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Reevaluating the Miocene Mollusk Systematics, Little Cove Point Member, St. Marys Formation, and Examining Their Paleoecology

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Reevaluating the Miocene Mollusk Systematics, Little Cove Point Member, St. Marys Formation, and Examining Their Paleoecology REEVALUATING THE MIOCENE MOLLUSK SYSTEMATICS, LITTLE COVE POINT MEMBER, ST. MARYS FORMATION, AND EXAMINING THEIR PALEOECOLOGY, PALEOBIODIVERSITY. A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Heedar Bahman August 2021 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Heedar Bahman B.S., Kuwait University, 2011 M.S., Kent State University, 2018 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2021 Approved by Rodney M. Feldmann , Co-chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Carrie E. Schweitzer , Co-chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Joseph D. Ortiz , Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Oscar J. Rocha Accepted by Daniel K. Holm , Chair, Department of Geology Mandy Munro-Stasiuk , Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... viii SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING ..............................................................................................................5 METHODS ......................................................................................................................................6 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY ...............................................................................................9 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................43 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................50 APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................................51 FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................56 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................64 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Collection locality of samples in Little Cove Point along the Chesapeake Bay in the Little Cove Point Member of St. Marys Formation, Maryland, USA. Map adapted from Kidwell et al. (2015). ....................................................................................................................................................... 56 2. A. Crassatella turgidula, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4822. B. Crassatella turgidula, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4822. C. Dallarca idonea, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4820. D. Dallarca idonea, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4820. E. Mercenaria tetrica, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4806. F. Mercenaria tetrica, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4806. G. Dosinia thori, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4802. H. Dosinia thori, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4802. I. Spisula subcuneata, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4808. J. Spisula subcuneata, external view of right valve CMM-I-4808. K. Corbula inaequalis, internal view of right valve, CMM-I- 4818. L. Corbula inaequalis, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4818. Scale bar = 1 cm ........ 57 3. A. Lirophora parkeria, internal view of left valve, CMM-I-4816. B. Lirophora parkeria, external view of left valve, CMM-I-4816. C. Chesacardium laqueatum laqueatum, internal view of left valve, CMM-I-4814. D. Chesacardium laqueatum laqueatum, external view of left valve, CMM-I-4814. E. Callocardia subnasuta, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4800. F. Callocardia subnasuta, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4800. G. Mercenaria cuneata, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4804. H. Mercenaria cuneata, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4804. I. iv Chesapecten covepointensis, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4812. J. Chesapecten covepointensis, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4812. K. Chesapecten santamaria, internal view of right valve, CMM-I-4810. L. Chesapecten santamaria, external view of right valve, CMM-I-4810. Scale bar = 1 cm ......................58 4. A. Ilyanassa marylandica, adapertural view, CMM-I-4827. B. Ilyanassa marylandica, apertural view, CMM-I-4827. C. Turritella chancellorensis, apertural view, CMM-I-4873. D. Turritella chancellorensis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4873. E. Acteon ovoides, adapertural view, CMM-I-4879. F. Acteon ovoides, apertural view, CMM-I-4879. G. Turrifulgur fusiformis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4830. H. Turrifulgur fusiformis, apertural view, CMM-I-4830. I. Crucibulum constrictum, apical view, CMM-I-4859. J. Crucibulum constrictum, apertural view, CMM-I- 4859. K. Crucibulum multilineatum, apical view, CMM-I-4861. L. Crucibulum multilineatum, apertural view, CMM-I-4861. Scale bar = 1 cm ........................................59 5. A. Crucibulum pileolum, apical view, CMM-I-4857. B Crucibulum pileolum, adapertural view, CMM-I-4857. C. Laevihastula sublirata, adapertural view, CMM- I-4849. D. Laevihastula sublirata, apertural view, CMM-I-4849. E. Sediliopsis angulata, adapertural view, CMM-I-4845. F. Sediliopsis angulata, apertural view, CMM-I-4845. G. Urosalpinx subrusticus, adapertural view, CMM-I-4839. H. Urosalpinx subrusticus, apertural view, CMM-I-4839. I. Sinum fragilis, apical view, CMM-I-4867. J. Sinum fragilis, apertural view, CMM-I-4867. K. Cymatosyrinx v pyramidalis, apertural view, CMM-I-4841. L. Cymatosyrinx pyramidalis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4841. Scale bar = 1 cm ............................................................60 6. A. Propebela parva, apertural view, CMM-I-4851. B Propebela parva, adapertural view, CMM-I-4851. C. Laevihastula simplex, apertural view, CMM-I-4847. D. Laevihastula simplex, adapertural view, CMM-I-4847. E. Bulliopsis marylandica, adapertural view, CMM-I-4823. F. Bulliopsis marylandica, apertural view, CMM-I- 4823. G. Hemipleurotoma communis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4843. H. Hemipleurotoma communis, apertural view, CMM-I-4843. I. Ecphora gardnerae germonae, apertural view, CMM-I-4835. J. Ecphora gardnerae germonae, adapertural view, CMM-I-4835. K. Turritella subvariabilis, adapertural view, CMM- I-4877. L. Turritella subvariabilis, apertural view, CMM-I-4877. Scale bar = 1 cm .......61 7. A. Epitonium sayanum, adapertural view, CMM-I-4869. B Epitonium sayanum, apertural view, CMM-I-4869. C. Retusa marylandica, apertural view, CMM-I-4877. D. Retusa marylandica, adapertural view, CMM-I-4877. E. Acteon shilohensis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4880. F. Acteon shilohensis, apertural view, CMM-I-4880. G. Boreotrophon laevis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4833. H. Boreotrophon laevis, apertural view, CMM-I-4833. I. Typhis acuticosta, adapertural view, CMM-I-4839. J. Typhis acuticosta, apertural view, CMM-I-4839. K. Astyris communis, apertural view, CMM-I-4828. L. Astyris communis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4828. Scale bar = 1 cm ................................................................................................................................62 vi 8. A. cancellaria alternata, adapertural view, CMM-I-4853. B cancellaria alternata, apertural view, CMM-I-4853. C. Crepidula fornicata, adapertural view, CMM-I- 4855. D. Crepidula fornicate, apertural view, CMM-I-4855. E. Neverita discula, apical view, CMM-I-4865. F. Neverita discula, apertural view, CMM-I-4865. G. Euspira heros, apical view, CMM-I-4863. H. Euspira heros, apertural view, CMM- I-4863. I. Mariacolpus covepointensis, adapertural view, CMM-I-4871. J. Mariacolpus covepointensis, apertural view, CMM-I-4871. K. Ilyanassa peralta, adapertural view, CMM-I-4825. L. Ilyanassa peralta, apertural view, CMM-I-4825. Scale bar = 1 cm .................................................................................................................63 9. A. Busycotypus rugosum, adapertural view, CMM-I-4831. B Busycotypus rugosum, apertural view, CMM-I-4831. C. Dentalium caduloide, side view, CMM-I-4882. Scale bar = 1 cm ..........................................................................................................................64 10. Trophic levels of Molluscan community (bivalves, gastropods, and scaphopods) of extant Chesapeake Bay fauna extant and Little Cove Point Member fossil fauna .................................65 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all those who helped, supported and guided me through my Ph.D. and research. First and foremost I would like to thank my co-advisor Rodney Feldmann for guiding me through my dissertation research, helping me through the difficult times we live in, and supporting me emotionally. He provided me with knowledge and means for success. Also, I would like to thank co-advisor Dr. Carrie Schweitzer, for being there for me through the pandemic. I would like to thank John Nance from Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, Maryland, for providing the fossils. Special thanks goes to my committee members Dr. Joseph Ortiz and Dr. Oscar Rocha for taking the time to teach me. I would
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