Journal of Medicinal Studies 2017; 5(2): 11-24

ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 Diversity of ethno-medicinal : A case study NAAS Rating 2017: 3.53 JMPS 2017; 5(2): 11-24 of Bageshwar district © 2017 JMPS Received: 03-01-2017 Accepted: 04-02-2017 Naveen Chandra Pandey, Deepika Bhatt, Deepshikha Arya, Neha Chopra, Naveen Chandra Pandey Brij Mohan Upreti, G. C. Joshi and Lalit M. Tewari Regional Ayurvedic Research Institute, (RARI) CCRAS, Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, Abstract The Indian Himalayan region has a wide range of traditionally used medicinal plants. The study was Deepika Bhatt conducted with the help of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique to document the ethno- G.B. Pant National Institute of medicinal use of plants from Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand. The present study of Bageshwar Himalayan Environment and district shows distribution and traditional uses of the 144 ethno-medicinal plants, comprises of 64 Sustainable Development, Kosi, families (62- Angiosperms, 2-Gymnospermes), different habitats such as herbs (56%), shrubs (22%), Katarmal, 263643, tress (15%), climbers (7%), which were further classify according to plants parts used such as: leafs Uttaranchal, India (29%), root (27%), bark (11%), whole plant (9%), rhizomes (5% ), fruits (5% ), tubers/bulb (4%), seeds (4%), flowers and inflorescences (3%), resin/latex/ oil (2%), heart wood (1%). It was found that 144 Deepshikha Arya plant species were used by local people for curing 49 diseases such as cough, fever, jaundice, arthritis, Regional Ayurvedic Research asthma, cuts and wounds etc. Institute, (RARI) CCRAS, Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India Keywords: Diversity, ethno-medicinal plant, Bageshwar, ailments Neha Chopra Department of Botany, DSB 1. Introduction Campus, -263002, The magnificent Himalaya is well recognized for its bio-physical diversity and socio-cultural Uttarakhand, India heritage, unique physical and ethnic diversity, traditional systems and an ample quantity of [17, 18] Brij Mohan Upreti indigenous knowledge or tribal wisdom . It forms one of the Global Biodiversity Department of Botany, DSB Hotspots- the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot (HBH) and comprises approximately 1,748 Campus, Nainital-263002, plant species of known medicinal value [19]. The region also comprises habitat for some tribal Uttarakhand, India. communities i.e. Bhotias, Boaxas, Tharus, Jaunsaries, Shaukas, Kharvar and Mahigiri, which use medicinal plants for curing the diseases and ailments [20]. G. C. Joshi Regional Ayurvedic Research The state of Uttarakhand encompasses an area of 53,485 sq. km., which has around nearly 15.5 [5] Institute, (RARI) CCRAS, per cent of the total geographical area of Western Himalayas . Inhabitants of this region have Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India gradually become familiar with the healing properties of available plants [9]. Most people reside in rural areas and thus depend on small-scale agriculture system for survival. Medicinal Lalit M. Tewari and aromatic plants are the integral parts of the rural communities. Many studies have been Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Nainital-263002, conducted on the use of medicinal plants in the Uttarakhand region but documentation of [24, 25, 26] Uttarakhand, India indigenous knowledge among women is still lacking . Ethno-botanical information on medicinal plants and their uses by indigenous cultures is useful not only for the conservation of traditional knowledge and biodiversity, but also to promote community health care, and might serve in drug development. The information can

provide a guide for drug development, assuming that a plant that has been used by indigenous [4] people over a long period of time may well have an allopathic application . The aim of the present study is to document the various plant species to treat prevalent ailments of Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand with authentic scientific name, vernacular name, and family and accession number for further research. The main objectives of the study

are 1. To Document the ethno-medicinal plants of the area and to collect information regarding ethno-medicinal uses of plants and availability of ethno-medicinal plants. 2. To make a platform for further research with sustainable utilization of the resources.

Correspondence Naveen Chandra Pandey 2. Material and Methods Regional Ayurvedic Research 2.1 Geographical description of study area Institute, (RARI) CCRAS, The study was performed at Bageshwar district (during March 2014- March 2015) lies Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India between 29.85° North latitude and 79.77° East longitude, covering an area of 2,302Km2 with ~ 11 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

an average elevation of 1,004 m (3,294ft), on the confluence documentation of traditional medicines with the help and of Gomti and Sarayu rivers. The district is situated in the participation of local/ rural peoples, farmers, traditional eastern Kumaun, bounded by Pithoragarh district on the east, knowledge holders / local healers (Vaidhyas-Traditional Chamoli district on the west, and Almora district on the South medical practitioners) to know the local names and medicinal (Fig:1). importance of the mentioned plants. The information was collected with the help of structured questionnaire. In study 3. Methodology area 10 percent of total households (People of different 3.1 Data Collection and Sample identification genders and age groups) were interviewed. Specimens of all The study was conducted in four villages of Bageshwar the plants were collected and identified with the help of district viz. Jhuni, Shama, Kanda and Kapkote. The use of relevant floras and herbaria [12, 11, 6]. The well preserved plant Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools [15] was done to specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of RARI, perform the study. The study is based on ethno-medico CCRAS, Ranikhet with acronym (RKT). botanical survey, identification of ethno-medicinal plants and

(Source-http://www.euttaranchal.com/)

Fig 1: Study area Bageshwar District

4. Results conjunctivitis, ulcer (6 species, 4%), earache, intestinal worm The present study compiles 144 ethno-medicinal plant species infestation, joints pain, leprosy, piles, cholera, bleeding (5 belonging to 64 families used by local people for their various species, 3%), leucoderma, menstrual disorders, diabetes (4 ethno-medicinal purposes (Table:1). Out of 64 families species, 2%), leucorrhoea, scrofula, stone, epilepsy, body recorded, ten dominant families are Liliaceae, Euphorbiaceae ache, boils (3 species, 2%), burns, cataract, indigestion, (8 species each), Lamiaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae (7 pneumonia, sinus (2 species, 1%), anaemia, pregnancy, species each), Rosaceae (6 species), Apiaceae, Orchidaceae (5 pyorrhea, digestive and respiratory disorders, constipation (1 species each), , Urticaceae (4 species each) (Figure: 2). species, 1%). Within the documented species, herbs (56%) cover the maximum number of species and climbers (7%) covers the minimum number of species (Figures: 3). In the various formulations leafs (29%) were most commonly used ingredient, followed by root (27%), bark (11%), whole plant (9%), rhizomes and fruits (5% each), tubers/bulb and seeds (4% each), flowers and inflorescences (3%) resin/latex/ oil (2%), heart wood (1%)(Figures: 4). There were total 49 diseases recorded which are cured by 144 plant species. The highest numbers of medicinal plant species were documented to cure cough, fever (24 species, 14%), followed by stomach-ache (20 species, 12%), asthma, cuts and wounds (18 species, 11%), dysentery (16 species, 9%), jaundice, skin diseases (14 species, 8%), diarrhea (12 species, 7%), urinary disorders, head ache (11 species, 6%), general debility, toothache (10 species, 6%), arthritis, cold, swelling

(9 species, 5%), bone fracture, gastric (8 species, 5%), Fig 2: Top ten families supporting Ethno-medicines in Bageshwar itching, head ache, bronchitis (7 species, 4%), insect sting, district.

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Fig 3: Habit of plants used in Ethno-medicines in Bageshwar district. Fig 4: Plant parts used in preparing ethno- medicines

Table 1: Ethno-medicinal plants of Bageshwar district

Accession S. Local Life Part Ethno-medicinal Botanical Name Family Number No. Name form use uses (RRIHF) Aconitum Root paste given orally to cure RKT 1. Atis heterophyllumWall. ex Ranunculaceae Herb Root chronic fever and stomach- 26231 Royle. ache. Decoction / powder of rhizomes RKT 2. Angeli Anemone rivularis Ham. Ranunculaceae Herb Rhizome are given orally to cure 26197 bronchitis. Two to three drops of root infusion is dropped in eyes to Thalictrum foliolosum RKT 3. Mamiri Ranunculaceae Herb Root cure conjunctivitis. Root juice is DC. 25101 given in jaundice and stomach- ache. Leafs are eaten raw or as Paeonia emodi Wall.ex RKT 4. Chandrayan Paeoniaceae Herb Leaf vegetable in dysentery and Royle. 26481 diarrhoea. Leaf paste is applied over eyelids to cure conjunctivitis. RKT 5. Pari Cissampelos pareiraL. Menispermaceae Climber Leaf, Root Root juice is given to the 23068 infants to cure diarrhoea. Crushed roots are dipped in water and the filtrate is given orally to cure diabetes. Stephania glabra (Roxb) RKT 6. Ganjaroo Menispermaceae Climber Root Decoction of root is given in Mierr. 22998 asthma, dysentery and fever. Roots are also used as fragrance stick to fumigate. Bark decoction is used to cure Tinospora sinensis various diseases such as fever, RKT 7. Giloe Menispermaceae Climber Bark (Lour.) Merr. malarial fever, arthritis, 16877 jaundice and diabetes. The whole plant is boiled in Whole RKT 8. Pitpapara Fumaria parviflora Lam. Fumariaceae Herb water and used in itching, skin Plant 25406 diseases. The root paste is applied on ulcers, cuts and wounds. Podophyllum hexandrum RKT 9. Ban Kakari Podophyllaceae Herb Root Decoction of root is given in Royle. 26483 cough, fever and gastric and skin diseases. Paste of bark is applied over eyelids to cure conjunctivitis. Root powder mixed with honey RKT 10. Kilmora Berberis aristata DC. Berberidaceae Shrub Root is given orally to cure jaundice 26535 and dysentery. The roots are used in treating ulcer, jaundice and fever. Whole Decoction of whole plant is RKT 11. Banafsa Viola biflora L. Violaceae Herb Plant used during cold, cough and 26092

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fever. Whole plant decoction is used Whole RKT 12. Banafsa Viola serpens Wall. Violaceae Herb to cure cough, fever, head ache Plant 25120 and jaundice. Whole Plant paste is externally applied RKT 13 Badyalu Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Caryophyllaceae Herb Plant on burns, cuts and wounds. 22823 Stem bark or root powder is given in general debility. Stem bark, Root powder is useful in RKT 14. Denusha Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Shrub Root asthma. Infusion of root is 24954 beneficial in urinary disorders, dysentery. Root decoction of Bombax ceiba and Curculigo orchioides RKT 15. Semal Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Tree Root is filtered and given to the 25408 patient twice a day for period of 10-15 days to cure leucorrhoea. Reinwardtia indica Whole Poultice made through bark is RKT 16. Piuli Linaceae Herb Dumort. Plant plastered on fractured bones. 26412 Geranium nepalense Root extract used in jaundice, RKT 17. Laljari Geraniaceae Herb Root Sweet. ulcer and stomach-ache. 23605 Leaf juice is instilled in eyes to cure cataract. RKT 18. Chalmori Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Herb Leaf juice Juice is also instilled to cure 26387 toothache and earache in respective organs. Boennighausenia Leaf paste is applied on cuts RKT 19. Pisumar albiflora (HK) Reichb. ex Rutaceae Herb Leaf and wounds. 25202 Meissn. Extract of leaf and bark used as Murraya koenigii (L.) health tonic and also used in RKT 20. Karipatta Rutaceae Shrub Leaf, Bark Spr. leprosy and skin diseases. 25169 Branches uses as tooth brush. Paste of root is used as antidote against insect sting. laureola (DC.) RKT 21. Ner-Pati Rutaceae Shrub Root, Leaf Dried leafs are burnt and Siebold &Zucc.ex Walp. 25159 inhaled to cure sinus under nasal tract. Leafs and fruits chewed for Zanthoxylum armatum RKT 22. Timur Rutaceae Shrub Leaf, Fruit mouth wash, toothache, head DC. 26396 ache and asthma. Bark and leaf powder is used internally and externally in Bark, leprosy and scrofula. RKT 23. Batain Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Tree Leaf, Decoction of leaf and bark is 26343 Seeds used to cure swelling. Seed oil is used for earache, piles and blood purifier. RKT 24. Ber Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Shrub Fruit Fruit juice is given in diarrhoea. 25317 Rhus parviflora Roxb. ex Leaf decoction used in RKT 25. Tang Anacardiaceae Shrub Leaf DC. treatment of cholera. 25151 Root juice is given in cholera. RKT 26. Chamlai Desmodium elegans DC. Fabaceae Shrub Root Root decoction is given in 24105 urinary disorders. Powder or decoction of root is Flemingia bracteata RKT 27. Salprani Fabaceae Herb root administrated orally to cure (Roxb) ex Aiton 25113 asthma. Bauhinia vahlii (Wt.& Stem bark is pasted and applied RKT 28. Malujhan Caesalpinaceae Climber Bark Arn.) Benth. on skin diseases. 25573 Bark decoction is used to cure RKT 29. Kanchnar Bauhinia variegata L. Caesalpinaceae Tree Bark leprosy, leucoderma, asthma 24056 and ulcers. Seed paste is used in skin RKT 30. Banar Cassia tora L. Caesalpinaceae Shrub Seed diseases and bone fracture. 24638 Fresh bark decoction is used Albizzia chinensis RKT 31. Siris Mimosaceae Tree Stem bark three times daily in stomach- (Osbeck) Merril in Amer. 24454 ache and dysentery. Leaf paste is used in cuts and wounds. Leaf juice is used in RKT 32. Lajvanti Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Herb Leaf dressing for sinus and also for 26783 piles. ~ 14 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Cotoneaster microphyllus Root paste is applied on cuts RKT 33. Bani Rosaceae Shrub Root Wall. ex Lindl. and wounds. 21860 Leaf extract used in gastric, RKT 34. Bhikafal Fragaria indica Wall. Rosaceae Herb Leaf ulcer, diabetes. 24958 Root and leaves decoction is Potentilla fulgens Wall. Root, useful in teeth cleaning, RKT 35. Bajardantii Rosaceae Herb ex HK.f. Leaf toothache and pyorrhoea, 25209 dysentery, stomach-ache. Root extract is taken orally as an antidote to neutralize the effect of insect sting. Root paste RKT 36. Bhekal Prinsepia utilis Royle. Rosaceae Shrub Root after heating at low temperature 26394 in an earthen pot is applied on cuts and wounds. Decoction of bark is given to Prunus cerasoides D. RKT 37. Padam Rosaceae Tree Bark decrease the joint pain and Don 26886 swelling. Juice of fruits is administered RKT 38. Hisalu Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rosaceae Shrub Fruit orally in cholera. 24623 Decoction of rhizome is given orally to cure kidney stone. RKT 39. Silphora Bergenia ligulata Engl. Saxifragaceae Herb Rhizome Rhizome powder is mixed with 26215 honey is used cure chronic cough and asthma. Fresh rhizome are removed and washed thoroughly, cut in to Bergenia stracheyi (Hk.f. RKT 40. Siplphra Saxifragaceae Herb Rhizome pieces and chewed like candy to & Th.) Engl. 26114 cure urinary and kidney stone, cough, asthma and toothache. Tender leafs are chewed to cure Syzygium cumini (L.) bleeding piles. Powder of leaves RKT 41. Jamun Myrtaceae Tree Leaf Skeel. with honey useful in diarrhoea 26041 and dysentery. Leaf paste used in cuts and RKT 42. Mahandi Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Shrub Leaf wounds. 22439 Root paste is applied over burn Woodfordia fruiticosa Root, RKT 43. Kurz Lythraceae Shrub scars. Infusion of flowers is (L.) Kurz. Flower 26377 given to cure urinary disorders. Decoction of root is given in RKT 44. Gandhrayan Angelica glauca Edgew. Apiaceae Herb Root urinary disorders, gastric, 26233 stomach-ache and bronchitis. Seeds are boiled with roots of Bergenia stracheyi, and the RKT 45. Jangli Jira Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Herb Seed decoction is given in gastric and 26571 stomach-ache. Decoction of leaf is used in Centella asiatica (L.) leprosy. Leaf juice is used in RKT 46. Brahmi Apiaceae Herb Leaf Urban. fever, cough, diarrhoea and 26220 dysentery. Leaf, root and flower paste is Pimpinella diversifolia Leaf, root, taken with water to relieve form RKT 47. Bazeer Apiaceae Herb DC. flower gastric, stomach-ache and 27459 leucorrhoea. Decoction of root is given in Selinium tenuifolium cough and asthma. Roots are RKT 48. Bhootkeshi Apiaceae Herb Root Wall. also used as fragrance stick to 23323 fumigate. Leaf juice is also instilled in ear Leptodermis lanceolata to cure earache. Leaf paste RKT 49. Padera Rubiaceae Shrub Leaf Wall. applied externally on head- 25116 ache. Randia tetrasperma (Wall. Root extract used in treatment RKT 50. Ghari Rubiaceae Shrub Root ex Roxb.) Benth. & of jaundice and stomach-ache. 24157 Hook.f. ex Brandis Root decoction is used as blood purifier. Whole plant paste is Whole applied over joints pain, RKT 51. Majethi Rubia cordifolia L. Rubiaceae Climber Plant leucorrhoea. Leaf paste is 26308 applied on cuts, wounds and insect sting. 52. Jatamasi Nordostachys grandiflora Valerianaceae Herb Root Roots are dipped in mustard oil RKT ~ 15 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

DC. and oil is messed over joints 25817 affected by arthritis. Leaf juice is given to infants to Valeriana hardwichii Whole cure diarrhoea. RKT 53. Sameo Valerianaceae Herb Wall. ex Roxb. plant Whole plant decoction is used 24744 to cure old fever. Root decoction is given in urinary disorders, epilepsy and RKT 54. Sameo Valeriana wallichii DC. Valerianaceae Herb Root cholera. 25138 Roots also act as insecticide. Whole Whole plants is pasted and RKT 55. Poth Anaphalis adnata DC. Asteraceae Herb plant applied on cuts and wounds. 23997 Fresh and washed root/leaf are dipped overnight in cold water Artemisia nilagirica (Cl.) Root, RKT 56. Pati Asteraceae Shrub and drunk for 5-6 days before Pamp. Leaf 24767 meal to cure intestinal worm infection. Fresh root juice is applied RKT 57. Pati Artemisia maritima L. Asteraceae Shrub Root externally on skin to cure boils. 23793 Leafs crushed and juice rubbed RKT 58. Arka-Jhar Bidens bipinnata L. Asteraceae Herb Leaf on itching feet during rainy 25663 season. Root juice is taken in urinary RKT 59. Kantela Echinops cornigerus DC. Asteraceae Herb Root disorders and fever. 26874 Root decoction is given in Pushkar- Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. gastric, indigestion. RKT 60. Asteraceae Herb Root mool ex D.Don) DC. Root paste is applied externally 24729 on skin disease. Root paste/ decoction is used to Saussurea lappa C. B. cure asthma. RKT 61. Kuth Asteraceae Herb Root Clarke Root paste is applied in 24285 swelling. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall) The extracts of leafs are rubbed RKT 62. Anyar Ericaceae Tree Leaf Drude. on itching area. 21160 Decoction of corolla mixed with 1 table spun sugar is used Flower, to cure digestive and respiratory Rhododendron arboreum Leaf, disorders. RKT 63. Burans Ericaceae Tree Sm. Stem, Dried flower powder is given in 26108 Bark dysentery. Leaf paste is applied on forehead in head ache. Powdered root is given with milk in body ache. RKT 64. Chitrak Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae Shrub Root Decoction of root is given in 26414 intestinal worm infection, dysentery and leucoderma. Decoction of bark is given in Symplocos crataegoides RKT 65. Lodh Symplocaceae Tree Bark dysentery, leucoderma, leprosy Buch.-Ham.exD. Don 24596 and bleeding. Young leafs of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Zingiber officinale are taken together in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis RKT 66. Harsingar Oleaceae Shrub Leaf equal quantities, boiled with L. 22283 water and taken twice a day for three days to cure cold and cough. Cryptolepis buchanani Extract of bark and leaf used in RKT 67. Dudhi-Bel Asclepiadaceae Climber Bark, Leaf Roem. & Schult. cough, cold and fever. 25160 Decoction of whole plant is Swertia angustifolia Whole RKT 68. Chirayita Boraginaceae Herb used to cure pneumonia, cold Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don plant 25110 and cough and chronic fever. Whole Paste of the plant applied on RKT 69. Aakashi-bel Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cuscutaceae Climber Plant joints pain. 26140 Decoction of whole plant is given to cure fever. Whole RKT 70. Dhatura Datura metal L. Solanaceae Herb Paste of root bark is applied Plant 25186 over eyelids to cure conjunctivitis. Juice of flowers is dropped in Kala Flower, RKT 71. Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Herb ear during earache. Dhatura Seed 23384 The paste prepared from roasted ~ 16 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

seeds of drug in mustard oil is applied on skin diseases, itching, and bronchitis. Nicandra physaloides Leaf paste is applied on body- RKT 72. Rosbhari Solanaceae Herb Leaf Gaertn. ache and swelling. 24045 Juice of whole plant is Whole administered orally during RKT 73. Makoi Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Herb Plant intermittent fever and to cure 27452 jaundice. Fruit are used in cough, asthma, RKT 74. Barhanta Solanum indicum L. Solanaceae Herb Fruit and fever. 24309 Solanum xanthocarpum Smoke of fruit is inhaled to cure RKT 75. Kantkari Solanaceae Herb Fruit Sch. & Wendl. to toothache. 24965 Decoction of the leaf is taken as remedy for intestinal worm Withania somnifera (L.) Leaf, infestation. RKT 76. Asgandha Solanaceae Herb Dunal. Root The Root powder mixed with 24970 black pepper used in rheumatic swellings. Picrorhiza kurrooa Root powder is given orally in RKT 77. Kutki Scrophulariaceae Herb Root Benth. fever and stomach-ache. 25822 Powder of flowers mixed with Flower, mustard oil is applied on boils. RKT 78. Akulbir Verbascum thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae Herb Leaf Leaf juice is dropped in eyes to 26450 cure cataract. Leafs are boiled with Jiggery RKT 79. Basing Adhatoda vasica Nees. Acanthaceae Shrub Leaf and decoction is given to cure 15375 asthma and chronic cough. Leaf paste is applied externally on cuts and wounds for healing purpose. RKT 80. Jhinti Barleria cristata L. Acanthaceae Herb Leaf Decoction of the leaf in given 26327 once a day to alleviate headache. Dicliptera bupleuroides Leaf extract also used as an ear RKT 81. Kawgori Acanthaceae Herb Leaf Nees. drop in conjunctivitis. 26954 Seeds are chewed to cure stomach-ache. Callicarpa macrophylla Seed, leaf, Leaf paste is applied on body RKT 82. Daiya Verbenaceae Shrub Vahl. fruit ache and swelling. 25188 Fruits are eaten in urinary disorders. Leaf juice is instilled in nostril to cure headache. RKT 83. Siwain Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Shrub Leaf Leaf decoction is used to cure 25171 arthritis. Root decoction is given orally RKT Ajuga parviflora Benth. to cure headache, fever. 84. Ratpati Lamiaceae Herb Root 26408 Root infusion is given orally in

stomach-ache. Ajuga bracteosa Wall.ex The decoction of leaves is given RKT 85. Ratpatiya Lamiaceae Herb Leaf Benth. to regulate menstrual disorders. 25182 Root paste mixed with cow's Colebrookia oppositifolia urine is applied on cuts and RKT 86. Bursong Lamiaceae Shrub Root J. E. Sm. wounds. 26358 Root is used in epilepsy. Root juice is administrated Pathar Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) RKT 87. Lamiaceae Herb Root orally in constipation and Choor Briq. 24499 intestinal worm infection. Leafs used as tea to cure cold and cough. Whole RKT 88. Ban Tulsi Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae Herb Decoction of whole plant is plant 25103 given orally in urinary disorders. Leaf juice is given to infants 89. Podina Mentha arevensis L. Lamiaceae Herb Leaf RKT 4353 during high fever. Leaf paste is applied on cuts, RKT 90. Pipswas Leucas lanata Benth. Lamiaceae Herb Leaf wounds and also to check 20538 bleeding. Whole plant paste is applied to Whole RKT 91. Banajwayan Thymus serpyllum L. Lamiaceae Herb cure swelling. Infusion of leaf is plant 25435 used for itching and skin ~ 17 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

diseases. Decoction of leaf is given in cough, epilepsy and menstrual disorders. The husk of the Seeds yields RKT 92. Lahuryia Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Herb Seed colloidal mucilage, used to cure 26201 gastric and dysentery. Root juice is administered orally in asthma and urinary RKT 93. Punarnava Boerhaavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Root disorder. 26895 Watery extract of the root is given orally in jaundice. Decoction of roots is used in RKT 94. Apamarg Achyranthus aspera L. Amaranthaceae Herb Root stomach-ache and an aqueous 26313 extract for stones in the bladder. Decoction of root and seed is Achyranthus bidentata used in conjunctivitis, cough, RKT 95. Apamarg Amaranthaceae Herb Root, Seed Blume. asthma, fever, bronchitis, 26251 headache, pneumonia, piles. Leafs paste is applied on cuts RKT 96. Bhilmora Rumex hastatus D. Don Polygonaceae Herb Leaf and wounds, insect sting and to 26804 check bleeding. Leaf paste is applied on cuts, RKT 97. Jangli Palak Rumex nepalensis Spr. Polygonaceae Herb Leaf wounds, insect sting, urinary 24084 disorder and swelling. Bark paste is applied over bone RKT 98. Chirar Litsea umbrosa Nees. Tree Bark fracture to set it. 20781 Fruit juice is given to increase Emblica officinalis the flow of urine, act as RKT 99. Amla Euphorbiaceae Tree Fruit Gaertn. diuretic, also given in diarrhoea, 21022 dysentery and to cure jaundice. Latex of plant is dropped on the RKT 100. Dudhi Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Latex root of tooth during toothache. 26907 The latex obtained from fresh Euphorbia royleana 101. Suin Euphorbiaceae Shrub Stem stem is used in earache and RKT 7511 Boiss. toothache. Whole plant is crushed with Whole RKT 102. Choti Dudhi Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Herb water and taken in diarrhoea Plant 24286 and cholera. Milky latex of plant is applied Latex, on affected part to check RKT 103. Safed Arand Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Seed bleeding. Paste of seed is 26903 applied on arthritis and itching. Mallotus philippinensis Fruit extract used in ulcers, RKT 104. Kmbhal Euphorbiaceae Tree Fruit (Lamk) Muell.-Arg. cough and skin diseases. 26752 Whole plant powder is given to Whole RKT 105. Bhumiamla Phyllanthus urinaria L. Euphorbiaceae Herb cure stomach-ache and Plant 23026 jaundice. Few drops of oil mixed with milk relives from constipation. RKT 106. Arandi Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Leaf To cure arthritis, leaves are 24626 heated over utensil and fastened around affected joints. Sarcococca saligna Leaf paste is applied on bone RKT 107. Satpura Buxaceae Shrub Leaf (D.Don) Muell.-Arg. fracture. 26707 Bark paste is applied over boils. Boehmeria rugulosa RKT 108. Gheti Urticaceae Tree Bark Bark paste is applied over bone Wedd. 27432 fracture to set it. Decoction of leaf is given in Gerardinia heterophylla RKT 109. Kandeli Urticaceae Shrub Leaf fever. Leaf paste is applied on Decne. 22919 swelling. Flogging of leaf is done during RKT 110. Bichhu-ghas Urtica dioca L. Urticaceae Shrub Leaf bone fracture. 25889 Flogging of leaf is done during RKT 111. Bichhu-ghas Urtica parviflora Roxb. Urticaceae Shrub Leaf bone fracture. 25808 Milky latex is applied on cuts RKT 112. Bedu Ficus palmata Forsk. Moraceae Tree Latex and wounds. 26372 Bark grounded with turmeric Stem 113. Pipal Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree powder is applied externally on RKT 7193 bark cuts, wounds and skin diseases. Bark paste is applied on itching, RKT 114. Akhrot Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Tree Bark, scrofula and bone fracture. The 26532 bark is boiled in water. ~ 18 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

After filtration it is used as mouthwash, very useful in toothache. Bark paste is inhale to cure cold Myrica esculenta Buch.- and headache. RKT 115. Kaphal Myricaceae Tree Bark Ham. ex D. Don Bark decoction is used as mouth 24288 freshener and to cure toothache. Resin and seed kernels of Prunus persica and Betula utilis ground into paste, mixed with RKT 116. Bhojpatra Betula utilis D. Don Betulaceae Tree Resin milk and drunk to conceive 23134 pregnancy and for general debility. Seeds are roasted on fire and given to cure cold and cough. Quercus Leaf, Stem bark juice of is used in RKT 117. Banj leucotrichophora A. Fagaceae Tree Bark, Seed toothache. 27416 Camus Leaf and fruit extract used in asthma and diarrhoea. Tuber fried in cow's ghee is Dactylorhiza hatagirea given to cure menstruation RKT 118. Hatazari Orchidaceae Herb Tuber (Don.) Soo. problems and general debility 26089 after delivery. Powder of tuber is used as tonic in general debility and Malaxis acuminata D. RKT 119. Jivak Orchidaceae Herb Tuber bronchitis. Don 25177 Used as an ingredient of Chyawanprash. Powder of tuber is used as tonic Malaxis muscifera in general debility. RKT 120. Rsabhak Orchidaceae Herb Tuber (Lindl.) Kuntze. Used as an ingredient of 21447 Chyawanprash. Tuber extract used as nervine Habenaria edgeworthii and cardiac tonic and also used 121. Ridhi Orchidaceae Herb Tuber RKT 9065 Hook. f. ex Collet in fever, cough, asthma and skin diseases. Tuber extract used as health Habenaria intermedia D. tonic and also used in fever, RKT 122. Vridhi Orchidaceae Herb Tuber Don cough, asthma and skin 24504 diseases. Roasted roots are ground and mixed with Piper nigrum, made into tablets and taken orally to Costus speciosus RKT 123. Kevkand Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome cure arthritis. (Koenig) J. E. Sm. 25180 Cooked rhizomes are used as vegetable and ease in cough, cold and stomach-ache. Powder of rhizome is used in Hedychium spicatum RKT 124. Ban Haldi Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome asthma, headache and stomach- Ham. ex Sm.. 25881 ache. Decoction of root used in RKT 125. Kakoli Roscoea procera Wall. Zingiberaceae Herb Root jaundice. 25112 Powder of rhizome used in Curculigo orchioides Rhizome, urinary disorder, diarrhoea, RKT 126. Kali Musali Hypoxidaceae Herb Gaertn. Leaf jaundice, aphrodisiac tonic and 25350 piles. Leaf and root extract used as diuretic and purgative and also Leaf, RKT 127. Rambans Agave americana L. Agavaceae Shrub used in syphilis, scrofula, Root 940 menstrual disorders, jaundice and insect sting. Rhizome are roasted in hot ash RKT 128. Gethi Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae Climber Rhizome and given with salt to cure old 24963 cough. Powder of rhizome used in Dioscorea dysentery, fever. Dry rhizome RKT 129. Tarur Dioscoreaceae Climber Rhizome deltoidea Wall. ex Kunth. paste is applied on skin 26518 diseases. Leaf decoction is given to cure RKT 130. Jambu Allium stracheyi Baker Lilliaceae Herb Leaf indigestion, jaundice, cold and 25040 cough. 131 Shatavar Asparagus adscendens Lilliaceae Herb Root Root pounded in water and RKT ~ 19 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Roxb. administered orally in 25155 dysentery. Kariu, Asparagus curillus Buch.- Leaf decoction is given to cure RKT 132. Lilliaceae Herb Leaf Shatavar Ham.ex Roxb. diarrhoea and gastric. 24658 Paste of root is applied RKT 133. Kalihari Gloriosa superba L. Lilliaceae Herb Root externally on joints to cure 23912 rheumatoid arthritis. Root powder with cow's milk is RKT 134. Satua Paris polyphylla Sm. Lilliaceae Herb Root given to cure general debility 25460 and stomach-ache. Root boiled with cow's milk is given to the patient suffering from anaemia. Roots are used in Polygonatum cirrhifolium RKT 135 Meda Lilliaceae Herb Root fever, bronchitis and general (Wall) Royle. 26144 debility. Used as an ingredient of Chyawanprash. Roots are used as tonic and also Polygonatum used in fever, general debility. RKT 136. Mahameda vercticillatum Lilliaceae Herb Root Used as an ingredient of 25894 (L.) Allioni Chyawanprash. Urginea Paste of bulb fried in mustard 137. Ban Pyaj Lilliaceae Herb Bulb RKT 7657 indica (Roxb.) Kunth. oil is applied over arthritis. Stem bark is burnt with mustard RKT 138. Kukurdar Smilax aspera L. Smilacaceae Climber Stem bark oil and applied in arthritis and 26417 skin diseases. Root powder used in children in Intestinal worm infection. RKT 139. Vacha Acorus calamus L. Araceae Herb Root Root powder is given with milk 26329 in stomach-ache, cough, bronchitis and general debility. Paste of root is applied on cuts Sanpka Arisaema tortuosum and wounds. RKT 140. Araceae Herb Root Bhuta (Wall.) Schott Decoction of root is used in 7801 head ache, stomach-ache. The expressed juice of plant act as astringent and is applied to Cynodon dactylon (L.) Whole bleeding cuts and wounds to RKT 141. Doob Poaceae Herb Pers. Plant stop bleeding. Decoction of root 26038 and leaves is used in dysentery, diarrhoea and general debility. Decoction of Leafs and bark is used as tea to cure general Leaf, debility and stomach-ache. RKT 142. Thuner Taxus baccata L. Taxaceae Tree Bark Decoction of stem bark is 22855 administrated orally to cure cough. Juices of fresh Leafs are RKT 143. Ragu Abies spectabilis Spach. Pinaceae Tree Leaf administered orally to get rid of 26095 fever and asthma. Oil extracted from heart wood Heart RKT 144. Deodar Cedrus deodara Loud. Pinaceae Tree is massaged over joints pain, Wood 26285 leucoderma and itching.

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5. Discussion Institute (RARI), CCRAS, Thapla, Ranikhet and Head, The geographical peculiarities make the Himalayan region a Department of Botany, Kuamaun Universtiy, Nainital for very diverse system subtending a wide range of vegetation infrastructure, facilities and encouragement. types. The biodiversity of this region is severely threatened by Picture of some important ethno-medicinal plants is given in natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Local populations use Photo plate: 1and 2. these plants for curing the different diseases by traditional knowledge and also used as food and other purposes. Present 7. References study showed there are 144 ethno-medicinal plant species are 1. Bhatt, Deepika. Assessment of RET Plants used in documented with the help and participation of local/ rural Traditional Medicinal System in Kumaun Himalalya, peoples, farmers, traditional knowledge holders / local healers Ph.D. Thesis, Kumaun University, Nainital, 2012. (Vaidhyas-Traditional medical practitioners). Among these 2. Bhat JA, Kumar M, Bussmann RW. Ecological status and species some are recorded under various threat categories by traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Kedarnath [7] viz. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle, Taxus baccata Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India. J. L., Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Bergenia ligulata Engl., Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. CAMP (Conservation Assessment Valeriana hardwichii Wall.ex Roxb. Malaxis acuminata and Management Plan), 1998. Workshop Report. Forest D.Don Habenaria edgeworthii Hook. f.. ex. Collet, Department, UP 2013; 9(1):1. Habenaria intermedia D. Don, Costus speciosus (Koenig) J. 3. Dhar U, Manjkhola S, Joshi M, Bhatt ID, Bisht AK, Joshi E. Sm., Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Dioscorea deltoidea M. Current status and future strategy for development of Kunth., Paris polyphylla Sm., Gloriosa superba Linn., medicinal plants sector in Uttaranchal, India. Curr. Sci. Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall) Royle, Polygonatum 2002; 83(8):956-964. vercticillatum (L.) Allioni., Acorus calamus L.. All the 4. Farnsworth NR. Ethno pharmacology and future drug species used to treat health problems, are extracted and development: the North American experience. J exploited unscientifically from the natural habitat by the local Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 38:145-152. traders and healers, which causes remarkable destruction in 5. Gangwar KK, Depali, Gangwar RS. Ethno medical plant the natural population of the flora. Attempts have been made diversity in Kumaun Himalaya of Uttarakhand, India to explore, identify and prepare and inventory of plant Nature and science, 2010; 8(5). resources of this region [16, 23]. Habitat degradation, 6. Gaur RD. Flora of the District Garhwal Northwest unscientific harvesting and over exploitation to meet the Himalayas (With Ethnobotanical Notes). Transmedia: demands of illegal trade in medicinal plants have led to the Srinagar, Garhwal, 1999. extinction of more than 150 plant species in the wild [22, 1, 10]. 7. http://www.iucnredlist.org, IUCN (2008). Red List, (May The Himalayan range is rich in endemic and medicinal plant 15, 2012) diversity [3] with many protected areas (PAs) across but not a 8. Joshi HC, Arya SC, Samant SS. Diversity, distribution single PA has been specifically established to ensure the and indigenous uses of medicinal ad edible plants in a conservation of medicinal plants. Due to the heavy part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve I. Himalayan exploitation, a few species like Taxus baccata, Dactylorhiza Biosphere Reserve 1999; 1(1, 2):49-65. hatagirea, Aconitum heterophyllum and Picrorhiza kurroa 9. Kala CP, Nihal A, farooquee, Dhar Uppeandra. etc. have witnessed rapid decline during recent decades [21]. Prioritization of medicinal plants on the basis of available Several studies have been carried out on the use of the knowledge, existing practices and use value status in medicinal plants in the Indian Himalayan region in general Uttaranchal, India. Biodiversity and Conservation 2004; and Uttarakhand state in particular [8, 13, 22, 2, 14]. The present 13:453-469. study is step forward to document the traditional knowledge 10. Kumari Priti, Joshi GC, Tewari LM. Biodivrsity status, along with the conservation of local flora by creating the distribution and use pattern of some ethno-medicinal awareness among farmers and local inhabitants with their plants, International journal of conservation science, participation in cultivation of important medicinal plants at 2012; 3(4):309-318 least on their barren and fallow land. 11. Naithani BD. Flora of Chamoli. Botanical Survey of Another way to conserve the bio-diversity is to preserve the India, Calcutta, 1984-1985, I-II. traditional health care systems which are prevailing in the 12. Osmaston AE. A forest flora for Kumaun. International local community. Promotion of cultivation strategies of such Book Distributors, Dehradun, 1927, 605. medicinal herbs in villages may reduce the anthropogenic 13. Pande PC, Joshi GC. Indigenous medicinal uses of plants pressure on wild habitats. The main focus of this study was to in Kumaun Himalaya. In: Sammant, SS, Dhar U, Palni gather the different ethno-medicinal plants used to cures L.M.S. (Eds.), Himalayan Medicinal Plants: Potential and various diseases by the rural communities of the Bageshwar Prospects. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, 2001, 117- District. These people are highly dependent on plant products. 124. In certain areas, these folk medicinal prescriptions are 14. Pandey Naveen Chandra, Joshi GC, Tewari LM. endemic and have survived over hundreds of years. These Ethnobotanical plant diversity of Betalghat region of ethno-medicinal plants are also a source of income for the Kumaun Himalaya. Biolife 2016; 4(4):629-649. local communities. In this region, many local people collect 15. Silverman D. Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical these medicinal plants from the wild and sell them in the local Handbook. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, London, UK, 2005. markets. 16. Singh Pushkar, Atteri, Brij Lal. Survey on traditional uses of medicinal plants of bageshwar valley (Kumaun 6. Acknowledgement Himalaya) of Uttarakhand, India, International Journal of We are grateful to the local and tribal people / local healers Conservation science. 2014; 5(2):223-234. (Vaidhyas-Traditional medical practitioners) for their 17. Rao RR. Ethnobotanical studies in Meghalaya- Some immense help during the tenure of the study. We are also interesting Reports of herbal Medicines. In Jain S.K.ed., thankful to Director General, Regional Ayurvedic Research Methods and Approaches in Ethnobotany. Society of

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Ethnobtanists, Lucknow-226001, 1989, 39-47. 18. Rao RR. Biodiversity in India, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 1994, 1-315. 19. Samant SS, Dhar U, Palni LMS. Medicinal plants f Himalaya, diversity, distribution and potential values. Gyonadaya Prakashan, Nainital, 1998. 20. Singh MP, Srivastava JL, Pandey SN. Indigenous Medicinal Plants, Social Forestry and Tribals. Daya Publ. House. 2007, 2. 21. Singh G. Diversity of Vascular Plants in Some Parts of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Himalaya) Ph.D. Thesis. Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, India, 2008. 22. Singh G, Rawat GS. Ethnomedicinal survey of Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary in Western Himalaya, India. Indian J Fundam. Appl. Life Sci. 2011; 1:35-46. 23. Tewari Sona, Paliwal AK, Joshi Bhaskar. Medicinal Use of Some Common Plants among People of Garur Block of District Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India. Octa. J Biosci. 2014; 2(1):32-35. 24. Uniyal Bhagwati. Utilization of Medicinal plants by the rural women of Kullu Himachal. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2003; 2(4):366-370. 25. Uniyal Bhagwati. Indian Barberry in Himalayan wastelands. Natural Product Radiance, National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR, New Delhi. 2004; 3:87. 26. Uniyal Bhagwati, Vandana Shiva. Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants among rural women of the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2005; 4(3):259-266.

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