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Biodegradeable and Compostable 2018 Working Group

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Biodegradeable and Compostable 2018 Working Group March 2019 BIODEGRADABLE COMPOSTABLE PACKAGING & WORKING GROUP 2018 Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Definitions 7 3. Scope 10 4. Stakeholder Identification 11 5. Materiality Statement 12 6. Key Priority Areas 12 7. Australian Standards 13 a. Industrial Composting – AS 4736 – 2006 13 b. Home composting - AS 5810 – 2010 13 c. Other standards 13 8. Consumption 14 a. Global consumption 14 b. Australian consumption 14 c. Main product applications 15 9. Reuse, Recovery and Recycling 16 a. Reuse systems 16 b. Collection systems 16 c. Recycling technologies 18 d. Amount recovered 22 e. End markets 22 10. State/Territory Government Policies and Programs 23 11. Lifecycle Approach 25 12. Conclusion 26 a. Conclusions 26 b. Knowledge and data gaps 26 Disclaimer APCO and the contributing authors have prepared this report with a high-level of care and thoroughness and recommend that it is read in full. This report is based on generally accepted definitions, data and understanding of industry practices and standards at the time it was prepared. It is prepared in accordance with the scope of work and for the purpose outlined in the introduction. Sources of information used are referenced in this report, except where provided on a confidential basis. This report has been prepared for use only by the APCO, and other third parties who have been authorised by APCO. APCO and the contributing authors are not liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly using, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. This report does not purport to give legal or financial advice and does not necessarily reflect the views of individual Working Group members or their organisations. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice included in this report. BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PACKAGING WORKING GROUP 2018 2 Executive Summary APCO has been charged by Environmental Ministers As a general rule, material recycling that keeps in Australia to lead the 2025 National Packaging materials at their highest potential environmental Targets. To progress towards value for as long as possible is preferable to organics these targets, the following areas will need recycling (see Figure 1). Compostable materials to be addressed: should be avoided where well established recycling • Packaging design will need to ensure that it is systems are already in place (e.g. PET and HDPE). suitable for recovery through either reuse, recycling There are exceptions to this rule, however, where or composting compostable packaging may achieve a higher value, • Infrastructure will need to be available for the for example: collection and recovery of all packaging types • Packaging heavily contaminated with food or through either reuse, recycling or composting another organic nutrients that cannot be easily • End markets will need to be strengthened to removed by the consumer, and is therefore support the recycling industry unsuitable for material recycling • Consumers will need to be informed and educated • Packaging that could facilitate the recovery of waste about the correct recovery channel for all organics, for example food waste bags for food and packaging. garden organics (FOGO) collections, or packaging in In 2018 APCO convened five working groups to venues with a high proportion of food waste where investigate barriers and opportunities to improve the all of the compostable material can be collected recovery of five ‘problematic’ packaging materials: and processed together. glass, polymer coated paperboard (PCPB), soft Biodegradable and compostable materials should plastics, biodegradable and compostable packaging, only be used in preference to other materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS). The groups when they achieve the best outcomes and can be worked to establish a shared understanding of the recovered through widely available recycling or problem and to identify projects to be undertaken by organics recovery services. In some cases, a life cycle stakeholders in the packaging value chain to support assessment (LCA) may be necessary to identify the achievement of the 2025 National Packaging Targets most suitable recovery system to achieve the highest for each material category. potential environmental value. The identified projects have been reviewed, A long-term goal is for compostable packaging to prioritised and combined with other initiatives be accepted in kerbside organics collections by the to develop projects for implementation in 2019. majority of councils, particularly where both food and Priority projects for implementation in 2019 are garden organics are being collected for composting. summarised in Table 1. The individual projects aim to This will take some time as FOGO collections are still support the achievement of the National Packaging being rolled out by many municipalities. In the short Targets by addressing packaging design, consumer to medium term, priorities include commercial and engagement, recovery systems and end markets. away-from-home collection systems. The Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging Working Group 2018 (the Working Group) recognises that compostable packaging is a disruptive technology that has an important role to play in achieving the 2025 National Packaging Targets. An additional target identified by the Working Group is for a regulated, certification based, labelling program to guide industry and consumer behaviour. BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PACKAGING WORKING GROUP 2018 3 Executive Summary In the longer term, each household and small • Dry recyclables (generally a yellow-lidded bin) business could have two collection systems: – paper and other packaging for processing in a • Organics (generally a green-lidded bin) – including materials recycling system. certified compostable packaging, for processing in In an effective circular economy these two material an organics recycling system such as composting. flows need to be kept separate to avoid contamination. Avoid Reduce Material recycling back into packaging Material recycling to other products iological recovery Organics recycling Energy recovery andfill Figure 1: Waste hierarchy for compostable packaging (guide only) Key themes that emerged from the Working Group This report has been prepared by APCO in include: collaboration with the APCO Biodegradable and • The need for more accurate and detailed data on Compostable Working Group 2018. The purpose packaging consumption and recycling of this document is to analyse the current status of • Suggestions for reduction or elimination of biodegradable and compostable packaging materials problematic and unnecessary packaging and propose projects to increase the recovery of • Additional resources to support sustainable these packaging materials. packaging design and procurement • Consumer education on packaging reduction and correct recycling • The need for targeted industry education on packaging design, procurement and recycling • Collection and recycling infrastructure gaps and lack of local end markets • Government procurement to support end market development BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PACKAGING WORKING GROUP 2018 4 Executive Summary Design Consumer engagement 100% Reurce t urt S Recyce contet ae reusable recyclable or F ervice uieie mtae acai ae compostable ie cyce aemet uie umer eucati utry eucati 2025 70% of plastics National 30% average packaging packaging recycled recycled or targets content composted End markets Problematic Collection and recycling systems and unnecessary Govermet rcuremet f recye ruct ayi f rematic materia single-use plastics Suy cai rcuremet f recyce atic uaiity tria packaging phased out ES recyci it ca ruct mtaiity tria S Figure 2. APCO Projects linked to the National Packaging Targets Table 1. APCO’s priority projects for 2019 APCO 2019 PROJECT NAME DESCRIPTION WORKING GROUP 1.1 Packaging consumption and recycling 1. Packaging baseline data 1.2 Infrastructure mapping 1.3 Economic analysis of alternative collection systems and end markets National Packaging Targets 2. Public statements on specific Public statements on outcomes of previous 5 working Implementation (NPTI) materials groups 3. White paper on problematic and Paper to identify target products/materials and build unnecessary packaging the case for phase-out 4. Options to standardise recycling Modelling strategic options to facilitate achievement systems of the 2025 NPT 5.1 Quickstarts: (i) recovery pathways, (ii) glass, (iii) polymer coated paperboard, (iv) EPS, (vi) PET, (vii) labelling 5. Resources to support the Sustainable Design Packaging Guidelines 5.2 Design for soft plastics packaging (build on CEFLEX) 5.3 Design for compostable packaging 5.4 Wine packaging guidelines BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PACKAGING WORKING GROUP 2018 5 Executive Summary APCO 2019 PROJECT NAME DESCRIPTION WORKING GROUP 6. Food service packaging guidelines Engagement workshops, guidelines & case studies New label to align with Australasian Recycling 7. Compostable packaging label Label (ARL) Design 8. Recycled content label New label to align with the ARL 9. Life cycle assessment (LCA) guide Database and guidelines 10. Consumer education How to recycle – including the ARL 11. Analysis of problematic packaging Trials to investigate specific issues materials Trials to investigate pulpability of polymer coatings, 12. Pulpability trials non-wood fibres etc. Training in collaboration with AIP on the Packaging 13. Packaging supply chain training Sustainability Framework – including SPGs, PREP/ARL
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