Methods in Reproductive Aquaculture Marine and Freshwater Species 8053_FM.indd 1 7/14/08 11:51:23 AM Marine Biology SERIES The late Peter L. Lutz, Founding Editor David H. Evans, Series Editor PUBLISHED TITLES Biology of Marine Birds E.A. Schreiber and Joanna Burger Biology of the Spotted Seatrout Stephen A. Bortone The Biology of Sea Turtles, Volume II Peter L. Lutz, John A. Musick, and Jeanette Wyneken Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives Jeffrey C. Carrier, John A. Musick, and Michael R. Heithaus Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic William Richards The Physiology of Fishes, Third Edition David H. Evans Biology of the Southern Ocean, Second Edition George A. Knox Biology of the Three-Spined Stickleback Sara Östlund-Nilsson, Ian Mayer, and Felicity Anne Huntingford Biology and Management of the World Tarpon and Bonefish Fisheries Jerald S. Ault 8053_FM.indd 2 7/14/08 11:51:23 AM Methods in Reproductive Aquaculture Marine and Freshwater Species Edited by Elsa Cabrita Vanesa Robles and Paz Herráez Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 8053_FM.indd 3 7/14/08 11:51:23 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-8053-2 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Methods in reproductive aquaculture : marine and freshwater species / editors, Elsa Cabrita, Vanesa Robles, Paz Herráez. p. cm. -- (Marine biology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8493-8053-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Fishes--Artificial spawning. 2. Fishes--Germplasm resources--Cryopreservation. 3. Shellfish--Artificial spawning. 4. Shellfish--Germplasm resources--Cryopreservation. I. Cabrita, Elsa. II. Robles, Vanesa. III. Herráez, Paz. IV. Title. V. Series. SH155.6.M48 2008 639.3--dc22 2008013533 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 8053_FM.indd 4 7/14/08 11:51:23 AM THE EDITORS The editors have been working together in the field of reproductive aquaculture for the last ten years. Numerous scientific publications have arisen as a direct result of their intensive work on sperm and egg quality evaluation and in developing sperm cryopreservation protocols for different fish species. The evaluation of cryodamage and the improvement of fish embryo cryoresistance have also been a priority in their research. Nowadays, Dr. Elsa Cabrita is a researcher associate in the Spanish National Research Council ICMAN-CSIC, Spain, where she works on fish reproductive physiology. Dr. Vanesa Robles is a researcher associate in the Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona CMR(B), Spain, where she works in fish germ cells and stem cell biology. Both have worked previously at the University of León, Spain, and then moved to the Center for Marine Sciences in Faro, Portugal, where they have continued to develop research in the cryopreservation area. Dr. Paz Herráez is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biology at the University of León, Spain, where she teaches biology of reproduction and cellular biology. She is leader of the Cryobiology Group and she has been responsible for the training of several doctorate and master’s degree students. METHODS IN REPRODUCTIVE AQUACULTURE: MARINE AND FRESHWATER SPECIES Gamete quality and management PREFACE The idea of writing this book came to us some years ago when we realized that we had the conditions and opportunity to be involved in such a project. I remember arriving at the lab and discussing this with my colleagues and we were all very enthusiastic about the idea of publishing a book on gamete quality and cryopreservation, our initial idea and objective at that time. The following months were of hard work, especially after the publisher encouraged us to write a wider overview of reproductive aquaculture. Actually, I must confess that at the time we were not aware of what that decision would imply, and today, after looking through these pages, we can say, with great satisfaction, that it was all worth the effort. The fact that over 80 authors contributed to this unique project encouraged us to carry on and overcome the difficulties we encountered. Some of you know the problems we have had to face during these long months, especially in coordinating all the work long distance. Methods in Reproductive Aquaculture was written by several authors in response to all the questions raised concerning gamete quality and management. Reproduction has been a focus of research and interest in several marine and freshwater species. Many species have been reproduced in captivity, most of them with interest in aquaculture, fisheries or conservation. While the majority of these techniques have been applied with some success under field conditions, some aspects related to broodstock reproduction have been unattended. Gamete quality and management are two important aspects in fish reproduction that deserve special attention, particularly if we consider that both are requirements for the production of new individuals. This constitutes the main focus of the book and all our efforts were directed towards providing consistent and sound information, new objectives and areas of application and research, and principally new tools to deal with some aspects in reproduction of aquatic species. Not all sectors have access to the considerable amount of information available on fish reproduction, which is also sometimes difficult to process. Although several books containing a wide range of subjects related to reproduction have been published, we have attempted to focus on those aspects that we believe have been neglected. This is the aim of our book, to reflect some of the aspects considered important in the reproduction of marine and freshwater species, presenting all the available information in an easily understandable way. To accomplish these objectives, the book is divided into five sections. The first section is a review of the basic methods and techniques for gamete extraction, spawning stimulation and stripping. The second deals with sperm and egg quality and is focused on gamete characteristics and methods used to evaluate quality; a third section includes techniques used for artificial fertilization and the procedures for obtaining modified offspring (androgenesis, polyploids, etc.) and the fourth section is a review of methods and advancements in gamete and embryo preservation and storage. The last section includes several protocols for sperm cryopreservation in different aquatic species. As our background is mostly in the area of cryobiology, I must say that putting all this material from different authors together and coordinating this section gave us particular pleasure. The first part provides basic knowledge of gamete extraction methods, mainly sperm collection and egg stripping in different species. Also, several techniques of spawning stimulation (in males and females) by photoperiod and/or temperature control and hormonal treatments are described. This section could be of special value for teachers and students, clarifying concepts and specific techniques. For aquaculturists and researchers it could be of great value in solving problems related to their broodstock management and research. The second section is based on sperm and egg characteristics commonly used for quality assessment. Gamete quality is associated with larval quality and is a requirement not only in production but also in several fields of research such as embryology, genetics, biotechnology