COVER STORY

Votes for Women By Wanda G. Sobieski

They must have felt the whole world was against them. When they arrived in Knoxville in late 1917, they were met with the same hostility that they had met in Memphis, Nashville, and several smaller Tennessee towns. 1 The Lawyers vs. local lawyers and judges in each community had used their considerable influence to silence the former prisoners. 2 Even the weather had now the Suffragists turned against them. Their long gowns and light wraps were all that protected them from the cold, rainy November night and the swirling controversy. 3 As they walked to the Knoxville courthouse, they fully expected to be shot. 4 Nearly 70 years into the struggle, the prize was in sight but still very far Women march for the right to vote in this circa 1915 Nashville parade. Sadie Warner Frazer out of reach. The courageous, inspiring women who led them through the Papers. Photo courtesy Tennessee State Library and Archives. early days had shown amazing strength and endurance, but even they

12 | TENNESSEE BAR JOURNAL AUGUST 2015 “commitment” in the party platform and campaign to win the attention and favor President Wilson’s re-election hope grew. of the nation. 10 Dignified, The excitement was palpable when with colorful gold, purple and white and 300 supporters met with banners appeared at the front gates of President Wilson on Jan. 9, 1917, the White House and stood motionless expecting that the president would have day in and day out, in ice, snow, sleet, a plan for winning Congressional rain or relentless heat. They served as a approval of the Susan B. Anthony constant and unavoidable reminder to Amendment. 7 They had worked so hard the president and all who entered there and so long to get to this point and were that American women were still being not at all prepared for the abrupt and icy denied full citizenship in this country reception they received. Instead of that bragged about its “democracy” all committing to help to advance the cause over the world. 11 in Congress as his party’s platform Even when the entered suggested, President Wilson shirked any World War I in April 1917, the peaceful, commitment to Woman Suffrage by relentless picketing continued. 12 The claiming he was not the leader of his women did not put aside pressing for party, but only the servant of his party, their fundamental rights again as they saying, “Ladies, you must concert public had done during the Civil War. The opinion on behalf of woman suffrage.” 8 universal suffrage that was expected to Once again, they were on their own. follow a Union victory in the Civil War While they certainly did not have the had, instead, become suffrage for black kind of resources the national political men only and resulted in the first parties had, the decades of ceaseless explicit Constitutional protection for pleading, explaining, arguing and only male voters. 13 campaigning for the Amendment had As President Wilson extolled the taught them to hold their heads high, virtues of democracy to garner support could not escape the ravages of age and swallow their fears and march on. They for America’s effort in World War I (the death. Now more than a decade after were not about to give up now. They war to “make the world safe for democ - Susan B. Anthony’s death, the finish of resolved to raise Woman Suffrage to the racy”), he seemed oblivious to the harsh the battle had been left to a new genera - top of the national agenda by all the irony of his words. The silent sentinels tion that was deeply divided on strategy peaceful means they could muster or responded by carrying not only the and tactics. imagine. They would “concert public beautiful, colorful banners of the Finally, in 1916, Woman Suffrage opinion” against the political party in National Woman’s Party, but also made it into the platforms of both power that chose not to use its power banners emblazed with the president’s national political parties, 5 giving the and influence to bring the franchise to own words praising democracy. 14 Those women hope that the newly re-elected President Wilson would act quickly to have Congress pass a federal amend - This month marks the 95th anniversary of the passage of ment so millions of women would have the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. a voice in their government at last. Earlier that year the amendment had been killed before it made it to the floor the women. 9 Without hesitation, they banners drew attention to his hypocrisy of the House of Representatives, went to work. by failing to act to help half of the citi - because, in part, to the efforts of The very next day after the chilling zens of his own country who had no Tennessee Rep. Thetus Sims 6 (whose meeting with President Wilson, and in voice in their government. The women own daughter was in favor of the response to the president’s “suggestion,” pointedly blamed President Wilson and suffrage cause). But with the new the National Woman’s Party began a Continued on page 14

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the Democratic party in power for their failure to correct this injustice. 15 As month after month wore on, the persistent and relentless presence and criticism of the women grated on the president and his supporters. Finally, on June 20, 1917, Washington D.C. Police Commissioner Louis Brownlow (son-in- law of Tennessee Rep. Thetus Sims and husband of Sims’ suffragist daughter) issued an order to arrest and imprison them. 16 Many were confined for long periods of time without charges as government agents tried to find a crime with which to charge them. 17 The arrests and jailings continued for months, but did little to discourage the women. Inspired by their courage, other women poured into Washington Women's Suffrage Ratification in the Tennessee Senate Chamber, 1920, Library Collection. This photograph D.C. to replace the ones who were from the "Ratification Issue" of the Nashville Tennessean , Sunday morning, Aug. 29, 1920, depicts the Senate chamber at the moment that the clerk counted the historic vote on women's suffrage. Women flood arrested, only to be arrested and jailed the gallery and floor as the clerk counts the votes. Photo courtesy Tennessee State Library and Archives. themselves as still more women came to replace them. Ultimately hundreds of women —women from all walks of life, Alice Paul, was jailed and subjected to jail, most returned immediately to the all social levels, most states (even some deplorable treatment. 19 White House to continue their protest from other countries) — came to help. 18 In response, on Nov. 5, 1917, Alice with renewed determination. Others were At first the women were imprisoned in Paul and Rose Winslow began a hunger dispatched to make the ill treatment of an abandoned, dilapidated jail in D.C. strike, demanding to be treated as polit - the women known everywhere. 25 or in nearby Occoquan workhouse. No ical prisoners. 20 In an effort to discredit Former prisoners Maud Younger, Joy one was spared, young or old, mill her, Alice Paul was transferred to solitary Young and Mrs. Howard Gould were workers and aristocrats alike were confinement in a psychiatric ward. 21 sent on a Dixie Tour through the South arrested. Even the frail- How disappointed the government offi - to ensure that the chivalrous men of the looking young Quaker, cials must have been when their psychi - south were aware of the horrible treat - atrist declared she was not insane, but, ment the women suffered at the hands Looking for instead, possessed the spirit of Joan of of the northern police. 26 When the Dixie Descendants Arc. The effort to discourage the women Tour came to Tennessee in late 1917, by force and brutality culminated on advance teams secured halls for the Are you a descen - Nov. 15, 1917, when the women were women to speak and places for them to dant or do you subjected to what came to be known as stay in five small towns as well as know any descen - the “Night of Terror.” 22 They were Memphis, Nashville, Knoxville and dants of people or Lizzie Crozier dragged, pushed and beaten in their Chattanooga. 27 others who were French cells. was handcuffed to the involved in Woman cell all night with her arms above her Tennessee Lawyers Worked to Suffrage issues? Check the list of head. Julia Emory showed her empathy Silence the Women names at www.tba.org/sites/default/ by assuming the same position. The next Members of the bar in Tennessee files/SuffrageSidebar_Name_List.doc. day more women joined the hunger asserted that the women’s acts and If so, please contact the Suffrage strike. 23 The merciless, crude force- words were seditious or treason. 28 They Coalition c/o Wanda Sobieski, feeding began. But the deplorable condi - were adamant that the women would [email protected]. The tions, starvation, wormy food, solitary not be allowed to speak. The women coalition has an ongoing project to confinement, beatings and force feedings later described the climate as “an artifi - locate and preserve Tennessee could not kill their spirit. 24 cially created wave of hysteria [that] Suffrage history. Still, as the women were released from seized the state.” 29 To silence the Photo courtesy McClung Historical Digital Collection.

14 | TENNESSEE BAR JOURNAL AUGUST 2015 women, attorneys formed committees reported that they would “probably” opponent of the White House that went to the owners of the halls, deny the use of the streets as well. 38 protests). 41 Finding nothing that could churches, private homes, local govern - Not willing to be silenced again, the legally qualify as sedition, they surpris - ments and even to the innkeepers across women emphatically announced their ingly granted permission to use the the state to convince them to refuse to intention to speak anyway. Ms. French, courthouse. 42 The delegation of suffra - accommodate the women. 30 with the help of the Central Labor gists happily decorated the courtroom The lawyers’ efforts were successful in Union, was able to obtain tentative and made ready for the meeting. 43 most of the small towns as well as in permission from Judge George M. As the crowd arrived at the court - Memphis and Nashville, where the Trotter Sr. to use his courtroom — house on the evening of Nov. 27, 1917, suffragists’ permits were revoked and subject to convincing the lawyers on the to hear the stories of the former pris - contracts broken. 31 They were even Courthouse and Jail Committee (Justice oners, they found the doors of the old denied the use of the streets and public S. H. Cottrell, S.E. Mays, Esq. and J.W. courthouse bolted and barred shut. 44 areas for assembly. 32 In Knoxville, Lyon, Esq.) to allow it. 39 When they knocked on the doors, however, the lawyers met their match. The committee was besieged with Sheriff John L. Callaway and his corps of , 33 a dedicated calls opposing the suffragists and armed deputies appeared from the rear teacher, had devoted much of her life to protests from the Bar. 40 The committee of the building and denied the women improving life for citizens of Knoxville. ultimately demanded to hear the access. 45 Deputy John Sneed threatened Her efforts included a wide range of speeches before they would even to arrest anyone who argued about it. contributions from controlling air pollu - consider granting permission to use the Judge Trotter confronted the sheriff and tion downtown, to free school lunches courthouse. The former prisoners insisted that the courthouse was in the (hungry children do not learn), to complied and submitted to rigorous custody and control of the committee assigning ratings for motion pictures, to cross examination by the county and that the committee and the county assisting parents in setting appropriate attorney, James B. Johnson (a professed Continued on page 16 limits on their children’s entertainment. The list of her accomplishments is long indeed, but her proudest accomplish - ment was being a suffragist. 34 Her interest in suffrage caused her to undertake the study of the laws of all the states as they affected women. She persuaded the Tennessee Bar Association to allow her a few minutes to address them at its annual convention in 1912. 35 They reluctantly allowed her to do so, making her the first woman ever to address that body. Her sister, Lucy Crozier (also not a lawyer), founded the first Legal Aid Association in Knoxville in 1924. 36 When Lizzie Crozier French appeared before the Knoxville City Commission (John W. Flenniken, N. T. Little, Sam E. Hill, and James Griffin Crumbliss) on Nov. 23, 1917, requesting permission to use Market Hall for a meeting of the former prisoners, Mayor John E. McMil - lian moved that they be denied the use of all city property. 37 With only one dissenting vote (James G. Crumbliss who said he believed in “world-wide democracy”), the commission voted to deny the use of Market Hall and

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attorney approved its use. 46 The sheriff the courthouse to protect the suffragists rain, Maud Younger declared that while refused to back down even though from the sheriff. 48 The sheriff retreated the sheriff had the courthouse, she had Knoxville’s Congressman, Richard to protect the courthouse from the the audience. 50 Standing on the north Wilson Austin (also a lawyer), urged inside and the Labor Union men circled stairs of the old courthouse, she told of him to do so. 47 the courthouse on the outside, blocking the horrors of the Occoquan workhouse When they became aware of the the sheriff and his deputies inside and and the District Jail to the crowd that sheriff’s plan, the Central Labor Union separating the sheriff from the women. 49 stood shivering in the rain for more than responded by sending 80 armed men to Defying the cold night air and icy an hour that late November night. 51 Those gathered learned of the common sense fairness of the women’s The Monuments requests and were shocked at the outrageous response of the There will be three monuments in government. Tennessee honoring the Suffragists. Knoxville survived the All of them are by, or will be by, artist clashes that November night Alan LeQuire. and arguably set the example for other Tennessee towns. For Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial example, Chattanooga Police (photo inset) was unveiled at Knoxville’s Commissioner T. C. Betterton Market Square Mall on Aug. 26, 2006. The had issued orders to prevent life-size bronze statue features three the “militant suffragists” from Tennessee suffragists: Lizzie Crozier speaking at Hotel Patten. 52 French of Knoxville, The Patten was “bombarded” of Nashville and Elizabeth Avery Meri - by protests against allowing wether of Memphis. See http:// the women to speak, tnwomansmemorial.org/index.html. including a formal resolution from a committee of the Chat - The Tennessee Suffrage Monument will tanooga Bar. 53 The day after be dedicated Oct. 27, 2015, on Legislative the Knoxville speech, Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial, Plaza in Nashville. It will be the first statue Knoxville. Photos courtesy Alan LeQuire. however, the Central Labor Union in on the plaza honoring a woman. It features Chattanooga offered its hall so the five of the movement’s leaders marching to women would be able to address the equality — Anne Dallas Dudley, and Frankie people of Chattanooga in spite of the Pierce of Nashville, of Jackson and Abby Crawford efforts of politicians and lawyers to Milton of Chattanooga. silence them. 54 Commissioner http://tnsuffragemonument.org/ Betterton’s resolution to interfere with the women was voted down in spite of Fundraising efforts are underway by the Bar’s formal resolution. 55 the Suffrage Coalition for the Burn Meanwhile in Washington D.C., Memorial , to be placed in Knoxville, government officials ordered the release honoring Rep. Harry Burn and his of Alice Paul, Lucy Burns and 20 other mother, Febb Ensinger Burn. suffrage prisoners. 56 (Other arrests came For more information go to later as the National Woman’s Party www.tba.org/sites/ default/files/Burn_ increased the pressure on the president Memorial_Brochure_03-07-14.pdf and Congress for their inaction.) 57 The National Woman’s Party credited the “steady stream of protests and resolu - tions from the South” with having “a Alan LeQuire works on the Tennessee material effect in releasing the suffrage Suffrage Monument, to be dedicated in prisoners from Occoquan workhouse Nashville Oct. 27. and the District Jail in Washington, and in transforming overnight the senti -

16 | TENNESSEE BAR JOURNAL AUGUST 2015 ments of the southern delegations.” 58 were being treated — whether or not and coercion against the president.” 62 they supported suffrage. 61 Maybe that Though Tennessee was deeply The Tide Begins to Turn influenced Congressman Sims (also a divided on the suffrage issue, the final, Just a little over a month later, in lawyer), or maybe his daughter’s stead - critical vote to make the 19th Amend - January 1918, Tennessee’s Congressman fast stand in favor of the women that her ment a reality came from Tennessee in Thetus Sims switched sides and spon - husband had jailed carried the day. 1920. More specifically, the vote that sored an effort to pass the Susan B. All across Tennessee lawyers and broke a tie and gave Tennessee the Anthony Amendment in the House of judges found themselves on opposite honor of granting millions of women the Representatives. 59 His support for the sides of the clashes over suffrage, the right to vote came from a young legis - cause continued to grow so strong that protests at the White House and the right lator from Niota in East Tennessee. This when the Amendment came up for vote to speak in public. Some of the lawyers was Harry T. Burn, who followed his again in 1919, he refused to get treat - were willing to rethink their positions mother’s advice and voted for the ment for a painful broken shoulder until and move toward supporting the funda - controversial measure. 63 His district after the vote so he could use the limited mental right of the women to vote. thanked him by re-electing him shortly time he had to try to persuade more But not everyone came to believe the after that courageous vote. 64 southern representatives to support it. 60 cause was just. At least one of the local The exact reason for his change of Knoxville papers reported that anti- TBA President Urges Support heart is not clear. Some unidentified suffragists actually blamed the lawyers, for Woman Suffrage men who heard Ms. Younger speak in claiming that the “whole [idea of As for the Tennessee Bar Association, Knoxville that cold November night in protesting at the White House] was when its president, Col. E. Watkins, gave 1917 reportedly formed a delegation to cooked up for the Woman’s Party leaders his last official address to the TBA visit their Representative in Congress by lawyers hired to find methods of convention in 1918, he urged the bar to and complain about how the women public agitation, personal harassment Continued on page 18

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actively support woman suffrage. 65 A Library and Museum, “The People’s Experience: knoxblogs.com/humphreyhill/2010/09/19/tn_ resolution favoring the Susan B. Anthony Woman,” http//woodrowwilson.org/ womens_suffrage_history_bef. Amendment was proposed and passed education/forstudents1916election/the- 7. Maud Younger, “Revelations of a Woman with only one judge, Judge Higgins, peoples-experience-women. Lobbyist,” McCall’s , October 1919, at p. 12. asking to go on record against it. 66 6. “Historical Highlights: Rep. Thetus Sims 8. Id. Maud Younger, Maud Younger: Along Following Col. Watkin’s speech, four of Tennessee,” Office of the Clerk of the U.S. the Way (unpublished autobiography). women became the first to be admitted House of Representatives History, Art & 9. Supra, note 7. to the Tennessee Bar Association: Archives, history.house.gov/ 10. Detailed Chronology, National Woman’s Marion Griffin (Memphis), Elizabeth Party History, Library of Lee Miller (Bolivar), Margaret Ervin Congress: American Memory, Ford (Chattanooga) and Nellie Learn More www.loc.gov/collections/static/ Orevend (Chattanooga). 67 women-of-protest/images/ Although it took some time, the bar Read the minutes of the 1912 TBA annual detchron.pdf. did warm to appreciating the talents convention where Lizzie Crozier French 11. Supra, note 7, at p. 39. and abilities of women. Maybe someday addressed the governing body — the first 12. Id. it will even use its considerable influ - woman to ever do so. 13. U.S. Constitution, 13th ence to demand full, constitutional www.tba.org/sites/default/files/ and 14th Amendments. equality for women by endorsing and French_Addresses_1912TBA_ 14. Supra, note 7, at p. 40. committing to actively support Convention.pdf 15. Supra, note 7, at p. 41. the Equal Rights Amendment to the 16. Supra, note 6. Federal Constitution. 17. Supra, note 7, at p. 39 Read the minutes of the 1918 TBA annual 18. Id. WANDA SOBIESKI is a convention where, after years of opposition by 19. Id. principal with Sobieski, many members of the bar, President Col. E. 20. Supra, note 10. Messer & Associates PLLC Watkins urged the group to support woman 21. Id. in Knoxville. A graduate of suffrage. www.tba.org/sites/default/files/ 22. Id. the University of TBAPrez_1918Address_Suffrage.pdf 23. Id. Tennessee College of Law, she is a former president 24. “Two Leading Suffragists of the East Tennessee Lawyers’ Association for to Speak in Knoxville Tuesday,” Women and coordinator of several Susan B. “Remember the Ladies!: Women Struggle Knoxville Journal , Nov. 25, 1917, Anthony Celebrations. She is a Rule 31 Listed for an Equal Voice,” Tennessee State Library Metro Edition, at p. 5; Supra, family mediator. & Archives, http://www.tennessee.gov/ note 10. Notes tsla/exhibits/suffrage/struggle.htm 25. Supra, note 7, at p. 39.

1. “Shall Women Be Heard at Hall,” Knoxville Journal, Nov. 24, 1917, Metro Edition, The Final Battle: Tennessee’s at p. 10; “Find Courthouse Doors Barred,” Vote for Women Decided the Knoxville Journal, Nov. 28, 1917, Metro Edition, Nation,” by Paula F. Casey, at p. 7; “Suffragist to Be Prevented,” Knoxville Tenn. Bar Journal, September/ Journal, Nov. 25, 1917, Metro Edition, at p. 14. October 1995, “Women Have No Place to Meet,” Knoxville www.tba.org/sites/default/ Journal, Nov. 26, 1917, Metro Edition, at p. 6; files/Tenn_Voting_Rights “Woman’s Party Refused Permission to Meet,” _for_Women.pdf Knoxville Sentinel , Nov. 21, 1917, at p. 10. 2. Id. “Want to Speak at Courthouse,” Knoxville Journal, Nov. 27, 1917, at p. 8; Maud Younger, Maud Younger: Along the Way (unpub - Historical-Highlights/1851- lished autobiography). 1900/Representative-Thetus-Sims- 3. Supra, note 1, “Find Courthouse Doors of-Tennessee; Tom Humphrey, “TN Barred.” Women’s Suffrage History: Before 4. Supra, note 2, Younger. There Was Harry Burn, There Was 5. The Presidential Thetus Sims,” knoxblogs.com, Sept. 9, 2010,

18 | TENNESSEE BAR JOURNAL AUGUST 2015 26. Supra, note 7, at p. 40. 47. Id. President’s Perspective 27. Maud Younger, Maud Younger: Along the 48. Younger, supra, note 8; “The Human continued from page 3 Way (unpublished autobiography); Jackson, Subject in American Constitutional History,” Tenn., was a notable exception where its mayor http://www.h-net.org/~/law/teaching-legal- Yeats’ poem, written over 100 years defended the women’s right to speak and history/vanburkleo.htm. ago, is centered on the irony that young endorsed their sentiments; “Nationwide Tour 49. Id. people might feel compelled to “restrain” Closes in Washington,” , Dec.8, 50. “Women Speak in Spite of Locks,” people in “reckless middle age.” While 1917, at p. 11; “Shall Women Be Heard at Knoxville Sentinel , Nov. 28, 1917, at p. 9. the historical context of education in Hall,” Knoxville Journal, Nov.24, 1917, Metro 51. Id. Ireland around the turn of the last Edition, at p. 10B. 52. “Suffrage Debate,” supra, note 32. century seems remote now, the reflection 28. “Militant Suffs Get Courtroom,” 53. “Suffragist to Be Prevented,” supra, note on generation gaps is still fresh. Knoxville Sentinel, Nov. 27, 1917, at p. 18; 32. I look forward to the role of the TBA Supra, note 8. 54. “Suffragists to Speak in Chattanooga president welcoming new members of 29. “Nationwide Tour Closes in Wash - Hall,” Knoxville Sentinel, Nov. 28, 1917, at p. the bar to our profession this year. They ington,” The Suffragist , Dec. 8, 1917, at p. 11. 16. bring enthusiasm, new ideas, and 30. Supra, note 8. 55. “Suffragist to Be Prevented,” supra, note idealism which we can all use. Those 31. Id. , Supra, note 28. 32. of us who are older still have a lot of 32. “Woman’s Party Refused Permission to 56. “Hunger Strikers Released,” Knoxville things to learn and to anticipate from Meet,” Knoxville Sentinel , Nov. 21, 1917, at p. Journal , Nov. 28, 1917, Metro Edition, at p. 14. our legal careers. 10; Supra, note 28; “Suffrage Debate,” Knoxville 57. Detailed Chronology, supra, note 10. Sentinel, Nov. 28, 1917, at p. 8; “Shall Women 58. “Nationwide Tour Closes,” supra, note WILLIAM L. HARBISON is a member of Be Heard,” supra, note 27; “Pickets Can’t Speak 27. Sherrard & Roe PLC in Nashville with a general at Hall,” Knoxville Journal , Nov. 25, 1917, 59. Tom Humphrey, “TN Women’s Suffrage civil practice. A graduate of Harvard Law Metro Edition, at p. 7; “Suffragist to Be History: Before There Was Harry Burn, There School, he is a past president of the Nashville Bar Association. Prevented,” Knoxville Journal, Nov. 25, 1917, Was Thetus Sims,” knoxblogs.com (Sept. 9, Metro Edition, at p. 14. 2010), knoxblogs.com/humphreyhill/2010/ 33. Lizzie Crozier French papers, McClung 09/19/tn_womens_suffrage_history_bef/ Historical Collection. 60. Tom Humphrey, supra, note 6. 34. Id. 61. Younger, supra, note 8. 35. Proceeding of the Bar Association of 62. “‘Learned’ Suffragettes,” Knoxville Watkins, at p. 21, http://www.tba.org/sites/ Tennessee 1912-1913, Address by Lizzie Sentinel, Nov. 28, 1917, at p. 6. default/files/TBAPrez_1918Address_Suffrage.pdf Crozier French. Read the text of her stirring 63. Harry Burn Papers, McClung Historical 66. Proceedings of the Bar Association of speech at www.tba.org/sites/default/files/ Collection. Tennessee 1916-1918, Report of Central French_Addresses_1912TBA_Convention.pdf. 64. Id. Council, at p. 170 36. Id. 65. Proceedings of the Bar Association of 67. Id. 37. Knoxville City Council Minutes, Nov. Tennessee 1916-1918, Address of President 23, 1917, Book 5, at p. 532; Knoxville City Council minutes, Nov. 24, 1917, Book 5, at p. 534; “Pickets,” supra note 32. 38. “Pickets,” supra note 32. 39. “Want to Speak at Courthouse,” Knoxville Journal, Nov. 27, 1917, at p. 8. 40. “Shall Women Be Heard,” supra, note 27; “Find Courthouse Doors Barred,”, supra, note 1. 41. Id. 42. Id. 43. Id. 44. Id. 45. Id. 46. Id.

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