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War Remains Contributors War Remains War Contributors Åsa Bergström is a PhD student in Film Studies at the Centre for Languages and Literature at Lund hat remains after war? In the World War University, Sweden. era more than 120 million people died an untimely or violent death. The horrify- Marie Cronqvist is a Reader in Wing experience of mass death lingered on in cultural History and Senior Lecturer in narratives for years. The cultural output repeated, re- Journalism and Media History at the inforced, or renegotiated people’s beliefs about war Department of Communication and Media at Lund University, Sweden. and suffering, turning trauma into something that could be situated within the conventions of public Sara Kärrholm is a Reader in display. Comparative Literature and Senior Lecturer in Publishing Studies at the In War Remains an interdisciplinary group of resear- Department of Arts and Cultural chers offer an innovative approach, insisting on the Science at Lund University, Sweden. importance of media forms for remembering and Sofi Qvarnström is a Senior Lecturer sensing war. They also point out how the conflicts of (eds.) Lina& Sturfelt Cronqvist Marie in Rhetoric at the Department of the past are indeed conflicts of the present: the impact Communication and Media at Lund of the world war era is resounding in the mediation of University, Sweden. contemporary conflicts. Laura Saarenmaa is a Reader in Media and Communication Studies The authors present analyses of different media such and researcher in media history at the as literary fiction, newspapers, radio, film, comic University of Tampere, Finland and books, and weekly magazines between the 1910s and Lund University, Sweden. Cover design: the 1970s. They apply perspectives from history, human Carmen Robertson Salas / rights studies, media history, journalism, film studies, Kristin Skoog is a Senior Lecturer in Fugazi form comparative literature, publishing studies, and rheto- Media History at the Faculty of Media and Communication at Bournemouth ric – all arguing for a media history of war remains. Cover photo: University, UK. Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945): The Widow I (Die Witwe I), plate 4 Digitale (1) from Lina Sturfelt is a Senior Lecturer in War (Krieg) 1921–22 (published 1923). Human Rights at the Department of War Remains History at Lund University, Sweden. New York, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). © 2018. Digital image, The www.nordicacademicpress.com Mediations of Suffering and Death Museum of Modern Art, New York/Scala, Florence. in the Era of the World Wars ISBN 978-91-88168-81-8 Nordic Academic Press PO. Box 148 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Marie Cronqvist & Lina Sturfelt (eds.) 9 789188 168818 www.nordicacademicpress.com NA PRESS NORDIC ACADEMIC PRESS war remains War Remains Mediations of Suffering and Death in the Era of the World Wars Edited by Marie Cronqvist & Lina Sturfelt WarRiksäpplet Remains MediationsArkeologiska of Suffering perspektiv and på ettDeath in thebortglömt Era of the regalskepp World Wars Niklas Eriksson Edited by Marie Cronqvist & Lina Sturfelt checkpoint Nordic Academic Press P.O. Box 148 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden www.nordicacademicpress.com For enquiries concerning printing/copying this work for commercial or extended use please contact the publisher. © Nordic Academic Press and the Authors 2018 This volume is an edition from Nordic Academic Press Checkpoint – a series dedicated to peer-reviewed books. It is also published within the framework of Kriterium, a quality hallmark for Swedish academic books. All Kriterium publications undergo peer review according to set guidelines, and are available as open access publications at www.kriterium.se Typesetting: Frederic Täckström, Sweden Cover design: Carmen Robertson Salas/Fugazi form Cover photo: Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945): The Widow I (Die Witwe I), plate 4 Digitale (1) from War (Krieg) 1921–22 (published 1923). New York, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Woodcut from a portfolio of seven woodcuts and one woodcut cover, composition (irreg.): 14 5/8 x 9 5/16″ (37.2 x 23.6 cm); sheet (irreg.): 26 x 18 3/4″ (66 x 47.7 cm). Gift of the Arnhold Family in memory of Sigrid Edwards. Acc. n.: 470.1992.4 © 2018. Digital image, The Museum of Modern Art, New York/Scala, Florence. Print: ScandBook, Falun, Sweden 2018 ISBN 978-91-87675-81-8 (print) ISBN 978-91-88661-01-2 (epdf) ISSN 2002-2131 Kriterium (Online) DOI 10.21525/Kriterium.9 Content Nordic Academic Press P.O. Box 148 Acknowledgements 7 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden 1. Introduction 9 www.nordicacademicpress.com Marie Cronqvist & Lina Sturfelt 2. Regarding the pain of mothers 29 Sofi Qvarnström 3. Visualizing war victims 53 For enquiries concerning printing/copying this work Lina Sturfelt for commercial or extended use please contact the publisher. 4. A sensory experience 87 Kristin Skoog © Nordic Academic Press and the Authors 2018 5. A means to an end 111 Åsa Bergström This volume is an edition from Nordic Academic Press Checkpoint – a series dedicated 6. Journalism after mass death 137 to peer-reviewed books. It is also published within the framework of Kriterium, a quality hallmark for Swedish academic books. All Kriterium publications undergo peer review Marie Cronqvist according to set guidelines, and are available as open access publications at www.kriterium.se 7. Framing the waste of war 157 Sara Kärrholm Typesetting: Frederic Täckström, Sweden Cover design: Carmen Robertson Salas/Fugazi form 8. Circulating Nazi imagery 189 Cover photo: Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945): The Widow I (Die Witwe I), plate 4 Digitale (1) Laura Saarenmaa from War (Krieg) 1921–22 (published 1923). New York, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Woodcut from a portfolio of seven woodcuts and one woodcut cover, composition (irreg.): 9. Postscript 215 14 5/8 x 9 5/16″ (37.2 x 23.6 cm); sheet (irreg.): 26 x 18 3/4″ (66 x 47.7 cm). Gift of the Marie Cronqvist & Lina Sturfelt Arnhold Family in memory of Sigrid Edwards. Acc. n.: 470.1992.4 © 2018. Digital image, The Museum of Modern Art, New York/Scala, Florence. About the authors 219 Print: ScandBook, Falun, Sweden 2018 ISBN 978-91-87675-81-8 (print) ISBN 978-91-88661-01-2 (epdf) ISSN 2002-2131 Kriterium (Online) DOI 10.21525/Kriterium.9 Acknowledgements This book grew out of an interdisciplinary research network based at Lund University. For financial support we are most grateful to Erik Philip-Sörensens stiftelse for providing us the means to explore our topic through a series of workshops. The printing of the book was made possible by generous grants from Kungliga Patriotiska Säll- skapet, Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf VI Adolfs fond för svensk kultur, Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne, Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Byggmästare and Åke Wibergs Stiftelse. We are also grateful to our excellent pub- lisher Annika Olsson and editor Carmen Robertson Salas at Nordic Academic Press and to copy editor Charlotte Merton. In addition, we would like to thank Lena Halldenius and Johan Östling who have in different ways assisted us by supporting and commenting on parts of the manuscript. Our gratitude also goes to the board of Kriterium, our academic co-ordinator Stuart Burch and to the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable input, which greatly improved the quality of each chapter as well as the overall framework and argument. The Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology at Lund University kindly covered the costs for the Kriterium review process through Stiftelsen Roy och Maj Franzéns fond. Finally, the editors would like to thank all authors for their hard work, enthusiasm and patience when final- izing this book. Marie Cronqvist & Lina Sturfelt 7 Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945): The Widow I (Die Witwe I), plate 4 Digitale (1) from War (Krieg) 1921–22 (published 1923). New York, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). © 2018. Digital image, The Museum of Modern Art, New York/Scala, Florence. chapter 1 Introduction A media history of war remains Marie Cronqvist & Lina Sturfelt Once there was a shock that left behind a long, shimmering comet tail. It keeps us inside. It makes the TV pictures snowy. It settles in cold drops on the telephone wires. Tomas Tranströmer, ‘After a death’ (1966)1 What remains with us after somebody’s death? In a poem from 1966, the Swedish poet and future Nobel laureate Tomas Tranströmer reflected on the ‘long, shimmering comet tail’ that the shock leaves behind, and which ‘keeps us inside’. Death has a comet tail, a tenden- cy to remain with us, sometimes for a very long time. Tranströmer also uses references to different media—the television, the telephone wire—to enforce the image of how communication is somehow bro- ken or challenged. To communicate the meaning of death is not only a complex and challenging enterprise, it is also largely dependent on the materialities of media. This book is about the mediations and sense-making narratives of war deaths and suffering. In the first half of the twentieth century, more than 120 million people died an untimely or violent death—on the battlefield, in concentration camps, through fierce air strikes, or as casualties of the many severe epidemics and hardships that followed on the heels of war. The experiences and narratives of war that flowed through the different media of the time were often focused on the emotional, the personal, the everyday, and the subjective. War, shock, and trauma also lived on in the stories, sometimes to a remarkable 9 war remains extent, once the years of conflict were replaced by peace and prosperity. The displaced remains of bodies and the reminiscences of personal or collective suffering lingered on as sad mementos in the culture of the everyday. They settled ‘in cold drops on the telephone wires’. The experience of twentieth-century warfare not only flowed through different media of the time, however.
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