REGIONAL STRUCTURAL CR .-~--- SECTIONS, MID-PERMIAN TO QUATERN RY STRATA, TEXAS PANHANDLE AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO DISTRIBUTION OF EVAPORITES AND AREAS OF EVAPORITE DISSOLUTION AND COLLAPSE

Douglas A. McGookey, Thomas C. GUltavson, and Ann D. Hoadley

BUREAU OF ECONOMI GEOLOGY

W. L. Fisher, Director 1985 of at Austin Austin, Texas 78713 REGIONAL STRUCTURAL CR SECTIONS, MID-PERMIAN TO QUATERN RYSTRATA, TEXAS PANHANDLE AND EASTERN NEW MEXICO DISTRIBUTION OF EVAPORITES AND AREAS OF EVAPORITE DISSOLU·TION AND COLLAPSE

Douglas A. McGookey, Thomas C. Gustavson, and Ann D. Hoadley

BUREAU OF ECONOMI GEOLOGY

W. L. Fisher, Director xas at Austin Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Contract Number DE-AC97-83WM466S1 OF-WTWI-1985-48

REGIONAL STRUCTURAL CROS SECTIONS, MID-PERMIAN TO QUATERNARY TRATA, TEXAS PANHANDLE AND EASTERN N WMEXICO Distribution of Evaporites and Areas of Evaporite Dissolution an Collapse

by

Douglas A. McGoo ey Thomas C. Gustav on and Ann D. Hoadley

Prepared for the U. S. Department of E ergy Salt Repository Project Office under contract no. DE-AC97 83WM46651

Bureau of Economic Geol 9Y W. L. Fisher, Directo The University of Texas at ustin University Station, P. O. ox X Austin, Texas 78713 Contents

Introduction ...... Geologic setting of the Texas Panhandle ...... 1 Salt dissolution and collapse of overlying strata ...... 9 General explanation of cross sections ...... 12 Summary ...... 12 Acknowledgments ...... - ...... 13 Selected bibliography ...... '...... 13 Appendix: List of gamma-ray logs used on cross sections ...... 19

Figures 1. Index map of the study area showing locations of cross sections...... 2 2. Structural elements of the Texas Panhandle and adjacent areas ...... 4 3. Evaporite, carbonate, and terrigenous clastic facies and inferred env ronments of middle and upper Permian rocks, Texas Panhandle...... 5 4. Inferred paleogeography during the initial stage of Dockum sedime tation south of the Amarillo Uplift and Sierra Grande Arch...... 6 5. Geologic time scale showing intervals of time represented by Permi n to Quaternary strata in the Palo Duro Basin ...... 7 6. Schematic illustration of Ogallala depositional facies and inferred se iment dispersal systems, Texas Panhandle...... 8 7. Geographic extent of existing salt beds within the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico.. . . . 9 8. Cross section AA-AA' showing evidence for interpretation of salt di solution, Texas Panhandle. .. 11

Table Stratigraphic chart, Permian to Quaternary strata, Palo Duro Basin and surrounding area...... 3

Cross Sections Regional structural cross sections A-A' through L-L', Texas Panhandle ..... " .. " ...... , in pocket

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC97-83WM466 1.

By acceptance of this article, the publisher and/or recipient acknowledges the U.S. Govern ent's right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty­ free license in and to any copyright covering the article. Regional Structural Cross Sections, Mid-Per Ian to Quaternary Strata, Texas Panhandle and Eastern ew Mexico: Distribution of Evapo tes and Areas of Evaporite Dissolutio and Collapse

Introduction

The Palo Duro and Dalhart Basins of the Texas the Cana ian River valley (Gustavson and others, Panhandle and eastern New Mexico contain bedded 1980b; Pr sley, 1980a, 1980b). Permian salts of sufficient thickness and depth to be Region I cross sections of mid-Permian to considered potential sites for long-term storage and Quaterna strata in the Texas Panhandle and isolation of high-level nuclear waste. Salt (primarily eastern ew _ Mexico illustrate lithologic and halite) is a desirable host rock because of its low structural relations that are interpreted to have permeability, high thermal conductivity, low resulted fr m the regional dissolution of salt and the moisture content, and high gamma-ray shielding collapse 0 overlying strata. The cross sections were properties (Johnson, 1976b). construct d using gamma-ray logs, sample logs, A major concern that must be addressed if and surf ce geologic maps (Handford, 1980a; nuclear,waste is to be stored in the Texas Panhandle McGjllis, 980). Gamma-ray logs are shown on the is the long-term integrity of the bedded-salt host cross se tions because they best demonstrate rock. Areas where salt has been removed by variations in evaporite strata. Figure 1 is an index dissolution have been identified beneath the map depi ting the locations of the cross sections. Southern High Plains, along the eastern and western Stratigrap ic nomenclature used on the cross escarpments of the Southern High Plains, and along sections i given in table 1.

Geologic Setting of the Texa

During the early Paleozoic, episodes of shallow­ dominate early Pennsylvanian sedimentation and marine shelf deposition in the Texas Panhandle were derved from and concentrated near the alternated with periods of subaerial erosion. principal uplifts (Handford and Dutton, 1980). Cambrian(?) rocks· consist of arkosic and glau­ Sediment tion during the late Pennsylvanian was conitic sandstones (Birsa, 1977). Shallow-shelf characteri ed by shelf carbonate deposition; deeper carbonates of the Ellenburger Group were parts of th basin were filled by fine-grained clastics. deposited in the Early Ordovician (Dutton, 1979). Lower olfcampian (earliest Permian) shallow­ Upper Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian strata are marine c rbonates, coarse arkosic depo.sits, and missing in the Texas Panhandle. During Missis­ deep-basi shales are overlain by upper Wolf­ sippian time, marine Shelf carbonate deposition campian olomitic rocks that were deposited in probably extended over the entire area. high-ener y oolite and skeletal grainstone environ­ In the late Paleozoic, blocks of crust were ments (Ha dford, 1980b; Hovorka and Budnik, 1983). uplifted to form the Wichita - Amarillo Uplift and the By Wichi a time, increasing restriction behind Matador Arch (Goldstein, 1982). These are the major supratidal or subtidal shoals created environ­ positive structural features bounding the Palo Duro ments in which carboJ1ates, terrigenous clastic Basin on the north and south, respectively, and they mudston ,and bedded gypsum (later converted to separate the Palo Duro Basin from the Anadarko, anhydrite were deposited (Handford, 1979, 1980b; , Dalhart, and Midland Basins (fig. 2). Terrigenous Hovorka nd Budnik, 1983). Limited faunal diversity, clastic sediments, informally called "granite wash," sparse bu rows, and the presence of anhydrite beds

1 indicate hypersaline conditions. During Red Cave Middle and upper Permian evaporite and clastic time, terrigenous clastic deposition alternated with sediments ere deposited in tabular beds landward carbonate-grainstone and bedded-anhydrite of oolitic b rs or shoals on a vast (62 by 124 mi deposition in hypersaline evaporite pans or [100 by 200 mJ) subtidal to subaerial flat. Red beds, lagoonward of supratidal environments (Hovorka which are ommonly intercalated with evaporites, and Budnik, 1983). consist of t rrestrially derived, fine-grained clastics Clear Fork, San Andres, and post-San Andres that were di tributed across the region by eolian and (middle and upper Permian) rocks are dominantly submarine processes (Bein and Land, 1982). dolomite, mudstone, salt, and anhydrite deposited Presley's ( 981) model of evaporite deposition in arid shallow-marine to subaerial environments. (fig. 3) was nferred from study of well logs, cores, '---T-- o ~ : OKLAHOMA i:5/ DALLAM --:';-;';,;==::;;:T ~A ~, 20 ~I~ X ~ ~y

I ,~ GuADALUPE ~

o I

12

16 13 II F_'1 _~ ~ I~,"',.-k..- --t""/~'''''LuC::e·Boc SCALE L--. I I I °1-1--ro. _2...,0-..... _-,....4....,0_-r---'~Omi L_--1 I I 0 o 20 40 60 BOkm •• L_~_ I LU~_B-+-K-",, __ OAIOI, Fj'r-:;'" EXPLANATION 23 West East Division between the east and west halves of cross sections ~ Cross "ctions wllh verllcol exoQQerolion of 106X 3.', 13 8 ~ ,,_'3 I Cross sections wilh verlicol eKoQQeration of 53X

Figure 1. Index map of the study area showing locat ona of cross sectlons.

2 and outcrops. The model shows massive (banded) which orine composition changed as CaC03 , salt an d laminated and nodular anhydrite CaS04 , and NaCI were successively pre cipitated. sedimen tation by evaporation (1) in periodically Carbo n ~te strata in the upper San An dres and flooded brine pans, (2) on salt flats that were Alibate~ Formations consist predomin antly of isolated from open-marine water, and (3) on mud dolomi t ~. flats wh ere salt crystals grew by displacing the mud Sal t ~eds in the Palo Duro Basin range fr omafew matrix. Bein and Land's (1982) petrographic and feet to 200 ft (61 m) thick. Before disso lution of geochem ical study of the San Andres Formation in upper salt units in the northern Texas Pan handle cores, 0 n the other hand, indicates that evaporite and arc und the northern, eastern, and western rocks w ere deposited in a shelf basin or lagoon in margim of the Palo Duro Basin, the m ost wide-

Table 1. Stratigraphic chart, Permian to Quaternary Itrata, Palo Duro Balin and surrounding area. Eastern System Series New Mexica Pala Dura Basin Dalhart Basin Anadarko Basin uuaternarv ~lackwat ... Qraw I'm. ~Iackwat.r Oraw I"m. t;llCIckwot.r !)rOW I'm. J:llackwater_u!aw _~_m. OQOllClla Fm. OQallala Fm. OQallala Fm. Ogallala Fm. Tertiary

Cretaceous $Iveral formations, undifferentiated ~

Juras,ic Exeter Ss~ ~ter:S"iL

Dockum Gp. OockumGp. ...s- Triassic Dockum Gp.~

Dewey Lake Fm. Dewey Lake Fm. Dewey Lake Fm. 0 Quartermaster Fm. 0 &. I l u Alibates Fm. Alibates Fm.1 l 0 Ilibates Fm. l 1 Alibates Fm. l Salado Fm. Salado Fm. Salado Fm. ---- Tansill Fm.1 Cloud Chief Fm.

I ci Yates Fm. C) Artnia Gp. 0 I Artesia Gp. 8- 'Oil Seven Rivers Fm. .= :! 0 '0 -« 0 Queen and Whitehorse Gp. ::I I C!) Grayburg Fms.

.~~QCreek Permian San Andres Fm. Son Andres Fm. ~ Blaine Fm. Blain. Fm. Fm.1 Flow.rDot Fm. Glorieta Sandstone Glorieta Fm.1 ~Iarieta Sandstone Glorieta Fm.1

upper Clear ci. Fork Gp. Yeso Fm. C) undifferentiated ~ Clear Fork Clear Fork 0 ... Tubb Fm.2 Gp. Gp . '0... 0 ~ lower Clear e: .. 0 U Fork Gp. 0> und i f fe"ntioted ..J de S'"'~Cristo Fm. t AboFm. Wichita Gp. Wichita Gp. WellinQton Fm.

'Formation's lithology is not the same as the formally desig 'lated stratotype. arhe Tubb Sandstone member is informally designated Tub b Formation.

3 spread salt beds may have extended over the entire during deposition of the Dockum Group. The Palo Duro, Dalhart, and Anadarko Basins. Lower Docku Group consists of fluvial, deltaic, and San Andres evaporite beds are generally thicker, lacustri e clastic facies that accumulated in a large· purer, and more laterally persistent than upper San fluvial-I custrine basin (fig. 4; McGowen and others, Andres or Clear Fork evaporites. Salt beds are inter­ 1979). ockum strata are overlain unconformably bedded with anhydrite, dolomite, or red beds within by the pper Jurassic Exeter Sandstone in eastern the Palo Duro Basin. In the southern Palo Duro New M xico and western Dallam County, Texas. Basin, evaporite beds thin and pinch out as car­ Carbon tes of the Lower Cretaceous Kiamichi bonates become predominant. Northward into the Format'on (Fredericksburg Group), sandstones and Dalhart Basin and Cimarron Arch area, evaporite beds conglo erates of the Dakota Group, and shales of thin and terrigenous clastics are more predominant. the Kio a Formation are present in the southern Following a depositional hiatus, humid con­ Palo D ro Basin, the northwestern Texas Pan­ ditions apparently prevailed in the Late Triassic handle, and parts of eastern New Mexico.

o 80ml ...1 --.,..-...... ,..., _---t' o 80 kill

Figure 2. Structural elements of the Texas Panhandle and adjacent areas (after Nicholson, 1960).

4 Cenozoic orogeny caused regional uplift and Ogallala se iments derived from mountains to the created an east-dipping land surface, resulting in a west com ose an alluvial apron depOSited by period of rapid erosion over the Texas Panhandle. coalescent alluvial fans. In the Texas Panhandle Figure 5 shows the intervals of time from the middle (fig. 6), 0 allala sediments were depOSited in Permian through the Quaternary that are repre­ medial- an distal-fan environments. Pre-Ogallala sented by sedimentation and nondeposition or valleys and collapse basins are filled with up to erosion in the Palo Duro Basin. Paleocene through 800 ft (250 ) of Ogallala deposits (Seni. 1980). middle Miocene sediments have not been The upp r Ogallala surface is extensively calichi­ recognized in the Texas Panhandle. fied to for the Caprock caliche. Late Pleistocene The Ogallala Formation of late Tertiary age eolian sedi ents of the Blackwater Draw Formation unconformably overlies Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, mantle the Ogallala Formation, although locally and Cretaceous strata in the Texas Panhandle. these sedi ents have been stripped to expose the

SySTEMS I SA r I FL TS

EXPLANATION V Burrows E:I3 Limestone 6 Skeletal Qrains E:Z3 Dolomite o Oolites m Nodular mosaic anhydrite Ii\\ Algal laminations <::=? Mud cracks I2L7] Laminated (also" Qrass-ma " ) anhydrite ~ "Grass-mat" crystals EIm Massive ( banded) salt " Subaqueous hal i te crystals <:) Anhydrite nodul •• t"::,:1 Chaotic mudstone/salt <©> Large displaclve halite crystals 1=!!.3 Red mudstone and sillsto e

Figure 3. Evaporite, carbonate, and terrigenous clastic facies and In erred environments of middle and upper Permian rocks, Texas Panhandle (Presley, 1981).

5 underlying Ogallala Formation (Barnes, 1969). Late cross ons in this report and are represented by a Tertiary to early Pleistocene fluvial and lacustrine single pa rn. Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous deposits occur locally between the Ogallala sedimen are also undifferentiated on cmost Formation and the Pleistocene eolian sediments. Permian rock types are indicated by Brackwater Draw (Quaternary) and Ogallala patterns as shown in the explanation of (Tertiary) lithologies are undifferentiated on the section.

------r------·--'------l f2 ,_ I ~ j] r---Iuf ---~o ~O~\~I" \ ~§ e-~ I i\" S~O~~ \ , \\ elf

N~

II

0 50 100mi I I I 0 160km

Figure 4. Inferred paleogeography during the Initial stage of UO'iO!l(um sedimentation south of the Amarillo Uplift and Sierra Grande Arch. Deposition was In braided strea alluvial fans, fan deltas, meandering streams, and shallow lakes (McGowen and others, 1979).

6 Tectonic Northern Southern Group or System Series Activity Polo Duro Basin F010 Duro Basin Formation 0 _~lIOr~ • -~ --Blackwater Draw Fm. Pliocen, e c a'" ..~ ~ (uptoIOOft) II:: :8 .!! ~ a r Ogallala Fm. c 2 ~ a • 20 - c ! ';; .: •~ a 0 Oli~, ID ...a T"tlary ~ ;• 40 - ~ Eoce ... ..• • c ~ co.. 0 'is • '0 PaIIO_ ~ o· e 60 - a '" .... 15 ?

80 -

100- C"tac,aUI Duck Creek Fm, ... Kiamichi Fm . >- ~ Edwards Ls, 0 120 - Comanche Pk. Ls, T Walnut Fm. '" . Q) Ci eX 140 - Q)

E ..~ ;:: .! 0 160- • ·a •co Jurassic ·0 180 - ; co ~

..0 Go Dockum Gp, 200 - Q•

220 - T T Triassic

240- upper Permian fms. 260 - Permian T T

----- Unconformity

I Sedlm'ntary rock, of thi. 00' occur in bo,in QAIOl8

'Figure 5. Geologic time scale showing intervals of time represented by Permian to Quaternary strata in the Palo Duro Basin. Time units adapted from Palmer (1983). ,

7 ~------~-mc--- : ~ \ I MAJOR CHANNEL SYSTE~ \ , 'i?-v - ,~<::)' ----..,.... I r' ~ , \ ...... - ..... , /. ( , \ ~ \ I \ ..pC! \ INTER-CHANNEL ' , \ ~, '\ \ ~\ I~ I «\ ,0, ~~ ~ I ~~" ...... ,...-- I ~I " , ~~------'~ ~, ,

N J

, I, , INTER-CHANNEL ,1 o SOm' I~------+------~I iB o 80km 1---

Figure 6. Schematic illustration of Ogallala depositional f les and Inferred sediment dispersal systems, Texas Panhandle. Width and length of arrows Indicate relat ve intensity of fluvial processes. Facies are not tlme"qulvalent (Sen I, 1980). 8 Salt Dissolution and Collapse of

Salt dissolution and the subsequent collapse occurred during the late Tertiary or of overlying strata have affected a substantial part beneath the Southern High Plains of the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles and east­ and Budnik, 1984). Other instances of ern New Mexico (Gustavson and others, 1980b, recent sal collapse have been reported in Meade 1982). Most of the dissolution of Permian bedded salt County, ansas (Johnson, 1901), and in Curry has occurred within approximately 1,300 ft (400 m) County, N Mexico (Judson, 1950). of the surface. Collapse caused by salt dissolution Seven salt-bearing stratigraphic units occur is active along the western, northern, and east­ within th Permian Basin of the Texas Panhandle ern escarpments of the Southern High Plains and easte New Mexico (fig. 7), and, with the probable (Gustavson and others, 1981a). For example, exception of the lower Clear Fork Formation, all the numerous sinkholes, small-displacement faults, and salt-beari g units have been affected by salt undrained depressions have formed since 1950 in dissolutio on a regional scale. Evidence that salt northern Hall County in the Texas Panhandle dissolut occurs in eastern New Mexico and the (Gustavson and others, 1982). Salt dissolution may handle includes the following:

-j. :;: ~ EX PLANATION .. "" ~~ Fl o wsaladoFm

I~~~:::m...... Seven Rivers Fm .

upper San Andres Fm

lower San Andres Fm.

Glorieta Fm.

Flowerpot Fm.

Clear Fork Gp.

o 50mi I i 'i ii i iii ii o 80km 0""1 Figure 7. Geographic extent of existing salt beds within the Panhandle and eastern New Mexico. The stratigraphically uppermost (youngest) salts have been sutlleC:tea to dissolution throughout the area. Wells drilled by the U.S. Department of Energy - Gruy Federal or and Webster Engineering Corporation are indicated by letter: (A) Mansfield No.1, (8) J. Friemel No. ,(C) G. Friemel No.1, (D) Detten No.1, (E) Rex White No.1, (F) Sawyer No. 1, (G) Harmon No.1, (H) G No.1, and (I) Zeeck No.1. Line of cross section AA-AA' (fig. 8) shown.

9 (1) All the streams that drain the region variations i thickness and well-log character across surrounding the Southern High Plains carry high the structu ally high. fault-bounded Amarillo Uplift; solute loads. For example. the Prairie Dog Town this sugge ts that the Amarillo Uplift was only a Fork of the Red River carries a mean annual solute minor infl ence on evaporite deposition in Clear load of 1.0035 x 106 tons of dissolved solids per year. Fork time. he tabular geometry and lateral extent including 0.4253 x 106 tons of chloride per year (U.S. of anhydri e beds overlying and underlying the Geological Survey. 1969-1977). Brine springs and salt-dissol tion zones in Glorieta and San Andres salt pans occur in this and other stream valleys. evaporites suggest a lack of structural control (2) The abrupt loss of salt beds between relatively on sedime tation at the margins of the Palo Duro closely spaced wells and the abrupt thinning of Basin. Co sequently. in areas where Glorieta and stratigraphic sequences away from salt-bearing San Andre salt beds are truncated at the northern strata suggest dissolution rather than facies change margin of the basin. it is inferred that the salt (cross sections A-A' through L-L'). beds may have extended. at least in part. across (3) Examination of cored intervals through the the north rn margin of the basin (similar to uppermost salts from Department of Energy (DOE) - stratigrap ically lower Clear Fork salt beds that Gruy Federal and DOE - Stone and Webster are unaff cted by salt dissolution). and they Engineering Corporation wells (fig. 7) indicates that are interpreted to have been removed by salt dissolution of the top parts of the uppermost salt dissolutio . beds has occurred (S. D. Hovorka. personal Other eologic relationships observed on the communication. 1984). Reddish-brown mudstone cross sect ons suggest salt dissolution. In general, several feet thick overlies the uppermost salt beds Permian nd post-Permian rocks are structurally penetrated in these wells. This mudstone is probably lower ab ve areas of inferred salt dissolution. a salt-dissolution residue. Laterally extensive areas Structural lows at the base of the Ogallala Formation of extension fractures also occur above uppermost and thick ned Ogallala strata in the lows suggest salts in the subsurface. that diss lution in many areas occurred either (4) Folds. breccia-filled chimneys. and brec­ before or oncurrently with Ogallala deposition. The ciated beds along Permian outcrops in the Canadian present curse of the Canadian River may also have River valley and east of the High Plains Escarpment been infl enced by dissolution of salt during post­ are commonly the result of structural adjustments Ogallala t me (Gustavson. 1982). The evidence of produced by salt dissolution and collapse of salt diss lution as documented by the cross overlying strata (Gustavson and others. 1980b. sections. in combination with surface and core data. 1982). suggests hat the Glorieta and San Andres salt beds Evidence of salt dissolution at the northern that exte ded beyond the northern margin of the margin of the Palo Duro Basin is illustrated on cross Palo Our Basin have been removed by dissolution. sections H through L and on figure 8. The cross Similar e idence indicates that salt has also been sections show correlation of GlOrieta. San Andres. dissolved from the eastern and western margins of and Flowerpot strata from areas where salt is pre­ the basin served into areas where equivalent-age strati­ Nons It strata generally retain their gamma-ray graphic units do not contain salt. Analogy of older log char cter and thickness across the dissolution widespread salt beds of the Clear Fork Group to salt zone. an the former extent of the salt beds is beds of the younger Glorieta. Flowerpot. and San indicated only by insoluble residue of salt dis­ Andres Formations suggests that salt of the solution (for example. see McGillis and Presley. Glorieta. Flowerpot. and San Andres Formations 1981). Were the salt-dissolution symbol on the extended beyond their present limits. For example. cross se ions marks the truncation of an entire salt upper and lower Clear Fork evaporites display a bed. the rmer presence of the salt unit beyond the laterally extensive tabular geometry that extends dissoluti n symbol is evidenced by the salt­ beyond the northern margin of the Palo Duro Basin dissoluti n residue. The residue is composed and also beyond the area of dissolution that affects predomi antly of clay- and silt-sized clastic salt in the Glorieta. Flowerpot. and San Andres sedimen s contained within the salt bed before it Formations (fig. 8; cross sections 1-1' and K-K'). Salt was diss Ived. This mudstone residue is recognized was deposited in topographically flat Permian on the gamma-ray logs as high-radioactivity coastal environments; this means that the dip of late deflectio s where it is intercalated with low­ Permian strata exhibited on the cross sections was radioacti ity deflections of anhydrite strata. Where largely caused by postdepositional subsidence, the diss Iving salt pinches out into mudstone. the regional uplift. and resulting fault movements. Clear respons of mudstone residue on gamma-ray logs is Fork salt and anhydrite beds display only minor commo Iy not distinguishable from that of mud-

10 AA AA' Southwest Northeast

Randall Co. Paller Co. Corson Co. Hutchinson Co. Hansford Co. Ochiltree Co.

m

..... •• Anadarko Bosin •

EXPLANATION ChronostratIgraphic Unots Permian Lithology ~ Quaternary and Tertiary _salt SCALE o 10 20 30mi I I I Triassic ~ Son Andres-Blaine anhydrite o 10 20 30 40km ~ (19) BEG ..ellIOCj number ".".·.·. Permlon (excluding (see appendi.) All logs ore gommo-ray logs. .:-:-:-:. soli and San Andres­ Salt dissolution EJ.••.•.••• Blaane anhydrite. QAB11

Figure 8. Cross section AA-AA'showing evidence for interpretation of salt dissolution, Texas Panhandle. Salt-bearing strata of the San Andres Formation in the Palo Duro Basin correlate with salt-bearing strata of the Flowerpot Formation in the Anadarko Basin across equivalent-age stratigraphic units that do not contain salt. stone. For this reason, and because mudstones The amo nt of salt dissolved can be estimated on a are generally less than 10ft (3 m) thick, the cross se tion by subtracting the thickness of a mudstone residue is not usually correlated as a section here dissolution has occurred from the separate unit on the cross sections. thickness of a nearby equivalent stratigraphic The shallowest salts, which are the structurally section were a complete salt section is preserved. highest'salt strata, are the first to be dissolved. After Original It thicknesses have not been interpreted the salt has been removed, it is difficult to determine in areas here salt has been totally removed. the volume of original salt because facies changes The sa t-dissolution symbol between gamma-ray may also have produced changes in salt thickness, logs on t e cross sections indicates where salt has especially over structurally high areas. Therefore, been rem ved or thinned by dissolution. The salt­ the distribution of depositional environments must dissoluti n symbol followed by a question mark be mapped to distinguish between areas where salt indicates here salt may have been dissolved or not was not deposited and areas where it has been deposite . This symbol is used in areas of lithofacies dissolved (McGookey, 1981). changes f om salt to nonsalt facies. For example, on Correlation of beds across the dissolution zone is cross se tion H-H', upper Glorieta eolian sand possible by correlating the bases of salt beds that facies gr de into salt-bearing marginal marine are undergoing dissolution and assuming that the facies be ween Hartley No. 93 and Oldham No.2 missing interval is caused by dissolution from the (see appe dix for well names) where salt is abruptly top of the uppermost salt beds. This procedure was lost from Blaine and lower Glorieta Formations. followed in the construction of the cross sections.

General Explanation of ero s Sections

Quaternary-Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, and complex faulting. Faulting and differential subsi­ Triassic time-stratigraphic units are undifferen­ dence 10 ally influenced Permian sedimentation, tiated on most cross sections. Permian strata are generally resulting in thickening of some Permian s!Jbdivided into rock-stratigraphic units; lithology is units tow rd the axis of the Palo Duro Basin. Post­ based on interpretation of gamma-ray logs. Salt­ Permian fault movements have made precise dissolution syftlbols are used to note changes in correlati n of some Permian strata across faults thickness of salt between adjacent gamma-ray logs. difficult, in part because of thickness changes. For Where salt dissolution is strongly inferred by abrupt example, the interpreted thickness of salts generally loss of salt and collapse of overlying rocks, as well as thins nor hward between the Shell Oil No.1 Bivins by other supporting evidence, the salt-dissolution Ranch (1 ) well and the Colorado Interstate Gas symbol is used without a question mark. In areas No. A-11 Bivins (13) well on cross section H'. In where absence of salt may be caused by nondep­ addition, issolution of salt has further complicated osition of salt or salt dissolution, a question mark is correlati ns across fault zones. For example, on added to the salt-dissolution symbol. Cross sections cross se ion I-I', the thickness of sandstone within A-A' through F-F',H', and K-K' havea vertical exag­ the Glori ta thins 70 ft (21 m), from 120 ft (37 m) on geration of 106 times; cross sections G-G', H-H', the upthr wn sideto 50 ft (15 m) on thedownthrown J-J', and L-L' have a vertical exaggeration of side. Pa t of this thickness change may be 53 times. account for by facies change or by depositional Faults on the cross sections are shown diagram­ thinning r the thickened part of the sandstone may matically. Lithologies interpreted from well logs are actually include some insoluble residues from extrapolated to the fault. Although faults are shown Glorieta alts that were dissolved north of the fault by a single vertical line they may actually be zones of but are s ill present south of the fault.

Summary

The cross sections in this report illustrate where Permian evaporite beds, areas where salt has been dissolution is interpreted to have truncated salt beds lost from the strata by dissolution, and the influence and disturbed stratigraphic relationships that of dissol tion on Permian and post-Permian rocks. existed prior to dissolution. The cross sections Salt diss lution is inferred from physical evidence of demonstrate the generally tabular geometry of the for er presence of salt in cores and by

12 interpretation of the former presence of salt from of disso ution from those resulting from facies gamma-ray log response and from field studies. Salt changes Using the cross sections, it is possible to beds may be abruptly truncated by dissolution, or trace th extent of salt beds and to identify areas they may be lost more gradually over several miles where alt has probably been removed by through dissolution, facies change, or both; careful dissoluti n. interpretation is necessary to distinguish the effects

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by the U.S. Richard Platt, under the supervision of Dan Department of Energy under contract number DE­ Scranto and Dick Dillon, spent many hours pre­ AC97-83WM46651 (Thomas C. Gustavson and paring t ese illustrations, and their help is greatly Charles W. Kreitler, co-principal investigators). We apprecia ed. Special thanks are also extended to wish to thank Mark W. Presley and Kathy A. Michelle C. Gilson, who carefully edited this report. McGillis for their help in constructing the cross Text illu tration camerawork was by James A sections. L. F. Brown, Jr., W. B. Ayers, Jr., Roy T. Morgan. Manuscript typing was by Ginger Zeikus, Budnik, Shirley P. Dutton, Stephen C. Ruppel, and and type etting was by Phyllis J. Hopkins, under the Jules R. DuBar reviewed this report. John T. Ames, supervisi Ii of Lucille C. Harrell. Jamie S. Haynes Mark T. Bentley, Thomas M. Byrd, Barbara designe and assembled this publication. Hartmann, Jeff Horowitz, Jamie McClelland, and

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17 __ 1978, Sedimentary cycles in the Virgilian of th Southwest, volume 1: American Associ­ Stage (Upper Pennsylvanian) of the Anadarko ation of Petroleum Geologists and West Texas Basin, in Energy quest for the Southwest: Geol gical SOCiety, Southwest Section, 10th Transactions, Southwest Section of the American Ann al Meeting, p. 41-49. Association of Petroleum Geologists, West Texas Stearns D. W., 1972, Structural interpretation of Geological Society Publication 78-69SWS, fract res associated with the Bonita Fault, in p.72-87. Kelle , V. C., and Trauger, F. D., eds., Guidebook Rogers, R. G., 1961, The Red Cave Formation of the of est-central New Mexico: New Mexico Texas Panhandle, in Oil and gas fields of the Geol gical Society, p. 161-164. Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles: Panhandle Swens n, F. A., 1974, Rates of salt solution in the Geological Society, p. 38-44. Per ian Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Roth, Robert, 1955, Paleogeology of the Panhandle Rese rch, v. 2, p. 253-257. of Texas: American Association of Petroleum Thomp on, R. W., 1968, Tidal-flat sedimentation on Geologists Bulletin, v. 39, no. 4, p. 422-443. the olorado River delta: Geological SOCiety of Schmitt, G. T., 1956, Summary of geologic history of Ame ica Memoir 107, 133 p. the Matador Arch: West Texas Geological Society and Lubbock Geological Society Guidebook, Todd, R. G., 1976, Oolite bar progradation, San p.60-64. Andres Formation, Midland Basin: American Seni, S. J., 1980, Sand-body geometry and depo­ Ass ciation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, sitional systems, Ogallala Formation, Texas: The v. 6 , no. 6, p. 907-925. University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Totten R. B., Jr., 1956, General geology and Economic Geology Report of Investigations hist rical development, Texas and Oklahoma No. 105, 36 p. Pan andles: American AssOCiation of Petroleum Shearman, D. J., 1978, Evaporites of coastal Geo ogists Bulletin, v. 40, no. 8, p. 1945-1967. sabkhas, in Marine evaporites: Society of U.S. A my Corp of Engineers, 1976, Arkansas - Red Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Riv r Basin chloride control: Design Memo­ Short Course 4, p. 6-42. ran um No. 25, General Design Phase I, Plan Silver, B. A., and Todd, R. G., 1969, Permian cyclic For ulation, v. I and II, 7 appendices. strata, northern Midland and Delaware Basins, U.S. G ological Survey, 1969-1977, Water resources West Texas and southeastern New Mexico: for exas, Part II: Surface Water Quality. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Walpe, J. L., 1977, Paleozoic tectonics of the Bulletin, v. 53, no. 11, p. 2223-2251. sou hern margin of North America: Gulf Coast Smith, A. R., 1971, Cave and karst regions of Texas, Assciation of Geological Societies Trans­ in Lundelius, E. L., and Slaughter, B. H., eds., acti ns, v. 27, p. 230-241. Natural history of Texas caves: Dallas, Gulf Ward, P. E., 1963, Geology and ground-water Natural History, p. 1-14. fea ures of salt springs, seeps, and pans in the Smith, G. E., 1974, Depositional systems, San Ark nsas and Red River Basins of western Angelo Formation (Permian), north Texas­ Okl homa and adjacent parts of Kansas and facies control of red-bed copper mineralization: Te as: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of 71 . Economic Geology Report of Investigations No. 80, 73 p. Wick am, J., 1978, The southern Oklahoma __ 1976, Sabkha and tidal flat facies control of aul cogen, in Structural style of the Arbuckle stratiform copper depOSits in north Texas, in region: Geological Society of America, South­ Johnson, K. S., and Croy, R. L., eds., Stratiform Ce tral Region Field Trip 3, p. 8-41. copper deposits of the midcontinent region, a Willi ms, P. F., and Rust, B. R., 1969, The symposium: Oklahoma Geological Survey se imentology of a braided river: Journal of Circular 77, p. 25-39. Se imentary Petrology, v. 39, no. 2, p. 649-679. Soderstrom, G. S., 1968, Stratigraphic relationships Wils n, J. L., 1975, Carbonate facies in geologic in the Palo Duro - Hardeman Basin area, in Basins hi tory: New York, Springer-Verlag, 471 p.

18 Appendix: List of gamma-ray logs used n cross sections

BEG BEG No. Operator Well Name No. Well NMle DONLEY COUNTY ARMSTRONG COUNTY' 1 H. E. Bryan #1 Hermesmeyer .4 Sunray Mid-Continent Oil Co. #1 Cope 7 James W. 'therspoon #1 McMurtry 22 W. V. Harlow #1 Mattie Hedgecoke EI Paso Nat ral Gas Co. #3 Lewis 23 Burdell Oil Co. #1 McGehee strat. test 9 12 EI Paso Nat ral Gas Co. #A-1 Baptist Foundation BRISCOE COUNTY 43 Miami Petro eum Co. #1-162 Lazy R. G. Ranch 1 Texaco-Seaboard, Inc. #1 Thelma Bivins FLOYD COUNTY 3 Hassie Hunt Trust Estate #1 Owens #1 E. E. Wells 5 H. L. Hunt #9 Ritchie 4 Lovelady #A-l H. Hammond 6 H. L. Hunt #2 Ritchie 34 Pan Americ n Petroleum #1 Couch 20 Gulf Oil Corp. #0-1 S. A. Rodgers 35 Lovelady 21 Cockrell Corp. #1 C. O. Allard GRAY COUNTY 23 Amerada Petroleum Corp. #1 J. C. Hamilton 1 E. B. Clark #1 D. J. Barnett #1 Fatheree CARSON COUNTY 5 #1 Jackson Headington Co. #0-1 Sanford 12 Underwood #1-B Troy 7 Skelly Oil Co. #262 Schafer Ranch 22 Phillips Pet leum Co. #1 Kirby 15 Bridger Petroleum Corp. #1 Leven 74 Quintin Littl 16 E. H. Rice #1 Chapman UADALUPE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO 20 Texas Gulf Producing #1 Bobbitt 9 A. G. HiII-G rdner Petroleum Co. #l-A Federal 22 Consolidated Gas & #1 Biggs "A" 12 Bert Thom on #1 Tucumcari National Bank Mining Corp. and Harvest 13 General Cr de Oil Co. #1-1 State Queen Mill & Elevator Co. 14 Husky and eneral Crude Oil Co. #1 Hanchett State 27 L. B. Newman #4 Meaker 15 Baker & Ta lor Drilling Co. #1 Dale Smith Roy H. King et al. #1 F. M. & C. M. Peacock 33 HALE COUNTY 37 J. M. Huber Co. #1 Newton 1 EI Rey Petr leum, Inc. #1 T. L. Whitten 43 Send Springs Home #27 Long 5 Mason & Wish #1 Harrell 45 Cities Service Oil Co. #4 Burnett "P' 52 Gulf Oil Corp. #64 S. B. Burnett HALL COUNTY #1 Grace Cochran CASTRO COUNTY 1 Amarillo Oi Co. 2 Sun Oil Co #1 T. E. Spear 1 Amarillo Oil Co. #1 C. R. Veigel 16 Sinclair Oil Co. #1 Shannon 3 Pan American Petroleum #1 Mary Lee Robbins 21 Sinclair Oil Co. #2 Annie C. Hughes 8 I. A. Stephens #1 I. C. Little 27 AtlantiC Re ining Co. #1 W. E. Garrison 9 Ashmun & Hilliard #1 Willis 13 Amarillo Oil Co. #1 L. C. Boothe HANSFORD COUNTY 16 Ashmun & Hilliard #1 Joh n L. Merritt 34 #1 Dahl #10.D.C. CHILDRESS COUNTY 47 63 #1-59 Bivins 1 Seitz et al. #1 Ray Albaugh 70 # 1 Rhoda Hart 5 Russell Maguire #1 Smith L. & C. 104 Texas Co. #1 H. L. Wilbanks 8 Shell Oil Co. #1 Mitchell 105 Hamilton #1-115 Willbanks 52 L. B. Taylor #1 E. B. Johnson 131 Southern alifornia #1 Yanda COTTLE COUNTY Petrole m Co. 6 Pan American Petroleum #1 Coda Bevers 135 John Eisn #1 Carson 69 Miami Oil #1 Swenson 144 Humble Oi Co. #1-18 Hart "A" 78 General Crude #29-1-C Swenson QE Gulf Oil C rp. (TDWR) #1 Ogle Gas Unit #2 Tippen 91 Robinson HARTLEY COUNTY 99 Hovgard & Fitzgerald #1 Jamie Cate 3 Burnett #1 Bennett CURRY COUNTY, NEW MEXICO 4 Pan Ameri an Petroleum #1 Wharton Ranch 2 Exxon Co., USA #1 Evelyn Brown 10 Phillips Pe roleum Co. #1-L Morris 18 Southern Petroleum #1 Harrell 23 Sinclair Oi Co. #1 Reynolds Cattle Exploration, Inc. 30 Phillips Pe roleum Co. #1 Ostia #1 Houghton DALLAM COUNTY 56 Amarillo 0 I Co. Sinclair Oi Co. #1 Houghton 1 Shell Oil Co. #1 Simms 57 Phillips Pe roleum Co. #2 Feltz Cabot Carbon #1 Murdock 68 8 #15 Bivi ns Estate 20 Skelly 011 Co. #1 Robinson 70 Sinclair Oi Co. Amarillo II Co. #2 Houghton 43 Skelly Oil Co. #1 Noble 93 DEAF SMITH COUNTY HEMPHILL COUNTY Phillips P roleum Co. #1 McQuiddy"A" 2 Frankfort Oil Co. #1 Allison-Hayes 20 Humble 0 I & Refining Co. #1R. A. Flowers 4 Texas Crude Oil Co. #1-78 Rose 29 10 Gardner Bros. Drilling Co. #1 Collett HUTCHINSON COUNTY 14 LaMence Drilling Co. #1 Western Realty 1 McCulioc #1-B Cunningham #1 Holt DE BACA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO 7 Edwin L. 16 Anadarko roduction #B-1 Kirk 1 Peters Oil Co. #1 Peters State J. M. Hu r Corp. #5 Harrison 13 Nearburg & Ingram #1 Milton 21 #1 B. Wisdom Shell 011 Co. #26-69 strat. test 25 Gulf 011 C 15 #1 MAT. Petroleum Cities Service Oil Co. #1 Hobson 28 16 #1 Duncan 17 Eugene Talbert #1 Federal 32

"Texas counties unless otherwise indicated. 19 Appendix (cont.)

BEG BEG No. 0 tor Well Heme No. Op.... tor Well Heme HUTCHINSON COUNTY (cant.) POTTER COUNTY (cant.) 39 Texaco. In . #1 L. T. Bivins 41 A. E. Herrmann Corp. 1115 Hardin 41 ARCO 11129 WOW 45 A. E. Herrmann Corp. 115 Scott 44 Humble 0 iI & Refining Co. #1 O. H. Gouldy 53 . Roy H. King #1 T. J. Price 144 Colorado I lerslale Gas Co. 1169-B Maslerson 231 Phillips Pelroleum Co. #1 Vela Colorado I lerslale Gas Co. #29-A Maslerson 299 Power Pelroleum Co. #9 Fred 152 153 Colorado I lerslale Gas Co. #56-B Maslerson ~2 Graham-Michaelis Drilling Co. #4 Prilchard QUAY COUNTY. NEW MEXICO LUBBOCK COUNTY Humble i & Refining Co. #1 C. P. State Delfern Oil 111 Hines 2 0 11 Shell Oil C #4-69 slrat. tesl MOORE COUNTY 18 #1 Redondo Mesa 2 Pelro Exploration. Inc. 111 M. Cator 27 #20-69 slrat. test 13 Diamond Shamrock 111 Robertson Storage 28 #19-69 Pueblo strat. lest 17 Texas Co. 111 Lacy Meek 29 #7-69 slrat. tesl 18 Texas Co. IIl-B Lacy Meek 30 #1,5-69 Pueblo strat. tesl 21 Pioneer Products #1 Thompson 31 #8-69 strat. test 5ocony Mobil Oil #6-M R. 5. Coon 33 RANDALL COUNTY 46 Colorado Interstate Gu Co. #36-A Maslerson 12 Amarillo 0 I Co. #1 Irene Hicks 48 Anadarko Production IIl-E Sneed 13 Arkla Expl #1-55skypala 174 Colorado Inlerstate Gas Co. 1110 Sneed "A" 19 Frankfort #1 Grogan 232 Colorado Inlerslale Gas Co. 1131 R Masterson 23 Frankfort #1 Stinnett MOTLEY COUNTY 24 Meridian #1 Winters Humble Oil Co. 114-B Matador 38 ROBERTS COUNTY 41 Humble Oil Co. I16-B Matador 3 Phillips Pe roleum Co. #1 McGarraugh "B" 44 E. E. Moss & Sons 111 Ollie Scott 21 C. C. Lee #1 D. D. Payne 46 Cascade Pelroleum 111 E. C. Stearns 48 Locke 111 Heath Robinson ROOSEVELT COUNTY. NEW MEXICO 51 La Coastal 111-44 Swenson 5 Humble 0 I & Refining Co. 111 "CT" State New Mexico I & Refining Co. #1 Blonnie C. Rea OCHILTREE COUNTY 6 Humble 0 7 Southern elroleum Exploration 111 Hensley 2 Texas Pacific Oil Co. 111 Sell 20 Horizon Oil & Gas 111-57 Weicker SHERMAN COUNTY A Skelly Oil Co. 111 Kuntson 5 Texas Co. 1st State Bank of Stratford B Texas Pacific Oil Co. 111 Newman 6 Cherry Br s. #1 Arthur Ross ling Co. #1 Wiggins OLDHAM COUNTY 19 K&H Ope 20 K&H Ope ting Co. #1 Wohlford 2 Shell Oil Co. 111-68 strat. lest 31 Petroleum Exploration. Inc. #1 Bullington 5 Shell Oil Co. and Atlantic #98-1 Fullon 37 Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp. #1 Lucile Ferguson Refining Co. 39 Pelro Ass ciates 111-332 Pranger 10 Shell Oil Co. 111 Bivins Ranch 56 GultOil C rp. #1 Blake Unit 13 Colorado Interslate Gas Co. #A-lll Bivins 16 Shell Oil Co. #B-l L. S. Ranch SWISHER COUNTY 25 Shell Oil Co. #2-68 slrat. lest 1 iI Co. #1 Wesley 28 Superior Oil Co. #3 Matador 3 iI Co. #1 Cullan 53 Shell Oil Co. #4-58 strat. lest 6 siandard II Co. #1 Johnson 67 Barnell Oil Co. #1 Currie 9 Humble iI & Refining Co. #1 A. B. Nanny 70 Lonnie Gluscock. Jr. 111 Howard 10 Consolid ed Gas & #1 Patton enl Co. PARMER COUNTY Equip 11 Consolid led Gas & #1 H. O. Thompson 1 U.S. Smelting #l-A S. H. Osborn Equip ent Co. 2 Gulf Oil Corp. #A-l Keliehor 12 Frankfort Oil Co. #1 Sweatt 8 Texaco. Inc. 111 Owen Patton 10 Sunray Oil #1 Kimbrough TEXAS COUNTY. OKLAHOMA Phillips P troleum Co. #1 De Lier POTTER COUNTY 9 1 Sinclair 011 Co. #13 Bivins WHEELER COUNTY 8 Colorado Interstate Gas Co. #34-R Masterson 50 #1 W. F. James 17 Bivins #1 Strip 52 #1 JM. W. Walker 18 Amarillo 011 Co. #1 Frank Givens 64 Johnny rimm #2 Porter 28 James Brown Assoc. #1 T. V. Hill 34 Standard of Texas 111 R. C. Bush

20