A Detailed Review on Morphotaxonomy And

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Acta Scientific Microbiology (ISSN: 2581-3226)

Review Article Volume 1 Issue 6 June 2018

Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw A Detailed Review on Morphotaxonomy and Chemoprofiling of Saduf Nissar1, Neelofar Majid1, Aabid M Rather1*, Irshad A Nawchoo1 and GG Mohi-Ud-Din2 1Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India 2Department of Botany, Government Degree College for Women, Sopore, Baramullah, India

*Corresponding Author:

Aabid M Rather, Plant Reproductive Biology, Genetic Diversity and Phytochemistry Research Laboratory, DepartmentReceived: April of Botany, 20, 2018; University Published: of Kashmir, May 28, Srinagar, 2018 India.

Abstract -

In recent times, medicinal plants have attracted huge attention due to their diverse range of biological and therapeutic proper Skimmia ties. Evidences have been accumulated since ages to demonstrate promising potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional, anquetilia complementary, and alternative systems with the ever-increasing interest of today’s population towards natural products, Rutaceae N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw emerged out to be one of the most eye-catching plant bearing multiple medicinal properties. It is a perennial aromatic evergreen shrub belonging to family . Pharmacological studies have demonstrated significant action - of different extracts as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory agents, among others, supporting some of its popular uses. An attempt has S. anquetilia been made in this review article to provide an up-to-date overview of the morphological parameters, taxonomic features, distribu tion pattern, traditional uses, as well as the phytochemistry and biological activities of . The present review provides insights for future research aiming for both ethnopharmacological validation of its popular use and its exploration as a new source ofKeywords herbal drugs: Skimmia and/or anquetilia; bioactive Rutaceaenatural products. ; Phytochemistry; Taxonomy; Pharmacological Activity

Introduction

It is distributed in South East Asia, Mediterranean countries, North America, Australia and South Africa [3]. The family consists of Plant kingdom is a potential source of pharmaceutically active - @150 - 162 genera with @1500 - 2096 species having three major substances. In recent times the interest in plants rich in bioactive tralia [4,5] - centers of diversity: Tropical America, Southern Africa, and Aus components has tremendously intensified due to their beneficial (Table 1). . In Kashmir Himalaya, the family is represented by 4 effects on human health. In last five decades, plants have been ex - genera and 6 species, (wild and cultivated) [6] tensively studied by advanced scientific techniques and reported for various medicinal properties viz, anticancer activity, antibac Family Genera Species activity, hepatoprotective activity, haemolytic activity, larvicidal ac- terial activity, antifungal activity, antidiabetic activity, antioxidant Rutaceae Citrus *Citrus reticulate [1,2]. *Citrus sinensis Dictamnus Dictamnus alba tivitySkimmia and anti-inflammatory anquetilia N. P. Taylor activity and Airy Shaw commonly known Skimmia Skimmia Skimmmia anquetilia - Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum armatum as Himalayan , a member of the family Rutaceae, endemic - to Western Himalaya is distributed in the mountain ranges of Kash Table 1: mir Himalaya confined to shady regions under forests in associa Status of family *Cultivated Rutaceae in Kashmir Himalaya [6] tion with conifers, grassy and rocky slopes ranging in altitude from - 1800 - 2715m. Locally, it is known as “Naer”. It has a tremendous malaya. Skimmia Rutaceae medicinal importance and as such adds beauty to the crown of Hi Genus Thunb., one of the genera of family , is - [7]. [8] Skimmia distributed in the Himalayas, E. Asia, Japan and Phillipine Islands - [9] Skimmia The present review aims to document the distribution, mor Hooker , reported four species of from Himalaya S. anquetilia phology, taxonomy, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biologi and Japan. As per Taylor the genus includes four well [10] - cal activities of and its future prospects for the further defined species, three of which are divided into two sub-species Skimmia scientific investigation for the development of effective therapeutic (Table 2). Dianxiang and Hartley reported five species of ge compounds. Skimmia - Distribution nus from China with one of the species endemic to the Skimmia anquetilia . region table 3. In Kashmir Himalaya, the genus is repre Rutaceae sented by a single species i.e. [6] The family predominantly consisting of trees and shrubs, is prevalent in tropical and temperate regions of the world.

Citation: Aabid M Rather., et al. Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw". Acta Scientific Microbiology “A Detailed Review on Morphotaxonomy and Chemoprofiling of 1.6 (2018): 56-60. A Detailed Review on Morphotaxonomy and Chemoprofiling of Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw

57 - Genus Species Sub-species Skimmia lor [9] Skimmia Skimmia S. japonica subsp. japonica At generic level, has a taxonomic confusion. As per Tay S. japonica subsp. reevesiana genus consists of only four well-defined naturally- S. japonica [10] - occurring species, three of which have two sub-species (Table 5) S. laureola subsp. laureola but Dianxiang and Hartley reported 5 species based on the fol S. laureola subsp. multinervia S. laureola lowing taxonomic key: S. arborescens S. arborescens subsp. arborescens Classification by Classification by Taylor (1987) Dianxiang and Hartley S. arborescens subsp. nitida (2008) S. anquetilia __ Skimmia japonica subsp. japonica - S. japonica subsp. reevesiana S. reevesiana Table 2: [9]. S. laureola subsp. laureola S. melanocarpa Status of genus Skimmia in world S. laureola subsp. multinervia S. multinervia Name of the S. No. Habitat Altitude(m) asl S. arborescens subsp. arborescens S. arborescens species S. arborescens subsp. nitida - 1. Skimmia reevesiana S. anquetilia - Montane moss 1200 - 2600 2. Skimmia - S. laureola forests melanocarpa Dense or open 2000 - 3000 Skimmia Below 2800 Table 5: [9] forests laureola [10]. 3. Evergreen Comparative classification given by Taylor 4. Skimmia 1000 - 2800 forests and Dianxiang and Hartley arborescens montane Shady moist 1a. Leaf blade mid-vein puberulent. 5. Skimmia Montane 2800 or above forests multinervia 2a. Fruit red ...... 1. S. reevesiana forests 2b. Fruit bluish black ...... 2. S. melanocarpa Table 3: [10]. 1b. Leaf blade midvein glabrous. Status of genus Skimmia in China Skimmia anquetilia 3a. Leaf blade secondary veins 12 - 20 on each side of midvein; S. multinervia is distributed in West Asia: Afghanistan and rudimentary gynoecium in male flowers entire or nearly so; petals - Indian sub-continent: India, Pakistan and Nepal. In India, it grows reflexed ...... 5. [11,12] - - in Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh 3b. Leaf blade secondary veins fewer than 10 on each side of mid . As per KASH (Kashmir University Herbarium), it is distrib vein; rudimentary gynoecium in male flowers 3- or 4 - lobed; pet uted in Sonmarg, Yusmarg, Gulmarg, Tangmarg, Aharbal, Duksum, als erect to spreading. S. laureola Hillar nar. Morphological and Taxonomic Description 4a. Shrubs to 2m tall; fruit red ...... 3. S. arborescens 4b. Trees to 12m tall; fruit bluish black ...... 4. Skimmia Rutaceae - Skimmia - - [14] Genus , one of the genera of family , distrib International Plant Names Index (2014) listed 31 spe uted in the Himalayas, E. Asia, Japan and Phillipine Islands, is char cies in the World (excluding hybrids and intraspecific entities) Skimmia acterized by a strong musky smell [13]. The botanical description (Table 6). of the genus is given in table 4. S. Skimmia species Skimmia No. Habit Evergreen, shrubs or trees 1. N. P. Taylor and Airy Shaw punctate Leaves Simple; petiolate; alternate; glandular- 2. - Skimmia anquetilia cence Skimmia arborescens T. Anderson ex Gamble Inflores Terminal, thyrsiform. 4. Flower 3. Skimmia arisanensis Hayata 5. Skimmia euphlebia Merr. Skimmia distincte-venulosa Hayata Polygamous. Sepals 3 - 4 or 5 - 7,

distinct or basally connate; petals 3 - 4 7. or 5 - 7, imbricate in bud; stamens 3 - 4 6. Skimmia foremanii H. Knight or 5 - 7, distinct, rudimentary in female- 8. flower; disk annular or pulvinate.; Skimmia formosana C.E.Chang 9. ovary 2 - 5 -loculed, syncarpous, rudi Skimmia fragrantissima Hort. ex T.Moore mentary in male flowers, style stout or 10. Carrière Fruit Skimmia fortunei Mast. absent. 11. Skimmia fragrans Fleshy drupaceous berry (1 - 5) Seed - 12. Skimmia intermedia Carrièe 1-seeded leathery pyrenes Skimmia hainanensis C.C.Huang Thunb. Ovoid to ellipsoid; seed coat membra- 14. nous; endosperm copious; embryo 13. Skimmia japonica straight; cotyledons oblong to subor 15. bicular, flattened; hypocotyl superior Skimmia kamengensis Goel and Mehrotra, Table 4: Skimmia laureola (DC.) Decne. Skimmia kwangsiensis C.C.Huang 17. Botanical features of Genus Skimmia [13]. 16. Skimmia lutchuensisNakai

58 Sharma., 18. Skimmia melanocarpa et al. S. anquetilia 19. Skimmia multinerva [26,27] extracted six coumarins using ethanolic Rehder and E.H.Wilson - 20. Skimmia oblata T.Moore extract of leaves of which include (7,8-dihdroxy-6-[3′- C.C.Huang 21. Skimmia orthoclada β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2′-hydroxy-3′methylbutyl] coumaringlu 22. Skimmia ovata cosid; 6-(2,3 dihydroxy -3 -methylbutyl)-7- methoxycoumarin; Hayata skimmine; osthol; esculetin and scopoletin. Hort.exLavallée 24. R.Fortune S. anquetilia 23. Skimmia philippinensis Masam The essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation from its seeds 25. Nakai - Skimmia reevesiana and fruits of and analysed by GC-MS contained up to Skimmia repens 70 compounds and revealed the dominance of fatty acids and es 27. Skimmia rubella Carrière 26. Skimmia rogersii Hort. ters of fatty acids. However, α-cadinol, α-terpineol, selinene, neo- 28. Makino isolongifolene, linalool, cis-Z-α-bisabolene oxide, aromadendrene, [18]. [28,29] 29. Skimmiaveitchii Carrière, and et al. Skimmia rugosa and (-)-selinene were the main points of differences between the Skimmia wallichii two essential oils On the other hand, Gondwal., using the same methodology as above indicated, but analyzing the 30. Hook f. and Thomson ex Gamble - essential oils of flowers and leaves of S. anquetilia, showed the 31. Skimmia arunachalensis Goel and Mehrotra Table 6: Skimmia presence of β-phellandrene (1.8% in leaves and 18.4% in flow [14]. ers), geijerene (2.0%, 15.0%), germacrene B (11.6%, 2.0%), linalyl List of species in the World as per International Plant Index (2014) acetate (7.3%, 11.2%), linalool (9.5%, 9.4%), α-terpineol (5.6%, [15] Skim- 4.4%), and pregeijerene (0.2%, 5.6%) as the most abundant mono- mia and sesquiterpenes. As per Ling the genus Orixa is closer to the genus S. anquetilia are aromatic and known to contain Dictamnus Dictamnus and both genera together form a well-supported clade with the The leaves of Skimmia Rutoi- . genus [16] and further this close relation to linalool, geraniol, pinene, scopoletin, skimmianine, umbelliferone deae [17]. was confirmed and the genus placed in subfamily [30] Pharmacological Activity while it was formerly placed in Toddalioidea Skimmia anquetilia Antioxidant S. anquetilia is an aromatic erect or creeping shrub. The et al. [28] plant is about 1.5m long and densely branched. bears - Gondwal., assessed the antioxidant activities of water fruits in terminal fascicles during July-November. The fruits are - - extracts and essential oils isolated from leaves and flowers of S. pedicellate, ovoid bright red, 7 - 15 mm long with 1 - 2 stones (en 2+ and 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhy- [18]. anquetilia using different methods to compare effects on redox po docarps), each bearing one seed. Seeds are albuminous, testa mem - branous, cotyledons rounded to oblong; yellowish tential, chelating properties on Fe S. anquetilia drazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability. The essential oil and wa - The investigation on revealed extensive variability ter extract from flowers displayed the maximum chelating activity. in morphological parameters both within and across the individu The maximum reducing power was exhibited by flower essential - als of different populations. The plants growing at low altitudes are oil and leaf extract. The highest DPPH radical scavenging potential was observed in leaf essential oil and leaf extract. comparatively much more diverse and vigorous. Also, the parti et al. [18] - tioning of resources is not even among different parts of the plant, S. anquetilia [19]. Prakash., using the same assays to evaluate water ex wherein much resources are allocated towards the root followed S. anquetilia tracts from seeds and fruit pulp of found that both by shoot, leaves and least amount towards the inflorescence table 7. the extracts showed moderate antioxidant power, with fruit pulp The morphological parameters of are summarized in being more effective in all activities than seeds. The ability of fruit [28,29]. Traditional Uses pulp to scavenge DPPH radicals was similar to that of flower and leaf extracts Skimmia anquetilia - et al. -

is a medicinal plant widely used in tradition John., [31] evaluated the antioxidant potential of vari S. anquetilia al system of medicine. In Indigenous system of medicine, the roots ous organic-methanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, of this plant are used as an antidote to snake bite and scorpion bite butanol and aqueous fractions from leaves of using [20] S. an- while the dried leaves are used as an insecticide, pesticide and in eight different methods- 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- quetilia - the treatment of cold, fever and headache . The leaves of 6-sulpohonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity, the along with curcuma are mixed to prepare a paste, which is ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl- 1-pic considered to be effective against rheumatic pains and swellings rylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total phenolic [21,22] - - and its powdered bark is used for the healing of burns and wounds contents(TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), total antioxidant . A high caloric Indian traditional alcoholic beverage is pre activity by phosphomolybdenum method, superoxide anion radi [18]. pared with leaves of S. anquetilia [23]. The fresh leaves are used in cal scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. They opined the treatment of smallpox Phytochemistry that the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest total phenolic - content, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulpohonic acid) Skimmia (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity, the ferric reducing anti Genus is a rich source of secondary metabolites which oxidant power (FRAP), and the DPPH radical scavenging activity. [14]. - includes alkaloids, coumarins, limonoids, cholestane derivatives, Dichloromethane fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity. Skimmia - triterpenes, flavonoids and unusual fatty acid derivatives The highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity was dis [14] - is used in traditional system of medicine against fever, in played by the aqueous fraction. Crude methanolic extract exhibited flammation and rheumatism . Various species of genus Skim highest total flavonoid contents as well as highest. [24,25]. mia are associated with activities like antibacterial, antifungal and antifeedant Citation: Aabid M Rather., et al. Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw". Acta Scientific Microbiology “A Detailed Review on Morphotaxonomy and Chemoprofiling of 1.6 (2018): 56-60. A Detailed Review on Morphotaxonomy and Chemoprofiling of Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw

59 Anti-inflammatory Bibliography

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Nissar S., . “Impact of Altitude and HabitatImperial Variability Journal on of We declare that we have no conflict of interest. InterdisciplinaryMorphological Attributes Research and Resource Allocation Patterns in Skimmia anquetilia in Kashmir Himalaya”, 2.12 (2016) :1443-1448.

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Citation: Aabid M Rather., et al. Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor and Airy Shaw". Acta Scientific Microbiology “A Detailed Review on Morphotaxonomy and Chemoprofiling of 1.6 (2018): 56-60.