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The Strength of Social Norms Across Human Groups
PPSXXX10.1177/1745691617708631Gelfand et al.Strength of Social Norms 708631research-article2017 Perspectives on Psychological Science 2017, Vol. 12(5) 800 –809 The Strength of Social Norms Across © The Author(s) 2017 Reprints and permissions: Human Groups sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617708631 10.1177/1745691617708631 www.psychologicalscience.org/PPS Michele J. Gelfand1, Jesse R. Harrington1, and Joshua Conrad Jackson2 1University of Maryland and 2University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Abstract Social norms are a defining feature of human psychology, yet our understanding of them is still underdeveloped. In this article, we present our own cross-cultural research program on tightness-looseness (TL)—which draws on field, experimental, computational, and neuroscience methods—to illustrate how going beyond Western borders is critical for understanding social norms’ functions and their multilevel consequences. Cross-cultural research enables us to account for the universal features of norm psychology but also explains the great cultural diversity we see in social norms around the globe. Keywords culture, diversity, neuroscience, individual differences, environment Imagine a world where everyone drives on both sides around town, to having conversations, to running an of the road. There are stoplights but no one pays atten- organization turn into an uncoordinated mess. tion to them. Trains, buses, and airplanes don’t operate Perhaps because of their important role in human with any fixed schedule. In conversations, people don’t behavior, social norms have been a central topic of greet each other, interrupt each other frequently, and study in psychology. The earliest studies of normative invade each other’s space. -
The Influence of Real Human Personality on Social Presence With
International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments (2016) D. Reiners, D. Iwai, and F. Steinicke (Editors) The Influence of Real Human Personality on Social Presence with a Virtual Human in Augmented Reality Kangsoo Kim1 Gerd Bruder1 Divine Maloney2 Greg Welch1 1The University of Central Florida 2Sewanee: The University of the South Figure 1: Participant interacting with a virtual human in our experimental augmented reality environment. (A) The participant wears an optical see-through head-mounted display and sees the virtual human in either of two experimental conditions: (B) in the “Ignoring/Inconsistency” behavior condition, the virtual human passes through the physical chair (no occlusion) and does not ask for help from the participant, and (C) in the “Requesting/Consistency” behavior condition, the virtual human is naturally occluded by the physical objects and proactively asks help from the participant, to move the physical chair out of the way. Abstract Human responses to an interaction with a Virtual Human (VH) can be influenced by both external factors such as technology- related limitations, and internal factors such as individual differences in personality. While the impacts of external factors have been studied widely, and are typically controlled for in application scenarios, less attention has been devoted to the impacts of internal factors. We present the results of a human-subject experiment where we investigated a particular internal factor: the effects of extraversion–introversion traits of participants on the sense of social presence with a VH in an Augmented Reality (AR) setting. Our results indicate a positive association between a condition where the VH proactively requests help from the participant, and participants indicating higher social presence with the VH, regardless of their personality. -
Reflections on Social Norms and Human Rights
The Psychology of Social Norms and the Promotion of Human Rights Deborah A. Prentice Princeton University Chapter to appear in R. Goodman, D. Jinks, & A. K. Woods (Eds.), Understanding social action, promoting human rights. New York: Oxford University Press. This chapter was written while I was Visiting Faculty in the School of Social Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ. I would like to thank Jeremy Adelman, JoAnne Gowa, Bob Keohane, Eric Maskin, Dale Miller, Catherine Ross, Teemu Ruskola, Rick Shweder, and Eric Weitz for helpful discussions and comments on earlier drafts of the chapter. Please direct correspondence to: Deborah Prentice Department of Psychology Princeton University Green Hall Princeton, NJ 08540 [email protected] 1 Promoting human rights means changing behavior: Changing the behavior of governments that mistreat suspected criminals, opponents of their policies, supporters of their political rivals, and members of particular gender, ethnic, or religious groups; changing the behavior of corporations that mistreat their workers, damage the environment, and produce unsafe products; and changing the behavior of citizens who mistreat their spouses, children, and neighbors. In this chapter, I consider what an understanding of how social norms function psychologically has to contribute to this very worthy project. Social norms have proven to be an effective mechanism for changing health-related and environmental behaviors, so there is good reason to think that they might be helpful in the human-rights domain as well. In the social sciences, social norms are defined as socially shared and enforced attitudes specifying what to do and what not to do in a given situation (see Elster, 1990; Sunstein, 1997). -
Identification and Prediction of Human Behavior Through Mining Of
S S symmetry Review Identification and Prediction of Human Behavior through Mining of Unstructured Textual Data Mohammad Reza Davahli 1,*, Waldemar Karwowski 1 , Edgar Gutierrez 1,2 , Krzysztof Fiok 1 , Grzegorz Wróbel 3, Redha Taiar 4 and Tareq Ahram 1 1 Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; [email protected] (W.K.); [email protected] (E.G.); fi[email protected] (K.F.); [email protected] (T.A.) 2 Center for Latin-American Logistics Innovation, LOGyCA, Bogota 110111, Colombia 3 Department of Logistics and Process Engineering, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland; [email protected] 4 Sport Science Department, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 19 November 2020 Abstract: The identification of human behavior can provide useful information across multiple job spectra. Recent advances in applying data-based approaches to social sciences have increased the feasibility of modeling human behavior. In particular, studying human behavior by analyzing unstructured textual data has recently received considerable attention because of the abundance of textual data. The main objective of the present study was to discuss the primary methods for identifying and predicting human behavior through the mining of unstructured textual data. Of the 823 articles analyzed, 87 met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the literature review. Our results show that the included articles could be symmetrically classified into two groups. The first group of articles attempted to identify the leading indicators of human behavior in unstructured textual data. -
Outline of Science
Outline of science The following outline is provided as a topical overview of • Empirical method – science: • Experimental method – The steps involved in order Science – systematic effort of acquiring knowledge— to produce a reliable and logical conclusion include: through observation and experimentation coupled with logic and reasoning to find out what can be proved or 1. Asking a question about a natural phenomenon not proved—and the knowledge thus acquired. The word 2. Making observations of the phenomenon “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia” mean- 3. Forming a hypothesis – proposed explanation ing knowledge. A practitioner of science is called a for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a "scientist". Modern science respects objective logical rea- scientific hypothesis, the scientific method re- soning, and follows a set of core procedures or rules in or- quires that one can test it. Scientists generally der to determine the nature and underlying natural laws of base scientific hypotheses on previous obser- the universe and everything in it. Some scientists do not vations that cannot satisfactorily be explained know of the rules themselves, but follow them through with the available scientific theories. research policies. These procedures are known as the 4. Predicting a logical consequence of the hy- scientific method. pothesis 5. Testing the hypothesis through an experiment – methodical procedure carried out with the 1 Essence of science goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. The 3 types of -
Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norm Internalization Sergey Gavriletsa,B,C,1 and Peter J
Collective action and the evolution of social norm internalization Sergey Gavriletsa,b,c,1 and Peter J. Richersond aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; bDepartment of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; cNational Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and dDepartment of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Edited by Simon A. Levin, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved May 4, 2017 (received for review March 7, 2017) Human behavior is strongly affected by culturally transmitted processing, and decision making (11) and the costs of monitor- norms and values. Certain norms are internalized (i.e., acting ing, punishments, or conditional rewards that would otherwise be according to a norm becomes an end in itself rather than merely necessary to ensure cooperation (9, 14). Internalization of norms a tool in achieving certain goals or avoiding social sanctions). allows individuals and groups to adjust their utility functions Humans’ capacity to internalize norms likely evolved in our ances- in situations with a rapidly changing environment when genetic tors to simplify solving certain challenges—including social ones. mechanisms would be too slow to react (9). A society’s values are Here we study theoretically the evolutionary origins of the capac- transmitted through the internalization of norms (15), with some ity to internalize norms. In our models, individuals can choose societies being more successful than others due to their norms to participate in collective actions as well as punish free rid- and institutions (16). The presence of both costs and benefits of ers. -
Psycholinguistics
11/09/2013 Psycholinguistics What do these activities have in common? What kind of process is involved in producing and understanding language? 1 11/09/2013 Questions • What is psycholinguistics? • What are the main topics of psycholinguistics? 9.1 Introduction • * Psycholinguistics is the study of the language processing mechanisms. Psycholinguistics deals with the mental processes a person uses in producing and understanding language. It is concerned with the relationship between language and the human mind, for example, how word, sentence, and discourse meaning are represented and computed in the mind. 2 11/09/2013 9.1 Introduction * As the name suggests, it is a subject which links psychology and linguistics. • Psycholinguistics is interdisciplinary in nature and is studied by people in a variety of fields, such as psychology, cognitive science, and linguistics. It is an area of study which draws insights from linguistics and psychology and focuses upon the comprehension and production of language. • The scope of psycholinguistics • The common aim of psycholinguists is to find out the structures and processes which underline a human’s ability to speak and understand language. • Psycholinguists are not necessarily interested in language interaction between people. They are trying above all to probe into what is happening within the individual. 3 11/09/2013 The scope of psycholinguistics • At its heart, psycholinguistic work consists of two questions. – What knowledge of language is needed for us to use language? – What processes are involved in the use of language? The “knowledge” question • Four broad areas of language knowledge: Semantics deals with the meanings of sentences and words. -
Psychology, Meaning Making and the Study of Worldviews: Beyond Religion and Non-Religion
Psychology, Meaning Making and the Study of Worldviews: Beyond Religion and Non-Religion Ann Taves, University of California, Santa Barbara Egil Asprem, Stockholm University Elliott Ihm, University of California, Santa Barbara Abstract: To get beyond the solely negative identities signaled by atheism and agnosticism, we have to conceptualize an object of study that includes religions and non-religions. We advocate a shift from “religions” to “worldviews” and define worldviews in terms of the human ability to ask and reflect on “big questions” ([BQs], e.g., what exists? how should we live?). From a worldviews perspective, atheism, agnosticism, and theism are competing claims about one feature of reality and can be combined with various answers to the BQs to generate a wide range of worldviews. To lay a foundation for the multidisciplinary study of worldviews that includes psychology and other sciences, we ground them in humans’ evolved world-making capacities. Conceptualizing worldviews in this way allows us to identify, refine, and connect concepts that are appropriate to different levels of analysis. We argue that the language of enacted and articulated worldviews (for humans) and worldmaking and ways of life (for humans and other animals) is appropriate at the level of persons or organisms and the language of sense making, schemas, and meaning frameworks is appropriate at the cognitive level (for humans and other animals). Viewing the meaning making processes that enable humans to generate worldviews from an evolutionary perspective allows us to raise news questions for psychology with particular relevance for the study of nonreligious worldviews. Keywords: worldviews, meaning making, religion, nonreligion Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Raymond F. -
The Three Meanings of Meaning in Life: Distinguishing Coherence, Purpose, and Significance
The Journal of Positive Psychology Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice ISSN: 1743-9760 (Print) 1743-9779 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpos20 The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance Frank Martela & Michael F. Steger To cite this article: Frank Martela & Michael F. Steger (2016) The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11:5, 531-545, DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623 Published online: 27 Jan 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 425 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpos20 Download by: [Colorado State University] Date: 06 July 2016, At: 11:55 The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2016 Vol. 11, No. 5, 531–545, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623 The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance Frank Martelaa* and Michael F. Stegerb,c aFaculty of Theology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, Helsinki 00014, Finland; bDepartment of Psychology, Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1876, USA; cSchool of Behavioural Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa (Received 25 June 2015; accepted 3 December 2015) Despite growing interest in meaning in life, many have voiced their concern over the conceptual refinement of the con- struct itself. Researchers seem to have two main ways to understand what meaning in life means: coherence and pur- pose, with a third way, significance, gaining increasing attention. -
Between Psychology and Philosophy East-West Themes and Beyond
PALGRAVE STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE EAST-WEST PHILOSOPHY Between Psychology and Philosophy East-West Themes and Beyond Michael Slote Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West Philosophy Series Editors Chienkuo Mi Philosophy Soochow University Taipei City, Taiwan Michael Slote Philosophy Department University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, USA The purpose of Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West Philosophy is to generate mutual understanding between Western and Chinese philoso- phers in a world of increased communication. It has now been clear for some time that the philosophers of East and West need to learn from each other and this series seeks to expand on that collaboration, publishing books by philosophers from different parts of the globe, independently and in partnership, on themes of mutual interest and currency. The series also publishs monographs of the Soochow University Lectures and the Nankai Lectures. Both lectures series host world-renowned philosophers offering new and innovative research and thought. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16356 Michael Slote Between Psychology and Philosophy East-West Themes and Beyond Michael Slote Philosophy Department University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, USA ISSN 2662-2378 ISSN 2662-2386 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West Philosophy ISBN 978-3-030-22502-5 ISBN 978-3-030-22503-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22503-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. -
Meaning in Life in Psychotherapy: the Perspective of Experienced Psychotherapists
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette College of Education Faculty Research and Publications Education, College of 11-2015 Meaning in life in psychotherapy: The perspective of experienced psychotherapists Clara E. Hill University of Maryland - College Park Yoshi Kanazawa Meigi Gakuin University - Tokyo, Japan Sarah Knox Marquette University, [email protected] Iris Schauerman University of Maryland - College Park Darren Loureiro University of Maryland - College Park See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/edu_fac Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Hill, Clara E.; Kanazawa, Yoshi; Knox, Sarah; Schauerman, Iris; Loureiro, Darren; James, Danielle; Carter, Imani; King, Shakeena; Razzak, Suad; Scarff, Melanie; and Moore, Jasmine, "Meaning in life in psychotherapy: The perspective of experienced psychotherapists" (2015). College of Education Faculty Research and Publications. 385. https://epublications.marquette.edu/edu_fac/385 Authors Clara E. Hill, Yoshi Kanazawa, Sarah Knox, Iris Schauerman, Darren Loureiro, Danielle James, Imani Carter, Shakeena King, Suad Razzak, Melanie Scarff, and Jasmine Moore This article is available at e-Publications@Marquette: https://epublications.marquette.edu/edu_fac/385 Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Education Faculty Research and Publications/College of Education This paper is NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION. Access the published version at the link in the citation below. Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 27, No. 4 (July 2017): 381–396. DOI. This article is © Routledge Taylor & Francis and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. Routledge Taylor & Francis does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Routledge Taylor & Francis. -
Evolutionary Psychology
SN-05(153-196) 3/4/02 2:12 PM Page 153 CHAPTER 5 Evolutionary psychology esearchers committed to an evolutionary perspective Ron humanity were initially united in the face of wide- spread hostility to human sociobiology. However, in the 1980s, as the number of investigators using evolution to study human behaviour increased, subgroups began to emerge with different opinions on how best to proceed. One such subgroup was dominated by academic psycho- logists searching for the evolved psychological mechanisms that they envisaged underpinned any universal mental and behavioural characteristics of humanity. While the intellec- tual roots of some of these practitioners could be traced to human sociobiology, or to the study of animal behaviour, the majority were fresh recruits who sought to differentiate themselves from human sociobiology, and restyled them- selves as Darwinian or evolutionary psychologists. For Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, two of the pioneers of this new discipline, evolutionary psychology owed little intellectual debt to Edward Wilson but did draw inspiration from the writings of Bill Hamilton, Robert Trivers, and George Williams. Tooby, a Harvard-trained anthropologist who had worked closely with Irven DeVore, and Cosmides, a psychologist also from Harvard, were brought by Donald Symons to Santa Barbara where they founded the first Center for Research in Evolutionary Psychology. SN-05(153-196) 3/4/02 2:12 PM Page 154 154 SENSE AND NONSENSE The ‘Santa Barbara school’1 were concerned that human sociobiologists and behavioural ecologists had neglected psychological adaptations: In the rush to apply evolutionary insights to a science of human behavior, many researchers have made a conceptual ‘wrong turn’, leaving a gap in the evolutionary approach that has limited its effectiveness.