DOCSLIB.ORG

Lessons from the Language Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Cogs 143 * Animal Cognition Lecture 7: LESSONS FROM THE LANGUAGE STUDIES Sociological Issues Language abilities in nonhumans is a threatening concept to many, even today! - “In the beginning was the Word” Language is what separates us from the beasts! - Makes us second only to the angels, reveals the soul, gives us dominion, from God not evolution - “The proper study of Man is Man” What matters is how we are different, special - Language defines us, entails our unique traits: Rational, abstract thought, Culture, Ethics etc. - “The Language Instinct” (Pinker 1994) A function of specialized, human-specific brain modules - e.g. Chomsky’s 1957 “Language Acquisition Device”; 2001: “FoxP2 Gene” (re: speech) - All of the above and more shape the attitudes of researchers, critics, funders, the public - Science is situated; its topics, theories, and methods are all a product of the cultural milieu Species-Appropriate Design (Note presumption in originally only attempting with apes; Still no monkeys) - Earliest work (Kelloggs) with chimps attempted to teach them to speak, failed - Do not have human articulatory apparatus (mouth shape, tongue position, sensori-motor coord) - Altho note: Kanzi tested, understands much spoken English (reference, novel combinations) - Chimps’ spontaneous use/development of gesture => Teach them sign language - Some by imitation, mostly involved shaping ape’s hands into signs - In 1960s, American Sign Language beginning to be recognized as a “true” language - Multiple species trained: Chimps (e.g. Washoe) Gorillas (e.g. Koko) Orangutan (e.g. Chantek) - Dolphins, handless, trained mainly for comprehension (vs. production) of signs/sign sequences - Some attempt (e.g. Phoenix) with imitation of acoustic computer-generated symbols, stalled - Note all involve testing if animals can master human-like linguistic structures Methodological Critiques Includes scathing reviews**, fierce debates, undermined credibility - Poor data recording – e.g. Home-raised, naturalistic signing day in/out, no record of learning process - Little/no scientific “controls” – e.g. Inadvertent cuing by trainers, situation-specific associations, etc. - Poor data reporting – Early studies esp only report successful use of signs, not nonsense or incorrect - Biased reporting – e.g. Patterson/Koko over-rich interpretations (conversations about death, capture) - Method shift from sign language to tokens or keyboard (Premack, Rumbaugh, Savage-Rumbaugh, Matsuzawa) - In latter, every “utterance” by trainers and animals is recorded & analyzed DATA: Linguistic Analyses -The study of human language traditionally divided into Semantics, Syntax, and Pragmatics… Semantics Overall good evidence for the use and comprehension of symbols - Premack/Sarah: Blue triangle as symbol for apple, Ask “COLOR-OF?”, Sarah answers “Red” - i.e. Responds based on properties of evoked representation, not perceptual properties of symbol - (Recall difference between perc-based pigeon MTS and relation-based primate MTS) - Transfer symbol to novel context: e.g. If learn symbol as part of requesting sequence (GIVE BALL) - Dolphins, Apes can immediately respond to that symbol in IS BALL HERE? or WHATS THIS? - Except, some chimps fail; i.e. Post rote sequence learning, cannot transfer symbol to new task -e.g. Rumbaugh/Lana: 1600 keyboard trials, correct sequences, but cannot apply object name -e.g. Terrace/Nim: Endless signing drills, some regularity of use, no transfer - Novel combinations by Apes, esp of signs: e.g. WATER BIRD=swan; WHITE TIGER=zebra etc. Syntax Support for some simple aspects, not for more complex - Order Effects: Dolphins, Apes discrim ROGER TICKLE WASHOE vs WASHOE TICKLE ROGER - Similarly, can discriminate PUT A ON B vs. PUT B ON A (map order to spatial relations) etc. - Schema (Slot-in-Frame Grammar) Regularities in position of nouns, verbs, modifiers establish slots - Dolphins, Apes can learn new term from its place (the slot it fills) in a familiar sentence frame - e.g. GREY HOOP FETCH, new term “GREY” in presence of new & old colors, first trial correct - Plus, Dolphins can classify objects as named/unnamed, i.e. per role in schema structure - Embedding (Sub-Assembly) Rarely tested even though a significant aspect of human language - e.g. Humans: “He said that she said that they thought that she wanted to go, but she didn’t.” - Dolphins trained LEFT HOOP FETCH (Get left hoop) & FRISBEE HOOP FETCH (Bring hoop to frisbee) immediately did FRISBEE LEFT HOOP FETCH (Bring left hoop to frisbee) ** Terrace, H et al. 1979, “Can an ape create a sentence?” Science 206: 891-902. Fouts, R 1976, Apes, Men and Language. Penguin Petito L.A. & Seidenberg (1979) “On the evidence for linguistic abilities in signing apes. Brain & Language 8:162-183 Pragmatics How language is used, how meaning arises from use - Social Interaction - Least successful projects (no symbol learning, no transfer) involved minimal social interaction - Terrace/Nim: Trained in controlled lab setting, large # of trainers, little socialization - Rumbaugh/Lana: 1000’s trials, interacting with machine (MACHINE GIVE LANA APPLE) -Most successful projects empahsize social, e.g. Savage-Rumbaugh & Rumbaugh: Sherman & Austin - First trained Sherman & Austin like Lana, again no transfer - Switched to interactive “Functional Tool Task” – i.e. Train in communicative context (duh!) - Exper [E] baits opaque site, demonstrates & helps Chimp [C] use tool to extract, share food - Once C proficient, E re-bait &, as C reaches for tool, E enter sequence “This Wrench” - C immediately entered “Give Wrench”, E enter “Yes, Give Austin Wrench” & gave - C given any tool requested, even if wrong - soon reject wrong & re-request other - Added new tools, new locations to use familiar tools, quickly learned new terms - TEST: First trials asked “Name This” about any tool > Immediate success - Interpretation: Conversational use of keyboard Treat keys as functional symbols - Approximates natural context of language learning - Note: Sherman & Austin easily shifted to playing these roles when only one had access to tools and only the other to baited site (would request appropriate tool, give, share food) - Would play this “co-op game” w/keyboard later even while in same room! - Imperatives vs. Declaratives - are the latter Human Specific? -NHPs produce mainly imperatives (commands, requests etc.); Declaratives rare - e.g. “Give treat” “Tickle Washoe” “Go outside?” “Hurry!” (About concrete events) - In contrast, Humans produce many declaratives, uttered to draw attention to, comment on, events - e.g. “Look! See Spot run!” “That’s cool!” “Have you ever seen anything like it?!” - Some argue primary function of language to direct other’s attention (to topic, event, emotion etc) - At least some declaratives make reference to mental events (“Did you know he liked it?”) - More on pragmatics to come…! Cognitive “Upgrade” ? Premack, D 1983, “Codes of Beasts and Men” Behavioral & Brain Sciences 6:125-168 - How does language/symbol use change, improve/expand cognitive abilities (including in Humans)? -e.g. Boysen’s Sheeba, trained with numerals, helps on Greedy-Giveaway Task - Suggests symbol intervening between animal/treat enables delayed response, rational choice - e.g. Premack’s Sarah, only chimp reliably successful on Analogies - Facilitated by having extensive experience with symbols for SAME and DIFFERENT? - Human Enculturation effects still not well studied or understood; requires new methods, models ! - Raising chimpanzee as a child, produces a creature that is neither chimp nor human… - Can do many things that several researcher’s claim requires human evolved brain! - e.g. Gardners & Fouts’s Washoe, sign-language trained, including having her hands molded - She taught her offspring signs, molded his hands - e.g. Savage-Rumbaugh’s Kanzi, human raised, extensively lang-trained, taught to flint knap etc -e.g. Passes tests on theory of mind, imitation, does teaching, etc. - More on Enculturation, including species-typical enculturation in primates and cetaceans to come…! Researchers – Primary Subject - Species – Decade begun (*Still ongoing) – Focus of work Kellogg & Kellogg – Gua, Chimp, 1930s, Speech, gesture, imitation, pretense Hayes & Hayes – Viki, Chimp, 1950s, Speech, gesture, imitation, pretense Gardner & Gardner/Fouts – Washoe, Chimp, 1960s*, American Sign Language Rumbaugh – Lana, Chimp, 1970s, Keyboard Terrace – Nim, Chimp, 1970s, American Sign Language (Only subject NOT home-raised) Premack - Sarah, Chimp, 1970s, Complete sequence of tokens, Plus cognitive Tasks (e.g. Analogies, ToM) Savage-Rumbaugh & Rumbaugh - Sherman & Austin, Chimps, 1970s, Keyboard, Plus cognitive tasks Savage-Rumbaugh – Kanzi, Bonobo, 1980s*, Keyboard, Also tested on speech comprehension, cognitive tasks Herman – Akeakami, Bottlenose Dolphin, 1980s, Comprehension of Signs, Plus cognitive tasks Herman – Phoenix, Bottlenose Dolphin, 1980s, Imitation of acoustic symbols, Plus cognitive tasks Matsuzawa – Ai, Chimp, 1980s*, Keyboard, Plus cognitive tasks, including numerals Patterson - Koko, Gorilla, 1980s*, American Sign Language Miles- Chantek, Orangutan, 1980s*, American Sign Language, Imitation Boysen – Sheeba & Sarah Chimps, 1980s, Premack’s Sarah, Sheeba trained in numerals, other cognitive tasks NOTE: A few other species have also been so trained, showing many of the same above skills e.g. Pepperberg - Alex, African Grey Parrot; Schusterman - Rocky, Sealion; Kaminski - Rico, Dog; .
Recommended publications
  • Touchstones of Popular Culture Among Contemporary College Students in the United States

    Touchstones of Popular Culture Among Contemporary College Students in the United States

    Minnesota State University Moorhead RED: a Repository of Digital Collections Dissertations, Theses, and Projects Graduate Studies Spring 5-17-2019 Touchstones of Popular Culture Among Contemporary College Students in the United States Margaret Thoemke [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://red.mnstate.edu/thesis Part of the Higher Education and Teaching Commons Recommended Citation Thoemke, Margaret, "Touchstones of Popular Culture Among Contemporary College Students in the United States" (2019). Dissertations, Theses, and Projects. 167. https://red.mnstate.edu/thesis/167 This Thesis (699 registration) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at RED: a Repository of Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Projects by an authorized administrator of RED: a Repository of Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Touchstones of Popular Culture Among Contemporary College Students in the United States A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of Minnesota State University Moorhead By Margaret Elizabeth Thoemke In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Second Language May 2019 Moorhead, Minnesota iii Copyright 2019 Margaret Elizabeth Thoemke iv Dedication I would like to dedicate this thesis to my three most favorite people in the world. To my mother, Heather Flaherty, for always supporting me and guiding me to where I am today. To my husband, Jake Thoemke, for pushing me to be the best I can be and reminding me that I’m okay. Lastly, to my son, Liam, who is my biggest fan and my reason to be the best person I can be.
  • Circus Friends Association Collection Finding Aid

    Circus Friends Association Collection Finding Aid

    Circus Friends Association Collection Finding Aid University of Sheffield - NFCA Contents Poster - 178R472 Business Records - 178H24 412 Maps, Plans and Charts - 178M16 413 Programmes - 178K43 414 Bibliographies and Catalogues - 178J9 564 Proclamations - 178S5 565 Handbills - 178T40 565 Obituaries, Births, Death and Marriage Certificates - 178Q6 585 Newspaper Cuttings and Scrapbooks - 178G21 585 Correspondence - 178F31 602 Photographs and Postcards - 178C108 604 Original Artwork - 178V11 608 Various - 178Z50 622 Monographs, Articles, Manuscripts and Research Material - 178B30633 Films - 178D13 640 Trade and Advertising Material - 178I22 649 Calendars and Almanacs - 178N5 655 1 Poster - 178R47 178R47.1 poster 30 November 1867 Birmingham, Saturday November 30th 1867, Monday 2 December and during the week Cattle and Dog Shows, Miss Adah Isaacs Menken, Paris & Back for £5, Mazeppa’s, equestrian act, Programme of Scenery and incidents, Sarah’s Young Man, Black type on off white background, Printed at the Theatre Royal Printing Office, Birmingham, 253mm x 753mm Circus Friends Association Collection 178R47.2 poster 1838 Madame Albertazzi, Mdlle. H. Elsler, Mr. Ducrow, Double stud of horses, Mr. Van Amburgh, animal trainer Grieve’s New Scenery, Charlemagne or the Fete of the Forest, Black type on off white backgound, W. Wright Printer, Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 205mm x 335mm Circus Friends Association Collection 178R47.3 poster 19 October 1885 Berlin, Eln Mexikanermanöver, Mr. Charles Ducos, Horaz und Merkur, Mr. A. Wells, equestrian act, C. Godiewsky, clown, Borax, Mlle. Aguimoff, Das 3 fache Reck, gymnastics, Mlle. Anna Ducos, Damen-Jokey-Rennen, Kohinor, Mme. Bradbury, Adgar, 2 Black type on off white background with decorative border, Druck von H. G.
  • Living Knowledges: Empirical Science and the Non-Human Animal in Contemporary Literature

    Living Knowledges: Empirical Science and the Non-Human Animal in Contemporary Literature

    Living Knowledges: Empirical Science and the Non-Human Animal in Contemporary Literature By Joe Thomas Mansfield A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities School of English October 2019 ii Abstract In contribution to recent challenges made by animal studies regarding humanist approaches in empirical science, this thesis offers a critical analysis of contemporary literary fiction and its representations of the non-human animal and the human and non-human animal encounters and relations engendered within the scientific setting. This is achieved through a focusing in on four different scientific situations: cognitive ethological field research, long-term cognitive behavioural studies, short-term comparative psychology experimentations, and invasive surgical practices. Sub- divisions of scientific investigation selected for their different methodological procedures which directly dictate the situational circumstance and experience of non-human animals involved to produce particular kinds of knowledges on them. The thesis is divided into four chapters, organised into the four sub-divisions of contemporary scientific modes of producing knowledge on non-human animal life and the distinct empirical methodologies they employ. The first chapter provides an extended analysis of William Boyd’s Brazzaville Beach (1990), using Donna Haraway’s conceptualisations of the empirical sciences as socially constructed to examine how the novel
  • Animal Representations, Anthropomorphism, and Några Tillfällen – Kommer Frågan Om Subjektivi- Interspecies Relations in the Little Golden Books

    Animal Representations, Anthropomorphism, and Några Tillfällen – Kommer Frågan Om Subjektivi- Interspecies Relations in the Little Golden Books

    Samlaren Tidskrift för forskning om svensk och annan nordisk litteratur Årgång 139 2018 I distribution: Eddy.se Svenska Litteratursällskapet REDAKTIONSKOMMITTÉ: Berkeley: Linda Rugg Göteborg: Lisbeth Larsson Köpenhamn: Johnny Kondrup Lund: Erik Hedling, Eva Hættner Aurelius München: Annegret Heitmann Oslo: Elisabeth Oxfeldt Stockholm: Anders Cullhed, Anders Olsson, Boel Westin Tartu: Daniel Sävborg Uppsala: Torsten Pettersson, Johan Svedjedal Zürich: Klaus Müller-Wille Åbo: Claes Ahlund Redaktörer: Jon Viklund (uppsatser) och Sigrid Schottenius Cullhed (recensioner) Biträdande redaktör: Niclas Johansson och Camilla Wallin Bergström Inlagans typografi: Anders Svedin Utgiven med stöd av Vetenskapsrådet Bidrag till Samlaren insändes digitalt i ordbehandlingsprogrammet Word till [email protected]. Konsultera skribentinstruktionerna på sällskapets hemsida innan du skickar in. Sista inläm- ningsdatum för uppsatser till nästa årgång av Samlaren är 15 juni 2019 och för recensioner 1 sep- tember 2019. Samlaren publiceras även digitalt, varför den som sänder in material till Samlaren därmed anses medge digital publicering. Den digitala utgåvan nås på: http://www.svelitt.se/ samlaren/index.html. Sällskapet avser att kontinuerligt tillgängliggöra även äldre årgångar av tidskriften. Svenska Litteratursällskapet tackar de personer som under det senaste året ställt sig till för- fogande som bedömare av inkomna manuskript. Svenska Litteratursällskapet PG: 5367–8. Svenska Litteratursällskapets hemsida kan nås via adressen www.svelitt.se. isbn 978–91–87666–38–4 issn 0348–6133 Printed in Lithuania by Balto print, Vilnius 2019 Recensioner av doktorsavhandlingar · 241 vitet. Men om medier, med Marshall McLuhan, Kelly Hübben, A Genre of Animal Hanky-panky? är proteser – vilket Gardfors skriver under på vid Animal Representations, Anthropomorphism, and några tillfällen – kommer frågan om subjektivi- Interspecies Relations in The Little Golden Books.
  • Williams Dissertation

    Williams Dissertation

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Don't Show A Hyena How Well You Can Bite: Performance, Race and the Animal Subaltern in Eastern Africa Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jf3488f Author Williams, Joshua Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Don’t Show A Hyena How Well You Can Bite: Performance, Race and the Animal Subaltern in Eastern Africa by Joshua Drew Montgomery Williams A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Catherine Cole, Chair Professor Donna Jones Professor Samera Esmeir Professor Brandi Wilkins Catanese Spring 2017 Abstract Don’t Show A Hyena How Well You Can Bite: Performance, Race and the Animal Subaltern in Eastern Africa by Joshua Drew Montgomery Williams Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory University of California, Berkeley Professor Catherine Cole, Chair This dissertation explores the mutual imbrication of race and animality in Kenyan and Tanzanian politics and performance from the 1910s through to the 1990s. It is a cultural history of the non- human under conditions of colonial governmentality and its afterlives. I argue that animal bodies, both actual and figural, were central to the cultural and
  • Learned Vocal and Breathing Behavior in an Enculturated Gorilla

    Learned Vocal and Breathing Behavior in an Enculturated Gorilla

    Anim Cogn (2015) 18:1165–1179 DOI 10.1007/s10071-015-0889-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Learned vocal and breathing behavior in an enculturated gorilla 1 2 Marcus Perlman • Nathaniel Clark Received: 15 December 2014 / Revised: 5 June 2015 / Accepted: 16 June 2015 / Published online: 3 July 2015 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract We describe the repertoire of learned vocal and relatively early into the evolution of language, with some breathing-related behaviors (VBBs) performed by the rudimentary capacity in place at the time of our last enculturated gorilla Koko. We examined a large video common ancestor with great apes. corpus of Koko and observed 439 VBBs spread across 161 bouts. Our analysis shows that Koko exercises voluntary Keywords Breath control Á Gorilla Á Koko Á Multimodal control over the performance of nine distinctive VBBs, communication Á Primate vocalization Á Vocal learning which involve variable coordination of her breathing, lar- ynx, and supralaryngeal articulators like the tongue and lips. Each of these behaviors is performed in the context of Introduction particular manual action routines and gestures. Based on these and other findings, we suggest that vocal learning and Examining the vocal abilities of great apes is crucial to the ability to exercise volitional control over vocalization, understanding the evolution of human language and speech particularly in a multimodal context, might have figured since we diverged from our last common ancestor. Many theories on the origins of language begin with two basic premises concerning the vocal behavior of nonhuman pri- mates, especially the great apes. They assume that (1) apes (and other primates) can exercise only negligible volitional control over the production of sound with their vocal tract, and (2) they are unable to learn novel vocal behaviors beyond their species-typical repertoire (e.g., Arbib et al.
  • LING 001 Introduction to Linguistics

    LING 001 Introduction to Linguistics

    LING 001 Introduction to Linguistics Lecture #6 Animal Communication 2 02/05/2020 Katie Schuler Announcements • Exam 1 is next class (Monday)! • Remember there are no make-up exams (but your lowest exam score will be dropped) How to do well on the exam • Review the study guides • Make sure you can answer the practice problems • Come on time (exam is 50 minutes) • We MUST leave the room for the next class First two questions are easy Last time • Communication is everywhere in the animal kingdom! • Human language is • An unbounded discrete combinatorial system • Many animals have elements of this: • Honeybees, songbirds, primates • But none quite have language Case Study #4: Can Apes learn Language? Ape Projects • Viki (oral production) • Sign Language: • Washoe (Gardiner) (chimp) • Nim Chimpsky (Terrace) (chimp) • Koko (Patterson) (gorilla) • Kanzi (Savage-Rumbaugh) (bonobo) Viki’s `speech’ • Raised by psychologists • Tried to teach her oral language, but didn’t get far... Later Attempts • Later attempts used non-oral languages — • either symbols (Sarah, Kanzi) or • ASL (Washoe, Koko, Nim). • Extensive direct instruction by humans. • Many problems of interpretation and evaluation. Main one: is this a • miniature/incipient unbounded discrete combinatorial system, or • is it just rote learning+randomness? Washoe and Koko Video Washoe • A chimp who was extensively trained to use ASL by the Gardners • Knew 132 signs by age 5, and over 250 by the end of her life. • Showed some productive use (‘water bird’) • And even taught her adopted son Loulis some signs But the only deaf, native signer on the team • ‘Every time the chimp made a sign, we were supposed to write it down in the log… They were always complaining because my log didn’t show enough signs.
  • Unit 5/Week 4 Title: Koko's Kitten Suggested Time

    Unit 5/Week 4 Title: Koko's Kitten Suggested Time

    McGraw-Hill Open Court - 2002 Grade 4 Unit 5/Week 4 Title: Koko’s Kitten Suggested Time: 5 days (45 minutes per day) Common Core ELA Standards: RI.4.1, RI.4.2, RI.4.3, RI.4.4; RF.4.4; W.4.2, W.4.4, W.4.7, W.4.9; SL.4.1; L.4.1, L.4.2, L.4.4 Teacher Instructions Refer to the Introduction for further details. Before Teaching 1. Read the Big Ideas and Key Understandings and the Synopsis. Please do not read this to the students. This is a description for teachers, about the big ideas and key understanding that students should take away after completing this task. Big Ideas and Key Understandings Animals are capable of experiencing the same feelings as human beings; desire, disappointment, love, nurturing, and sadness. They are also capable of making important connections with other living things. Synopsis Koko’s Kitten is the story of Koko, a gorilla, who longs to have a kitten as her “baby.” Koko is able to communicate her feelings to her trainer, Dr. Patterson and the assistants through sign language. After some time, she gets her kitten. Koko treats the kitten as her baby and loves and nurtures him. The kitten grows and one day gets hit by a car. This event upsets Koko but after some time, Koko gets another kitten to love and care for. 2. Read entire main selection text, keeping in mind the Big Ideas and Key Understandings. 3. Re-read the main selection text while noting the stopping points for the Text Dependent Questions and teaching Vocabulary.
  • Chimpanzee Language Research: Status and Potential DUANE M

    Chimpanzee Language Research: Status and Potential DUANE M

    Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 1978, Vol. 10 (2), 119~131 SESSION I OPENING REMARKS Welcoming Remarks: DORIS AARONSON, New York University GEOFFREY LOFTUS, Universityof Washington Announcements: JAMES HOWARD, Catholic University SESSION II INVITED ADDRESSES PETER G. POLSON, University ofColorado, Presider Chimpanzee language research: Status and potential DUANE M. RUMBAUGH and SUE SAVAGE-RUMBAUGH GeorgiaState University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, A tlanta, Georgia 30322 The impact of ape-language research upon current thought pertaining to language and man in relationship to the apes is discussed within an evolutionary framework. Studies of apes can reveal certain requisites to the language skills of humans. Social adaptations are thought to be important to the evolution of those requisites. A review of ape..language research is made, with emphasis given to the problems of controls where work is done en face with the subjects, as where Ameslan (signing) is the system employed. The need for careful definition of what is a "word," and the need for tracing through experience how responses come to acquire meaning, hence "wordness," is emphasized. Levels of wordness are discussed which emerge initially from basic operants and performatives. Evidence is reported in support of the conclu­ sion that it is through direct experience, through the pragmatic application and use of instru­ ments, and through important social relationships that word learning is facilitated. Finally, it is noted that an important step of validation in our own work is in the successful application of methods emanating therefrom to work with mentally retarded children. Man's egocentric view that he is distinctively unique monkey's innovations of washing sand from potatoes from all other forms of animal life is being jarred and of using tidal pools to separate, by flotation, wheat to the core by research reports of this decade.
  • Savage-Rumbaugh Et Al (1986) Spontaneous Symbol Acquisition and Communicative Use by Pygmy Chimpanzees

    Savage-Rumbaugh Et Al (1986) Spontaneous Symbol Acquisition and Communicative Use by Pygmy Chimpanzees

    Savage-Rumbaugh et al (1986) Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees Kanzi + lexigram keyboard Thinking about human language • Furious green ideas sleep peacefully • Does the sentence make sense? • Can the word order be changed? • Is the sentence grammatical? • How did you make these decisions? Thinking about human language • Acquiring human language • Is the ability to use human language learned or innate? • The nature or nurture debate Language theories…. • The behaviourist theory (Skinner) • children learn by imitation and reinforcement • operant conditioning… Language theories…. • NATURE: Nativist theory (Chomsky) • children are born with an innate Language Acquisition Device • the ability to learn & use language is hard wired into the human brain Language theories…. • NURTURE: Behaviourist Theory: Skinner • this theory emphasises performance • a child imitates what she hears and is reinforced when correct • gradually vocalisations are shaped and words are learned Language theories…. • NURTURE (Skinner) PROBLEMS • it would take too long • Young children make errors: eg: • “I runned………….”, “I goed…” • All children (even deaf) ‘babble’ in same way Language theories…. • The NATIVIST theory (Chomsky) • all humans are ‘prepared’ to learn language • all normal children acquire language in similar stages • linguistic universals exist in every language • BUT, maybe ‘critical period’ (eg; Genie) LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS • THREE COMPONENTS of language • PHONOLOGY - SOUND PATTERNS • SYNTAX - WORD PATTERNS • SEMANTICS
  • HONOLULU.Rtcord

    HONOLULU.Rtcord

    AMA’S “LILY WHITE” CLAUSE IGNORED -OKA Of HAM • • Page Five ^The Newspaper Hawaii Needs HONOLULU.RtCORD. Vol. II, No. 5 SINGLE COPIES 10 CENTS Thursday, September 1, 1949 Kauai Pensioner Lives On $6.39 Court R uling Seen More Than Gossip: Local Girl Loses Plantation Luna As Contradictory UP AND DOWN ON MERCHANT STREET Job,Apt^Reason-- Deafened Retired “So ambiguous, contradictory, Is it true that 125,000 shares The talk on Merchant St. is Negro Boy Friend and uncertain is this ruling,” says of Matson Navigation Co. owned the reported $40,000,000 which a local lawyer, speaking of the' de­ the California and Hawaiian Re­ By STAFF WRITER Man With Blows cision of the U. S. District Court by C. Brewer & Co. were fining Corp, borrowed from the “dumped” on the Brewer plan­ Because her boy friend is a Ne­ By Special Correspondence in the case-of-the ILWU vs. the Prudential Life Insurance Co. gro—a soldier and a veteran of legislature, governor and others, tations? We hear there’s loud LIHUE, Kauai—An old Jap­ A reliable source says that this action in Germany in World War anese pensioner of the Koloa- “that it can be interpreted only grumbling and rumbling going money paid for two-thirds of II—Sharon Wiechel, 22, was fired by the judges who wrote it. Even on inside and outside the walled this year’s sugar crop now in Grove Farm was retired by the then, it is* open to a number of citadel on lower Fort St. from her job at American Legion company: at,$14.04 a month.
  • And Chimpanzees (P

    And Chimpanzees (P

    eScholarship International Journal of Comparative Psychology Title Monitoring Spatial Transpositions by Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and Chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5099j6v4 Journal International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 13(1) ISSN 0889-3675 Authors Beran, Michael J. Minahan, Mary F. Publication Date 2000 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California - 1 - International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2000, 13, 1-15. Copyright 2000 by the International Society for Comparative Psychology Monitoring Spatial Transpositions by Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and Chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) Michael J. Beran and Mary F. Minahan Georgia State University, U.S.A. Two bonobos (Pan paniscus) and three chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) monitored spatial transpositions, or the simultaneous movement of multiple items in an array, so as to select a specific item from the array. In the initial condition of Experiment 1, food reward was hidden beneath one of four cups, and the apes were required to select the cup containing the reward in order to receive it. In the second condition, the test board on which the cups were located was rotated 180 degrees after placement of the food reward. In the third condition, two of the three cups switched locations with one another after placement of the food reward. All five apes performed at very high levels for these conditions. Ex- periment 2 was a computerized simulation of the tasks with the cups in which the apes had to track one of four simultaneously moving stimuli on a computer monitor.