DOCSLIB.ORG

Mid Term Revision

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mid Term Revision Mid Term Revision Neuroanatomy block-Anatomy Editing file This file was done by: ● Abdulrahman Shadid ● Ateen Almutairi Boys team: Girls team : ● Abdullah Basamh All team members ● Alwaleed Alsaleh ● Salman Alagla Special thanks to May babaeer ● Abdulrahman Al-Bedaiwi Lecture 1: Organization of The Nervous System (1/1) Organizations of the nervous system Structural organization Functional organization (Central nervous system) (Peripheral nervous system) -brain & spinal cord (Sensory-afferent) (Motor-efferent) -nerve, ganglion & receptors -occupies the dorsal cavity Consists of nerve fibers Consists of nerve fibers -integrating/command center that convey impulses that convey impulses from receptors located from the CNS to the 1)Ganglion: group of neurons 1)Nucleus: group of neurons in various parts of the effector muscles, organs outside CNS within CNS body to the CNS. and glands. 2)Nerve: group of nerve fibers 2)Tract: group of nerve fibers outside CNS within CNS -Functions of the nervous system: 1) collection of sensory input 2) integration 3) motor output -Nervous tissue: 1) Grey matter: cell bodies/processes of neuron/neuroglia/B.V 2) White matter: same as grey matter BUT without cell bodies Autonomic nervous system Neurons that detect changes and control the activity of the viscera. Its components are present in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Sympathetic Parasympathetic (Thoracolumbar outflow) (Craniosacral outflow) Divisions are generally have antagonistic effects on the structures that they innervate E.g. Sympathetic increases the heart rate, while the parasympathetic decreases the heart rate. Parts of The Brain Tissue of cerebral Cerebral hemispheres Cerebellum hemispheres The largest part of the brain. The outer layer is the gray matter or cortex. Cerebellum has 2 cerebellar They have elevations, called gyri that Deeper is located the white matter or hemispheres with convoluted surface. are separated by depressions called medulla, composed of bundles of nerves and fibers carrying impulses to and from the It has an outer cortex of gray matter sulci. cortex. and an inner region of white matter. Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes Basal nuclei are gray matter that are It provides precise coordination for named according to the bone above. located deep within the white matter to help body movements and helps maintain Lobes are separated by deeper grooves the motor cortex in regulation of voluntary equilibrium. called fissures or sulci. motor activities. Brainstem Diencephalon The diencephalon is located between It is connected to the cerebellum the 2 cerebral hemispheres and is with 3 paired peduncles superior, linked to them and to the brainstem. middle and inferior. The major structures of the The brainstem has three parts: diencephalon are: 1. Midbrain. 1. Thalamus 2. Pons. 2. Hypothalamus 3. Medulla oblongata. 3. Subthalamus 4. Epithalamus. Brain ventricles Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid ● ● Brain is bathed by the cerebrospinal fluid ● There are three connective tissue CSF is constantly produced by the choroid (CSF). membranes invest the brain and plexuses inside the ventricle. ● ● Inside the brain, there are 4 ventricles filled the spinal cord, from outward to Inside the brain, CSF flows from the lateral with CSF. inward: ventricles to the 3rd and 4th ventricles ● ● The 4 ventricles are: 1. Dura matter. From the 4th ventricle, part of the CSF flows - 2 lateral ventricles: One in each 2. Arachnoid matter. down in the central canal of the spinal cord. ● hemispheres. 3. Pia matter. Most of the CSF drains from the 4th - 3rd ventricle: in the Diencephalon. ventricle to distribute in the subarachnoid - 4th ventricle: between Pons, Medulla space around the brain and returns to the oblongata & Cerebellum. dural venous sinuses through the Cerebral aqueduct: arachnoid villi. connects the 3rd to the 4th ventricle. 2 Lecture 2: Anatomy of the Spinal Cord (1/2) Spinal Cord Shape & Pathway ● It is elongated, cylindrical, thickness of the little Function & Protection finger,suspended in the vertebral canal Features ● Continuous above with the medulla oblongata. extends ● The primary function of spinal ● Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar (L1-L2) vertebra. cord is nerves: (In children it extends to L3). a transmission of neural signals between 8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, In adults, its Length is approximately 45 cm the brain and the (PNS) then to the rest of 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, the body by: 1 Coccygeal. ● The tapered inferior end forms Conus Medullaris, which 1. Sensory. is connected to the coccyx by a non-neuronal cord called 2. Motor. ● Spinal cord has two Filum Terminale. 3. Local reflexes. enlargements: 1. Cervical enlargement: supplies ● The bundle of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from ● Protected by vertebrae and upper limbs. lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris surrounded by the meninges and 2. Lumbosacral enlargement: surround the filum terminale and form cauda equina cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supplies lower limbs Cross section of the Spinal cord Central canal A cerebrospinal-filled space that runs longitudinally through the entire length of the spinal cord. The spinal cord is Commissure Lined by ependymal (ciliated columnar Incompletely divided epithelium) into two equal parts: Grey commissure: Continuous with the ventricular system of Anteriorly by a short, Composed of grey A Transverse bridge of grey matter connecting the anterior the brain shallow median fissure. matter in the and posterior gray horns on each side Superiorly opens into the 4th ventricle Posteriorly by a deep centre surrounded Is pierced by the central canal that divides it into anterior Inferiorly in the conus medullaris, it narrow septum, the by white matter and posterior part. expands into the fusiform terminal posterior median supported by White commissure: ventricle and terminates below at the root septum. neuroglia. Lies ventral to the gray commissure. of filum terminale. Mainly contains decussating nerve fibers. Grey matter ● The arrangement of grey matter resembles the shape of the letter H, ● having two posterior, two anterior and two lateral horns/columns. ● Consists of nerve cell bodies and their processes, neuroglia, and blood vessels ● The nerve cells are multipolar and are of three main categories: 1. Sensory neurons (Tract cells): receive impulses from the periphery of the body and whose axons constitute the ascending fasciculi of the white matter, are located in the Dorsal horns. 2. Lower motor neurons: transmit impulses to the skeletal muscles, are located in the ventral horns (similar neurons in the lateral horn are the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic system). 3. Interneurons (connector neurons): linking sensory and motor neurons, at the same or different levels, which form spinal reflex arcs. ❏ Arrangement of the nerve cells group: ❏ Dorsal horn ❏ ventral horn ❏ lateral horn : Small column composed of small neurons extend from: • T1 to L2-3 segments, give rise to preganglionic sympathetic fibers • S2-4 segments, give rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers Intermediolateral Nucleus (IMN): Located in the intermediate column and lateral horn. relays sensory information from visceral to the brain, and autonomic signals from the brain to the visceral organs. (Lamine VII). Groups of cells in the Dorsal Horn Name Location Function and features Marginal at the tip of the dorsal horn. Important for relaying pain and temperature sensation to the brain. zone (MZ) (Laminae I) Substantia at the apex of the posterior Dorsal root fibers relaying pain, temperature, and light touch sensation to the Gelatinosa horn brain. (SG): (Laminae II). Composed of large neurons and Extends throughout the length of spinal cord Nucleus In the neck of the dorsal horn Dorsal root fibers concerned with half of crude touch, concerned with senses of Proprius (anterior to substantia position & movement. gelatinosa) .(Laminae IV). Composed of large neurons and Extends throughout the length of spinal cord Nucleus at the base of dorsal horn dorsal root fibers concerned with information from muscle spindles and Dorsalis (Laminae VII). tendon organs (relays unconscious proprioceptive information to the brain) Composed mostly of large neurons and Extends from C8 to L3-4 segments Visceral lateral to nucleus dorsalis • Afferents: Visceral afferents Afferent Rexed • Composed mostly of medium size neurons • Extends from T1 to L3 segments Nucleus (Lamina VII) 3 Lecture 2: Anatomy of the Spinal Cord (2/2) 1. The Rexed laminae comprise a system of ten layers of grey matter (I-X) 2. These layers are called the Laminae of Rexed, that are numbered consecutively by Roman numerals, starting from the tip of (Rexed Laminae) the dorsal horn and moving ventrally into the ventral horn. 3. Cells of the same type are clustered into groups, which occur in long columns. 4. In transverse section, these columns appear as layers, especially within the dorsal horn. Groups of cells in the Ventral Horn The ventral horns contain: 1. Motor neurons, also called lower motor neurons. and has two type: ● Large multipolar cells ➢ Numerous ➢ Axons pass out in the ventral roots of spinal nerves as alpha efferents ➢ Innervate extrafusal muscle fibers ● Smaller multipolar cells ➢ Less numerous ➢ Axons pass out in the ventral roots of spinal nerves as gamma efferents ➢ Innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of neuromuscular spindles *Both alpha and gamma motor neurons are under the influence of descending pathways (upper motor neurons) from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nuclear Expression of PG-21, SRC-1, and Pcreb in Regions of the Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Involved in Pelvic Innervation in Young Adult and Aged Rats
    Original Article http://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.2012.45.4.241 pISSN 2093-3665 eISSN 2093-3673 Nuclear expression of PG-21, SRC-1, and pCREB in regions of the lumbosacral spinal cord involved in pelvic innervation in young adult and aged rats Richard N. Ranson1,2, Jennifer H. Connelly1, Robert M. Santer1, Alan H. D. Watson1 1Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff,2 School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Abstract: In rats, ageing results in dysfunctional patterns of micturition and diminished sexual reflexes that may reflect degenerative changes within spinal circuitry. In both sexes the dorsal lateral nucleus and the spinal nucleus of the bulbospongiosus, which lie in the L5-S1 spinal segments, contain motor neurons that innervate perineal muscles, and the external anal and urethral sphincters. Neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of these segments provide autonomic control of the bladder, cervix and penis and other lower urinary tract structures. Interneurons in the dorsal gray commissure and dorsal horn have also been implicated in lower urinary tract function. This study investigates the cellular localisation of PG-21 androgen receptors, steroid receptor co-activator one (SRC-1) and the phosphorylated form of c-AMP response element binding protein (pCREB) within these spinal nuclei. These are components of signalling pathways that mediate cellular responses to steroid hormones and neurotrophins. Nuclear expression of PG-21 androgen receptors, SRC-1 and pCREB in young and aged rats was quantified using immunohistochemistry. There was a reduction in the number of spinal neurons expressing these molecules in the aged males while in aged females, SRC-1 and pCREB expression was largely unchanged.
    [Show full text]
  • Motor Tracts
    Motor tracts There are two major descending tracts Pyramidal tracts (Corticospinal ) : Conscious control of skeletal muscles Extrapyramidal: Upper motor Subconscious neurons. regulation of balance, muscle tone, eye, hand, and upper limb position: Vestibulospinal tracts Lower motor neurons. Reticulospinal tracts Rubrospinal tracts Tectospinal tracts Extrapyramidal tracts arise in the brainstem, but are under the influence of the cerebral cortex Rexed laminae • Lamina 8: motor interneurons, Commissural nucleus • Lamina 9: ventral horn, LMN, divided into nuclei: Ventromedial : all segements (extensors of vertebral coloumn) Dorsomedial : (T1-L2) intercostals and abdominal muscles Ventrolateral: C5-C8 (arm) L2-S2 (thigh) Dorsolateral: C5-C8 (Forearm), L3-S3 (Leg) Reterodorsolateral: C8-T1 (Hand), S1-S2 (foot) Central: Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) • Lamina X : Surrounds the central canal – the grey commissure Motor neurons of anterior horn Medial group: (All segments) Lateral group: only enlargements Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle. Each muscle spindle consists of an encapsulated cluster of small striated muscle fibers (" intrafusal muscle fibers ") with somewhat unusual structure (e.g., nuclei may be concentrated in a cluster near the middle of the fiber's length). The skeletal muscle is composed of: Extrafusal fibers (99%): innervated by alpha motor neurons . Intrafusal fibers (1%): innervated by gamma motor neurons . depend on the muscle spindle receptors Activating alpha motor neurons Directly through supraspinal centers: Descending motor pathways (UMN) Indirectly through Muscle spindles Stretch reflex: skeletal muscles are shorter than the distance between its origin and insertion Gamma loop Gamma fibers activate the muscle fibers indirectly, while alpha fibers do it directly.
    [Show full text]
  • 87.MANISH KUMAR DOI.Cdr
    Volume - 10 | Issue - 12 | December - 2020 | PRINT ISSN No. 2249 - 555X | DOI : 10.36106/ijar Review Article Dentistry THE MANDIBULAR NERVE, ITS COURSE, ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS AND PTERYGOMANDIBULAR SPACE. - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Assistant Professor, Department Of Dentistry, Government Medical College & Dr. Manish Kumar Hospital, Ratlam (M.P). Dr. Kapil Associate Professor, Department Of Dentistry, Ananta Institute Of Medical Sciences Karwasra* And Research Centre, Rajsamand, Rajasthan. *Corresponding Author Dr. Amit Senior Resident, Department Of Dentistry, Sardar Patel Medical College & Associated Chhaparwal Hospital, Bikaner, (Rajasthan). ABSTRACT Knowledge of mandibular nerve and its branches is important when performing dental and surgical procedures of mandible. So, this systematic review article revealed all details of mandibular nerve course and also important anatomical variations. Mandibular nerve during its course go through the pterygomandibular space and this space is important for inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia, so all details of pterygomandibular structure are also included in this review. KEYWORDS : Mandibular Nerve, Pterygomandibular Space, Inferior Alveolar Nerve, Trigeminal Nerve, Trigeminal Ganglion. INTRODUCTION and this site is generally used for buccal nerve block 5. The trigeminal nerve (TN) exits the brain on the lateral surface of pons, entering the trigeminal ganglion (TGG) after few millimeters, Deep temporal nerves usually are two nerves, anterior and posterior. followed by an extensive series of divisions1. Mandibular nerve (MN) They pass between the skull and the LPt, and enter the deep surface of is the largest of the three divisions of trigeminal nerve. MN also temporalis2. contains motor or efferent bers to innervate the muscles that are attached to mandible. Most of these bers travel directly to their target The nerve to LPt enters the deep surface of the muscle and may arise tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Trigeminal Cave and Ganglion: an Anatomical Review
    Int. J. Morphol., 31(4):1444-1448, 2013. Trigeminal Cave and Ganglion: An Anatomical Review Cavo y Ganglio Trigeminal: Una Revisión Anatómica N. O. Ajayi*; L. Lazarus* & K. S. Satyapal* AJAYI, N. O.; LAZARUS, L. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Trigeminal cave and ganglion: an anatomical review. Int. J. Morphol., 31(4):1444- 1448, 2013. SUMMARY: The trigeminal cave (TC) is a special channel of dura mater, which extends from the posterior cranial fossa into the posteromedial portion of the middle cranial fossa at the skull base. The TC contains the motor and sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve, the trigeminal ganglion (TG) as well as the trigeminal cistern. This study aimed to review the anatomy of the TC and TG and determine some parameters of the TC. The study comprised two subsets: A) Cadaveric dissection on 30 sagitally sectioned formalin fixed heads and B) Volume injection. We found the dura associated with TC arranged in three distinct layers. TC had relations with internal carotid artery, the cavernous sinus, the superior petrosal sinus, the apex of petrous temporal bone and the endosteal dura of middle cranial fossa. The mean volume of TC was 0.14 ml. The mean length and breadth of TG were 18.3 mm and 7.9 mm, respectively, mean width and height of trigeminal porus were 7.9 mm and 4.1 mm, respectively, and mean length of terminal branches from TG to point of exit within skull was variable. An understanding of the precise formation of the TC, TG, TN and their relations is important in order to perform successful surgical procedures and localized neural block in the region of the TC.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 1: the Upper Extremity
    Volume 1: The Upper Extremity 1.1 The Shoulder 01.00 - 38.20 (37.20) 1.1.1 Introduction to shoulder section 0.01.00 0.01.28 0.28 1.1.2 Bones, joints, and ligaments 1 Clavicle, scapula 0.01.29 0.05.40 4.11 1.1.3 Bones, joints, and ligaments 2 Movements of scapula 0.05.41 0.06.37 0.56 1.1.4 Bones, joints, and ligaments 3 Proximal humerus 0.06.38 0.08.19 1.41 Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) Movements of shoulder joint 1.1.5 Review of bones, joints, and ligaments 0.08.20 0.09.41 1.21 1.1.6 Introduction to muscles 0.09.42 0.10.03 0.21 1.1.7 Muscles 1 Long tendons of biceps, triceps 0.10.04 0.13.52 3.48 Rotator cuff muscles Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Coracobrachialis 1.1.8 Muscles 2 Serratus anterior 0.13.53 0.17.49 3.56 Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor and major Trapezius Pectoralis minor Subclavius, omohyoid 1.1.9 Muscles 3 Pectoralis major 0.17.50 0.20.35 2.45 Latissimus dorsi Deltoid 1.1.10 Review of muscles 0.20.36 0.21.51 1.15 1.1.11 Vessels and nerves: key structures First rib 0.22.09 0.24.38 2.29 Cervical vertebrae Scalene muscles 1.1.12 Blood vessels 1 Veins of the shoulder region 0.24.39 0.27.47 3.08 1.1.13 Blood vessels 2 Arteries of the shoulder region 0.27.48 0.30.22 2.34 1.1.14 Nerves The brachial plexus and its branches 0.30.23 0.35.55 5.32 1.1.15 Review of vessels and nerves 0.35.56 0.38.20 2.24 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve
    Clinical Anatomy of Trigeminal through the superior orbital fissure Nerve and courses within the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus on its way The trigeminal nerve is the fifth of to the trigeminal ganglion. the twelve cranial nerves. Often Ophthalmic Nerve is formed by the referred to as "the great sensory union of the frontal nerve, nerve of the head and neck", it is nasociliary nerve, and lacrimal named for its three major sensory nerve. Branches of the ophthalmic branches. The ophthalmic nerve nerve convey sensory information (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), and from the skin of the forehead, mandibular nerve (V3) are literally upper eyelids, and lateral aspects "three twins" carrying information of the nose. about light touch, temperature, • The maxillary nerve (V2) pain, and proprioception from the enters the middle cranial fossa face and scalp to the brainstem. through foramen rotundum and may or may not pass through the • The three branches converge on cavernous sinus en route to the the trigeminal ganglion (also called trigeminal ganglion. Branches of the semilunar ganglion or the maxillary nerve convey sensory gasserian ganglion), which contains information from the lower eyelids, the cell bodies of incoming sensory zygomae, and upper lip. It is nerve fibers. The trigeminal formed by the union of the ganglion is analogous to the dorsal zygomatic nerve and infraorbital root ganglia of the spinal cord, nerve. which contain the cell bodies of • The mandibular nerve (V3) incoming sensory fibers from the enters the middle cranial fossa rest of the body. through foramen ovale, coursing • From the trigeminal ganglion, a directly into the trigeminal single large sensory root enters the ganglion.
    [Show full text]
  • Accepted Version
    Article Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study ĆETKOVIĆ, Mila, et al. Abstract Background: In this study, we explored the specific microanatomical properties of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) blood supply and its close neurovascular relationships with the surrounding vessels. Possible clinical implications have been discussed. Materials and methods: The internal carotid and maxillary arteries of 25 adult and 4 fetal heads were injected with a 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and their TGs subsequently underwent microdissection, observation and morphometry under a stereoscopic microscope. Results: The number of trigeminal arteries varied between 3 and 5 (mean 3.34), originating from two or three of the following sources: the inferolateral trunk (ILT) (100%), the meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT) (100%), and from the middle meningeal artery (MMA) (92%). In total, the mean diameter of the trigeminal branches was 0.222 mm. The trigeminal branch of the ILT supplied medial and middle parts of the TG, branch of the MHT supplied the medial part of the TG, and the branch of the MMA supplied the lateral part of the TG. Additional arteries for the TG emerged from the dural vascular plexus and the vascular [...] Reference ĆETKOVIĆ, Mila, et al. Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study. Folia Morphologica, 2019 DOI : 10.5603/FM.a2019.0062 PMID : 31282551 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:123601 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 ONLINE FIRST This is a provisional PDF only. Copyedited and fully formatted version will be made available soon. ISSN: 0015-5659 e-ISSN: 1644-3284 Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study Authors: Mila Ćetković, Bojan V.
    [Show full text]
  • Prezentace Aplikace Powerpoint
    MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Konstantinos Choulakis Konstantinos Choulakis Meninges • Dura Mater • Aracnoid Mater • Pia Mater Dura Mater Spinal Dura mater Cranial Dura mater It forms a tube (saccus durrae matris spinalis) which start It is firmly attached to the periostium of the skull from which it receives from foramen magnus and extends to second segment of small blood vessels, branches of meningeal vessels (inappropriate name) the sacrum. It is pierced by spinal nerve roots. The spinal which occur in periostium. canal wall is coverd by periostium, then there is dura mater. The cranial dura mater has several features of importance especially, Between dura mater and periostium there is a , so called especially the dural reflections (derivatives) and the dural venous epidural space, which is filled with adipose tissue and a sinuses(see blood supply) venous plexus , the plexus venosi vertebrales interni Dura mater is attached to avascular arachnoid mater. Between them there is a potential space, so called subdural space which contains a small amount of interstitial fluid. Enables arachnoid mater to slide against dura mater. Dural Reflections The dura separates into two layers at dural reflections (also known as dural folds), places where the inner dural layer is reflected as sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity. There are two main dural reflections: • The tentorium cerebelli exists between and separates the cerebellum and • The falx cerebri, which separates the two hemispheres of the brain, is located in the brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. The peripheral border of longitudinal cerebral fissure between the hemispheres. Its free edge is close to corpus tentorium is attached to the upper edges of the petrous bones and to the calosum.
    [Show full text]
  • Arterial Supply of the Trigeminal Ganglion, a Micromorphological Study M
    Folia Morphol. Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 58–64 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0062 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2020 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 journals.viamedica.pl Arterial supply of the trigeminal ganglion, a micromorphological study M. Ćetković1, B.V. Štimec2, D. Mucić3, A. Dožić3, D. Ćetković3, V. Reçi4, S. Çerkezi4, D. Ćalasan5, M. Milisavljević6, S. Bexheti4 1Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 2Faculty of Medicine, Teaching Unit, Anatomy Sector, University of Geneva, Switzerland 3Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 4Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetovo, Republic of North Macedonia 5Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia 6Laboratory for Vascular Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia [Received: 13 March 2019; Accepted: 14 May 2019] Background: In this study, we explored the specific microanatomical properties of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) blood supply and its close neurovascular relationships with the surrounding vessels. Possible clinical implications have been discussed. Materials and methods: The internal carotid and maxillary arteries of 25 adult and 4 foetal heads were injected with a 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and their TGs subsequently underwent microdissection, observation and morphometry under a stereoscopic microscope. Results: The number of trigeminal arteries varied between 3 and 5 (mean 3.34), originating from 2 or 3 of the following sources: the inferolateral trunk (ILT) (100%), the meningohypophyseal trunk (MHT) (100%), and from the middle meningeal artery (MMA) (92%).
    [Show full text]
  • The Syndrome of Acute Central Cervical Spinal Cord Injury by Richard C
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.21.3.216 on 1 August 1958. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1958, 21, 216. THE SYNDROME OF ACUTE CENTRAL CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY BY RICHARD C. SCHNEIDER, JOHN M. THOMPSON, and JOSE BEBIN From the Departments of Surgery and Sections of Neurosurgery of the University of Michigan Hospital, U.S. Veterans Hospital, and St. Joseph's Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the Wayne County General Hospital, Eloise, Michigan, and the Department ofNeuropathology, University Hospital, Ann Arbor Any discussion of the diagnosis and treatment of tissue. The lower extremities tend to recover motor spinal cord injuries inevitably involves controversial power first, bladder function returns next, and finally strength in the upper extremities reappears, with the matters. Among the foremost of these are the indica- finer finger movements coming back last. The varying tions for (Schneider, 1951, 1955) and the contra- degrees of sensory impairment do not follow any set indications for (Schneider, Cherry, and Pantek, 1954) pattern of recovery." surgical intervention. It seems highly important, therefore, to establish criteria which will assist in It was first thought that the acute central cervical determining whether an operation should or should spinal cord injury was found only in severe hyper- Protected by copyright. not be undertaken. In 1955, a paper was published extension injuries. The importance of suspecting on " The Syndrome of Acute Central Cervical such an injury of the cervical spine in the presence Spinal Cord Injury" (Schneider et al., 1954), a of facial lacerations or contusions of the forehead syndrome the presence of which contraindicated any has been emphasized by Taylor and Blackwood surgical procedure.
    [Show full text]
  • Delayed Development of Trigeminal Neuralgia After Radiosurgical Treatment of a Tentorial Meningioma
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1628 Delayed Development of Trigeminal Neuralgia after Radiosurgical Treatment of a Tentorial Meningioma Aldo Berti 1 , Michelle Granville 1 , Xiaodong Wu 2 , David Huang 3 , James G. Schwade 3 , Robert E. Jacobson 1 1. Miami Neurosurgical Center, University of Miami Hospital 2. Innovative Cancer Institute 3. Cyberknife Center of Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Corresponding author: Michelle Granville, [email protected] Abstract Trigeminal neuralgia is a known symptom of the tumors and aberrant vessels near the trigeminal nerve and the tentorial notch. There are very few reports of delayed development of trigeminal neuralgia after radiosurgical treatment of a tumor in these areas. This is a case report of a patient treated with radiosurgery for radiation induced meningiomas, 30 years after childhood whole brain radiation. The largest tumor was adjacent to the pons and left trigeminal nerve but did not cause any direct neurologic symptoms or facial pain. Nine months after radiosurgical treatment of the tumors, the patient developed left sided typical trigeminal facial pain and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the marked reduction in the tumor size. The patient was subsequently treated with radiosurgery to the Gasserian ganglion with a resolution of facial pain. This article reviews the unique characteristics and unusual response to the radiation induced meningiomas to radiosurgery. This is a case of rapid shrinkage of the tumor seen on follow-up MRI scans, concurrent with the development of facial pain, suggests that the rapid shrinkage led to traction on adhesions and related microvasculature changes adjacent to the tumor and trigeminal nerve roots causing the subsequent trigeminal neuralgia.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Nervous System. Sense Organs Study Guide
    CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. SENSE ORGANS STUDY GUIDE 0 Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University Medical Institute CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. SENSE ORGANS STUDY GUIDE Recommended by the Academic Council of Sumy State University Sumy Sumy State University 2017 1 УДК 6.11.8 (072) C40 Authors: V. I. Bumeister, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor; O. S. Yarmolenko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant; O. O. Prykhodko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant Professor; L. G. Sulim, Senior Lecturer Reviewers: O. O. Sherstyuk – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy (Poltava); V. Yu. Harbuzova – Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of Sumy State University (Sumy) Recommended by for publication Academic Council of Sumy State University as a study guide (minutes № 11 of 15.06.2017) Central nervous system. Sense organs : study guide / C40 V. I. Bumeister, O. S. Yarmolenko, O. O. Prykhodko, L. G. Sulim. – Sumy : Sumy State University, 2017. – 173 p. ISBN 978-966-657- 694-4 This study gnide is intended for the students of medical higher educational institutions of IV accreditation level, who study human anatomy in the English language. Навчальний посібник рекомендований для студентів вищих медичних навчальних закладів IV рівня акредитації, які вивчають анатомію людини англійською мовою. УДК 6.11.8 (072) © Bumeister V. I., Yarmolenko O. S., Prykhodko O. O, Sulim L. G., 2017 ISBN 978-966-657- 694-4 © Sumy State University, 2017 2 INTRODUCTION Human anatomy is a scientific study of human body structure taking into consideration all its functions and mechanisms of its development. Studying the structure of separate organs and systems in close connection with their functions, anatomy considers a person's organism as a unit which develops basing on the regularities under the influence of internal and external factors during the whole process of evolution.
    [Show full text]