walton, Wilhelm Schickhard and the professor of church history at the Franeker Academy in The Netherlands, Campegius Vitringa, the Elder. The latter's De synagoga vetere (Franeker, 1696), which contains an account of the ancient synagogue, is in Marsh's collection, and Bishop Stillingfleet had a copy of de Voisin's Theologia Iudaeorum (Paris, 1647). De Voisin's book was an examination of the doctrine of God and his attributes in rabbinical thought. Finally, a work in Hebrew by Immanuel ben Solomon of Rome, Sepher ham-Mahbaroth, was printed in Brescia in 1491 by Gerson ben Muriel McCarthy xiii

Moses of Soncino. It is interesting that this book, which belonged to Archbishop Marsh, was regarded by him over three hundred years ago as particularly valuable; the Archbishop inscribed the words 'Liber rarissimus' on the title-page. The printer of this book was described by S. H. Steinberg as 'the greatest Jewish printer the world has ever known'.IS

Arabic Books and Books in Lesser Eastern Languages

Although most of the books in Arabic and in the lesser eastern languages are devoted to religious subjects, Marsh and Stillingfleet also collected books which reflect their wider interests in mathematics and astronomy. In addition to these subjects there is also a fine collection of grammars, dictionaries and lexicons. Important religious works collected by Marsh include an edition of the Koran in Arabic, edited by A. Hinckelmannus (Hamburg, 1694), and an Arabic version of the Pentateuch (Leiden, 1622). He also collected John Selden's version of the History of the Church of Alexandria by Patriarch Eutychius (London, 1642) and a copy of Mikhfi'iJ al-Fabfiri al-Ifranji, Kitiib yastamil 'a/Q ajwibat ahl-Kanisah al-muqaddisah al-rusuliyah ii• I'tirlidiit al-muslimin wal-yahud wal-Hariitiqah didd al-Qiithuliqin, printed in Rome in 1680. The celebrated Dutch scholar, Thomas Erpenius, was professor of Hebrew and eastern languages in the University of Leiden. He was also a director of a printing press that published books in Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic. An edition of his Historia Josephi patriarchae ex Alcorano, A rab ice, printed in Leiden in 1617, is in Marsh's collection. (A in Greek, Syriac and Latin printed by H. Stephan us in Paris in 1569, which originally belonged to Thomas Erpenius, also belonged to Marsh.) Apart from his religious publications Erpenius also wrote and edited Arabic and Syriac grammars, which Marsh and Stillingfleet collected. Edward Pocock (the Elder), professor of Hebrew in Oxford, published some remarkable books which were of great interest to Marsh and Stillingfleet. Stillingfleet collected Pocock's edition of Gregory (Abu al Faraj), called Bar Hebraeus, Specimen historiae Arabum (Oxon, 1650) and Historia orientalis (Oxon, 1672), and they both had copies of Pocock's elegant version of Husain ibn 'Ali, called AI-Tughra'i Lamiato 'I Ajam, carmen Tograi (Oxon, 1661). They also collected the writings of Christophorus Crinesius, the German divine who taught oriental languages in Wittenberg and became professor of divinity at Altdorff. Both had xiv Introduction copies of his Gymnasium Syriacum (Wittebergre, 1611) and Stillingfleet had a copy of his Lingua Samaritica (Altdorphii [1628]). While Marsh seems to have had the ability to master and to collect books in eastern languages it would be interesting to know if he was able to understand a fascinating illustrated liturgy which originally belonged to Dudley Loftus. This is part missal and is in the Ge'ez language, an old liturgical form of Amharinya used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. It was printed in Leiden [1660?]. Another oriental language which interested Marsh was Persian. He acquired historical works and grammars written in Latin and Persian by Ludovicus de Dieu (the Elder), a Dutch protestant minister and expert on oriental languages who was a professor in the Walloon College in Leiden. Marsh acquired many other books in Persian, including a handsome edition of Gazophylacium linguae Persarum by Angelus [Joseph Labrosse], published in Amsterdam in 1684 and another book in Latin and Persian which appears to be an unfinished publication. This is a copy of the Gospel of St. Matthew entitled Quatuor evangelia, which is dated 1652 with no place of publication. An interesting book with a Latin annotation by Marsh stating that it is a Turkish catechism translated by William Seaman in 1666 is difficult to identify. Marsh also noted that it contained some additional religious material in Arabic. But this catechism may have been written by the English puritan divine, John Ball, and it could also be in Arabic with some Turkish words added. A very beautiful edition of another liturgical work, Virtute et ope trinitatis sanctissimae . . . officia sanctorum juxta ritum eccles ire Maronitarum, Syriac (Rome, 1666) and two copies of what appear to be a Maronite Horae, printed in Rome by Dominici Basae in 1584, are in Marsh's collection. An IIIyrian Breviary entitled Breviarium Romanum Slavonico idiomate iussu S. D. N Innocentii P.P.x editum [Edited by R. Levakovic and M. Terlecki, Bishop of Che\m.] (Rome, 1648) is also in his collection.

Books in the Armenian Language

There are six books in the Armenian language in Marsh's collection: four of these have only been partly identified. The first librarian, Dr Bouhereau, entered three of them simply as 'Liber Lingua Armena'. The first appears to be a poem by Nerses Claiensis[?] 'De historia creationis'. The second is possibly a missal by G. Molino [1636]. The third book has been identified Muriel McCarthy xv as an Armenian treatise, 'Particular ceremonies which are generally practised among Mahometans, Jews etc'. by Febourean Mikhayle. It was printed in Rome in 1681. The fourth is 'A book of countries and stories' printed in Amsterdam in 1669. The fifth book is Petro Paulo's Doctrina christiana, versa linguam armenam (Latin & Armenian) which was printed in Paris in 1634, and the sixth is Francisco Rivola's Dictionarium Armeno-Latinum Evangelie (Paris, 1633).

Russian Books

One of the most exciting events in recent years was the discovery by J. S. G. Simmons of six early printed Russian books in Marsh's collection. 16 Four of these books probably exist nowhere outside Russia. Three of the books were printed by the first Russian printer, Ivan Fedorov. They consist of an Apostol (Liturgical epistles) (1564), an Evangelie uchitel 'noe (Liturgical gospels) (Belorussia, 1569), a Psalter and New Testament (Ostrog, 1580), a Bukvar, or elementary instruction book for children (Kuteino, Belorussia, 1653), and we also have a Pouchenie 0 morovom yazve written by the Patriarch Nikon and printed in Moscow in 1656. Two copies of a devotional work on the sacraments, 0 sakramentakh, printed at the Monastery ofthe Caves in Kiev in 1657, are also here.

Astronomy and Mathematics

In his diary and correspondence Marsh regularly mentions his interest in astronomy and mathematics. In one long and fascinating letter, dated April 1681, he gave a detailed account of a comet which he observed in Dublin, and in his diary he mentions how he often solved 'knotty problems in algebra'. A book in his collection which would have helped him to solve just such 'knotty' mathematical problems is Euclid's Elementorum geometricorum ex traditione Nasiri Dini Tusini, which was printed in Rome in 1594. This book was printed in the Typographia Medicea in superb Arabic letters which were probably cut by the famous French typecutter Robert Granjon. 17 For his astronomical collection Marsh seems to have been particularly interested in the writings of Ulugh Beg, the grandson of Tamerlane and founder of the observatory at Samarkand. He acquired two important works by him, which were edited or published by , the Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford. They are: Binae tabulae geographicae una Nassir Eddini Persae altera Ulug Beigi Tatari (London, xvi Introduction

1648) and Epocht£ celebriores astronomis (London, 1650). Another friend of Marsh's in Oxford, whom we have already mentioned, was . Hyde was the librarian of the Bodleian Library and was, like Marsh, interested in astronomy and eastern languages. Marsh purchased a copy of Hyde's edition of Ulugh Beg's catalogue of the stars, Sive tabulae longitudinis ac Latitudinis stellarum fixarum (Oxford, 1665). Although the majority of Stillingfleet's books on astronomy are in Latin, he did have a copy of Alfraganus's Elementa , Arab. Lat. cum notis J. Golii (Arnst. 1669) and an earlier edition with a commentary by J. Christomannus (Frankfurt, 1590).

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It has been said that Marsh's is an intellectual fossil, a collection of books frozen in time, which remain in the same place and on the same shelves where they were placed by the scholars who collected them. To study and examine the books in Marsh's is to explore a microcosm of Europe's great cultural heritage. A study of these books would make an exciting project for scholars interested in original seventeenth century collections. We are grateful to Constance Blackwell and the Foundation for Intellectual History for generously funding the event and to Gordon M. Weiner and Allison P. Coudert for hosting the conference dinner. Thanks are also due to Gordon M. Weiner for his sterling work in typesetting the volume. We express our gratitude to Richard and Julie Popkin for all their encouragement. We are deeply grateful to the President of Ireland, Mary Robinson, for the reception given to the delegates at her residence, Aras an Uachtaniin.

Muriel McCarthy Marsh's Library Dublin, Ireland Muriel McCarthy xvii

I J. R. Scott, compiler & N. J. D. White, ed., Catalogue of the Manuscripts Remaining in Marsh's Library, Dublin (Dublin, [1913]). 2 N. 1. D. White, A Short Catalogue of English Books in Archbishop Marsh's Library Dublin, printed before MDCXLI (Bibliographical Society, 1905). This contains a supplement listing incunabula separately taken from TK Abbot's Catalogue of Fifteenth Century Books in Trinity College, Dublin (Dublin, 1905). 3 N.1. D. White, Compiler, A Catalogue of Books in the French Language, Printed in or before A.D.1715 (Dublin, 1918). 4 For details on Marsh and his library see Muriel McCarthy, All Graduates and Gentlemen: Marsh's Library (Dublin, 1980). 5 Dictionary of National Biography; R. T. Carroll, The Common-sense Philosophy of Bishop Edward StiJlingfieet 1635-99 (The Hague, 1975). Cf. Sarah Hutton, 'Science, philosophy, and atheism: Edward Stillingfleet's defence of religion', In Scepticism and Irreligion in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, eds. R. H. Popkin and A. Vanderjagt (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993). 6 See Stillingfleet, Edward, Works; with his Life and Character [by R. Bentley), 6 vols (London, 1709-10), vol. I, p. 41. 7 T. A. Birrell, 'The Reconstruction of the Library of Isaac Casaubon', In Hellinga (Amsterdam, 1980). 8 N. J. D. White, Four Good Men (Dublin, 1927), 'Elias Bouhereau of La Rochelle'. 9 See J. P. Pittion, 'Notes for a Saumur Bibliography', Long Room 2 (Spring 1971): 9-22. 10 Roger Nicole, Moyse Amyraut. A Bibliography (New York, 1981). Contains a note on upper endpapers on the Amyraut collection. II See Muriel McCarthy, p. 47. 12 See typewritten copy (in Marsh's Library) of the Diary of Archbishop Marsh (1690-96), p.71: 'I returned £220-00 to Dr of Oxford, who takes a journey into Holland Friday the 18 on purpose therewith to purchase for my use the choicest of Jacobus Golius his oriental manuscripts ... '. 13 See Muriel McCarthy, p. 47. 14 Marsh's correspondence in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Smith 52 (15,659), Extracts Letters to Dr Smith from Narcissus Marsh 1679-1709. See also Richard Mant, History of the Church ofIreland, 2 vols (London, 1841-40): see Marsh's letters in vol. I. 15 See S. H. Steinberg, Five Hundred Years of Printing, 3rd ed (Harmondsworth, 1974), p. 114. 16 J. S. G. Simmons 'Early-printed Cyrillic books in Archbishop Marsh's Library, Dublin', The Irish Book II (Spring 1963): 37-42. 17 See A. F. Johnson, The Italian Sixteenth Century (London, 1926), pp. 6-7. Catalogues & Dictionaries Consulted: : General Catalogue of Printed Books. Photolithographic edition to 1955 (London, 1965). H. M. Adams, Catalogue of Books Printed on the Continent of Europe 1501-1600 in Libraries (Cambridge, 1967). A. W. Pollard & G. R. Redgrave, Short-title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland and Ireland . .. 1475-1640 (New York, 1972). D. Wing, Short-title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British America 1641-1700 (New York, 1982). A. Chalmers, The General Biographical Dictionary (London, 1812-17). Encyclopaedia Britannica (Edinburgh, 1875-89). A. M. Hyamson, A Dictionary of Universal Biography (London, 1951). D. Patrick & F. H. Groome, eds, Chambers Biographical Dictionary (London, 1897). L. Stephen & L. Sidney, eds, Dictionary ofNational Biography (London, 1885-1901).