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The Historia Plantarum Generalis of John Ray: Book I - a Translation and Commentary

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The Historia Plantarum Generalis of John Ray: Book I - a Translation and Commentary The Historia Plantarum Generalis of John Ray: Book I - a translation and commentary. In three volumes Elizabeth Mary Lazenby, B.A. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The University of Newcastle upon Tyne. NEWCASTLE UNIVERITY LIBRARY O9L 51561 5 es L' Department of Classics January 1995 Volume Two Table of Contents Volume Two: Commentary Table of contents 498 Illustrations and diagrams 500 Chapter 13: Certain general observations on the seeds of plants. 501 Chapter 14: On the leaves of plants called seed leaves. 537 Chapter 15: On the seedling and other things contained in the seed. 54 Chapter 16: On the secondary or auxiliary parts of plants: 574 tendrils, thorns etc. Chapter 17: On the nutrition of plants. 585 Chapter 18: On the sowing and propagation of plants. 605 Chapter 19: On grafting. 663 Chapter 20: Concerning the specific differences (as they call them) 689 of plants. Chapter 21: On the transmutation of species in plants. 712 Chapter 22: On the stature and size of plants. 738 Chapter 23: On the age and lifespan of plants. 765 Chapter 24: On the powers and uses of plants in food and medicine. 779 Chapter 25: On the position of plants. 827 Chapter 26: On the division of plants according to their genus. 835 Chapter 27: On the division of plants into 847 trees, shrubs, subshrubs and herbaceous plants: and of individuals into their subordinate genera. Chapter 28: On the collection, drying out and preservation 886 of plants and their parts. Chapter 29 On the chemical analysis of plants 905 and the use of their dissolved parts. Chapter 30: On the diseases of plants and their remedies. 940 498 General table of herbaceous plants showing the main types. 953 Table 1: Imperfect plants. 959 Table 2: 1-lerbaceous plants with very small seed, which is scarcely visible to the naked eye. 973 Appendix: Table of authors etc. referred to by Ray in HistoriaPlantarum, Book I. 981 Bibliography. 984 499 Illustrations and diagrams Volume Two Broad Bean seed 549 Seed leaves from: Historia Plantarum: 27 554 Malpighi, AnatoinePlantarum: Tab. LIII, figs 18 and 19 554 Sycamore fruit showing the rolled up embryo 555 Cross sections of the seeds of Ricinus communis (Castor-oil plant) and Zea mavs (Maize) 556 Epigeal germination (Phaseolus) from Malpighi, AnatornesPlantarum ParsAltera. Tab.II 560 Hypogeal germination (Fa) from Malpighi, AnatomesPlantarumParsAltera. Tab.III 561 Avena from Malpighi, AnatomePlantaruin: Tab.LIV, fig.324. 570 Pine seed 572 500 Chapter Thirteen: Certain general observations on the seeds of plants. Ray had presented to The Royal Society on December 17th 1674 A Discourse on the Seeds of Plants; it had been read for him in his absence by Henry Oldenburgh, the Secretary to the Society. Ray himself had doubts as to the quality of this work, feeling that it was not ready for the public: I have this week by the Tamworth carrier sent you a paper of such sorry observations as I have made concerning the Seeds, and concerning the specific difference of Plants..........The former concerning the seeds of Plants are but inchoate & imperfect. I should not have presented them so soon to the Society but that I have nothing better to send, & am unwilling to be wanting in the carrying on so good a design as they have now set on foot.996 997 After the presentation of this paper, Oldenburgh wrote to Ray indicating that The Royal Society hoped to receive further work from him on this subject.998 This chapter of Historia Plantarum is largely based on this paper, the full text of which is given in The Further Correspondence of John Ray ;999 since Historia Plantarum was published by The Royal Society, perhaps it can be considered to be Ray's further observations. Ray's Methodus Nova published in 1682 also includes a section entitled De Plantarum seminibus observationes qucedam genera/es. Vines describes these first three sections of the Methodus, which correspond to Chapters 13, 14 and 15 of HistoriaPlantarum, as giving: an account of Ray's observations upon seeds and seedlings, with quotations from Malpighi's recent work on the same subject 996 Letter from John Ray to Henry Oldenburgh, dated 30th November 1674; Further Correspondence: 67-68. 997 NB. The Royal Society, at this time, required all members annually to submit recent research work for presentation at their meetings. 998 Henry Oldenburgh to John Ray: letter written on 21st December 1674; C'orrespondence 114-115: They doubt not but that you will in good time communicate to them also what you shall farther observe concerning the seeds of bulbous plants. 999 Further Correspondence: 70-77. 501 (Anatomes Plantarum, Pars Prima, 1675; Pars altera, 1679), recognizing the fact that the seedlings of some plants have two seed- leaves or cotyledons (as Malpighi first called them),1 000 those of others only one, a fact which came to be of great systematic importance. 1001 Basically Ray adopted the ideas of Grew that there is a difference of sex in the vegetable kingdom and he developed the ideas of Cesalpino that there is a substance in a seed, which he calls pulpa or medulla. now known as the endosperm, and that there are either one or two cotyledons. Text page 24. Line 2. Ut inajus semen majorem semper producat plantam, minus minorem. Ray discusses whether larger seeds produce larger plants, and comes to the conclusion that this is not necessarily so. Modern research has produced some interesting results, that large seeds are an advantage to a plant, when it is to grow in a densely packed community and must therefore contain enough food for it to grow to a point where light can reach it and it can thus photosynthesise. Conversely, small seeds usually grow in more open habitats, where they do not have to grow to such a height to begin manufacturing their own food.1002 Line 4. 7a6a Faba. see above Cap.9, line 20. Line 4. 2'LcL Pisum: see above Cap.9, line 20. Line 4. 'Vieiir Vicia: see above Cap.9, line 20. Line 4. Lipthz Lupinus: see above Cap.9, line 16. 1000 See notes to Cap. 15, lines 13-15. 1001 Vines: 35-36. 1002 Turrill: 176. 502 Line 4. 2'epont.c: Pepo: see above Cap.9, line 180. Line 4. 5'fe1o#i.c: Melo: see above Cap. 10, line 12. Line 5. Cucurñite: Cucurbita: see above Cap.9, line 180. Line 5. !16n/ Ulmus: see above Cap.4, line 145. Line 5. Fopufz Populus: see above Cap.5, line 63. Line 5. 5thc Salix: see above Cap.5, line 26. Line 5. et: Betula: see above Cap.4, line 12. Line 5. yIcu.c Ficus: see above Cap.4, line 143. Line 7. Atque hoc non in plantis duntaxat diversorum generum observari potest: Is Ray using the term genus in a modern sense or merely for the 'kinds' of plants? In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, because of the great number of new plants being discovered, botanists were beginning to recognize groups of related species approximating to modern genera and to distinguish more carefully between the species within them. This process led to the establishment of genus and species as the basic units of taxonomy.'003 It was not, however, until the time of Linmeus in the eighteenth century that the definition was refined into our modern concept based on the characteristics of flowers and fruit. 1004 Perhaps, therefore, Ray is still using the term genus in a 1003 Morton: 146. 1004 ibid.: 265. 503 looser sense but with overtones of the division into genera in a modern sense. Lines 8-9. arborum glandiferarum .........glandem: Ray defines the term glans in his glossary to HistoriaPlantarum as follows: qn.c dicitur quod cortice constat crustoso unicum tantum semen continente, cujus pars posterior, quce crbore adhwret, calyce proxime cooperitur, parte superiore nuda. SpreC Zs-. Rectius Glans dicitur ipse fructus calyce contentus. 1005 Line 8. Ith coccifera: note that the plant Ray is using as a comparison with Quercus vulgaris, is not the modern hex, which is a member of the Aquifoliacece family, producing as its fruit a drupe with three or more stones and not an acorn as Ray says here; he is giving Quercus hex (L.), also known as Quercuscoccifera (L.) as his example: see below. Line 8. hIcoccfera. [C.T.& M. 317] Quercus ilex (L.), Evergreen Oak, Hoim Oak; a species of the Quercus genus of the Fagacece or Oak family. B.& G.-W. 56: B.& H. 407: Linn.Sp.Pl. 995: Syn.Meth.St.Br. - no ref.: H.P. 1391: H.P .111 D. - no ref.: Tn. 16.43: Cat .Angl. - no ref.: Camb. - no ref. H.P. 1391: hlexarborea J.B. major glandifera Ger. major aculeata & non aculeata Park. IV seu folio rotundiore, moth modiceq. sinuato C.B. necnon I. seu folio oblongo serrato C.B. The Holm-Oak. 1005 Historia Plantarurn; Terminorum quorundain & vocum generalioruin Interpretatio & Explicatio brevis: unnumbered pages at beginning of Volume I. 504 Tn. 16.43: The Holm-Oak: flex, -icis, f.: TlpIvos, —(vov, f. Line 9. Quercü.c: Quercus: see above Cap.4, line 145. Line 9. Cerru.c. [C.T.& M. 317] Quercus cerris (L.), [Quercus hispanica (Lam.): Quercus cerris x Quercus suber. (L.)] Turkey Oak; a species of the Quercus genus of the Fagacew or Oak family. B.& G.-W. 56: B.& H. '407: Linn.Sp.Pl. 996: Syn.Meth.St.Br. - no ref.: H.P. 1387: H.P.fff ?D 21-23: Tn. - no ref.: Cat .Angl. - no ref.: Camb. - no ref.
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