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Restructuring of Land and Community in the Remote Rural West: the Case of Wallowa County, Oregon

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Restructuring of Land and Community in the Remote Rural West: the Case of Wallowa County, Oregon AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Jesse B. Abrams for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Resources presented on April 7, 2011. Title: Restructuring of Land and Community in the Remote Rural West: The Case of Wallowa County, Oregon Abstract approved: ___________________________________________________________________ John C. Bliss Since at least the 1970s, rural areas in the western United States, as elsewhere across the country and world, have been subject to social, economic, and political forces that have resulted in novel demographic and land tenure trends when compared to previous decades. Collectively, these processes of restructuring have created material effects in the form of diversifying patterns of land ownership, use, and economic relations and at the same time have precipitated social conflict regarding the legitimacy of various claims on rural space. In this case study, I examine in detail the manifestation of these interrelated material and symbolic dynamics within one particular community, Wallowa County, Oregon, as it experiences a wave of new rural landowners and associated changes in land access and use. I pay particular attention to the categories of “amenity-oriented” and “production-oriented” landowners, as well as year-round and seasonally-resident landowners, because these categories are situated at the center of local discourse regarding land tenure and use dynamics. Methods for this study include key informant interviews with 70 individuals, a mail-administered survey of 209 Wallowa County landowners, review of secondary data sources, and direct observation as a member of the Wallowa County community. This case study includes a land tenure and use history of Wallowa County, a review of pertinent quantitative land ownership and use data, and analyses of the symbolic (discursive), material (land use), and political dimensions of restructuring in Wallowa County. I discuss ways in which observed patterns of land tenure and use reflect complex influences, based ultimately in class, culture, livelihood, and associated identities and environmental ideologies. I pay particular attention to the contradictory nature of narratives of land ownership, rurality, and nonhuman nature and the ways in which these affect land uses and land use politics. I close with a series of recommendations for rural communities experiencing amenity-driven property turnover. © Copyright by Jesse B. Abrams April 7, 2011 All Rights Reserved Restructuring of Land and Community in the Remote Rural West: The Case of Wallowa County, Oregon by Jesse B. Abrams A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented April 7, 2011 Commencement June 2011 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Jesse B. Abrams presented on April 7, 2011 APPROVED: _____________________________________________________________________ Major Professor, representing Forest Resources _____________________________________________________________________ Head of the Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management _____________________________________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. _____________________________________________________________________ Jesse B. Abrams, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I relied on many people across all corners of the state of Oregon (and beyond) to make this work a success, and they all deserve more thanks than I can possibly give here. First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my major professor, John Bliss, for unending mentorship and support, challenging me on my assumptions, helping me to improve my writing, and offering his humor, generosity, musical skills, and, on one occasion, his bike throughout my graduate career. I am also eternally grateful for the support of the rest of my committee: Hannah Gosnell, Kate MacTavish, Paul Doescher, and Bill Lunch. I received support, assistance, and camaraderie from too many people in Wallowa County to name, but here’s a feeble attempt: thanks to Randy Wortman, Dawn Smith, Harold Black, Lance Bailey, Dana Roberts, Anne Melville, and Jackie Parker for helping me access public information at the county courthouse; thanks to Ben Boswell, Gwen Trice, Rod Childers, Bud Birkmaier, Janie and Doug Tippett, Mark Porter, Mike Hayward, Bruce Dunn, Diane Snyder, Cory Carman, Dave Flynn, Jean Pekarek, James Monteith, Phyllis Johnson, Joe McCormack, and the Natural Resource Advisory Committee for feedback on my research and for their help connecting me to local information and resources. Thanks to friends that helped me feel at home in Wallowa County: the Thursday night Hydrant karaoke crowd, Nancy Knoble, Julia Lakes, Elsbeth Otto, Lynne Price, Bill Coates, and especially Wynne Auld. A special thanks to Don Harker for support, feedback, and remaining interested in my work even when it wasn’t that interesting. A huge thanks to Mary Ann Burrows for her support, enthusiasm, and delicious huckleberry pie. And I am extremely grateful for the support of Wallowa Resources and Wallowa Mountain Institute, especially Nils Christoffersen, Jim Henson, and Holly Akenson, as well as the rest of the WR staff. A huge thank you to all the Wallowa County residents and landowners who responded to interview requests, filled out surveys, and showed up at community forums—I truly appreciate your time, thoughtfulness, and generosity. I was also lucky enough to have the support and encouragement of fellow graduate students, including Aaron Thiel, Chris Miwa, Laura Dlugolecki, Shiloh Sundstrom, Melanie Stidham, Chris Dunn, Garrett Meigs, Cassie Hebel, Jonathan Thompson, Todd Flournoy, and the social theory club: Erin Kelly, Kas Guillozet, Jim Duncan, Sera Janson, and Lauren Redmore. Big thanks to Emily Comfort for being supportive the whole way. Big thanks to Emily Jane Davis for challenging me to be smarter than I’m inclined to be. A major league thanks goes to Gary Breed, without whom I may never have finished my dissertation. Many thanks to David Zahler for assistance and advice. Thanks to Roger Hammer for use of the data and imagery in figure 3.2. I sincerely thank the entities that have provided financial support to my research and graduate program: The Starker Family Foundation; the Rural Studies Program at Oregon State University; the Saubert Family Fellowship and Dorothy Hoener Fellowship through Oregon State University’s College of Forestry; Oregon Lottery Scholarship; Wallowa Resources; and the Ford Foundation’s Community Forestry and Environmental Research Partnerships. And thank you to everyone else who helped along the way. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Introduction: Wallowa County, Oregon as a case of rural restructuring ...... 1 The setting .................................................................................................................. 4 Wallowa County in context ..................................................................................... 12 Framework for a case study of Wallowa County ..................................................... 31 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 35 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 2. Land tenure and use history of Wallowa County ....................................... 47 Land tenure and use among the Nez Perce .............................................................. 48 Changes in Nez Perce land use with colonization ................................................... 61 Early EuroAmerican land tenure and use ................................................................ 83 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 127 Chapter 3. The contemporary context: exploring patterns of demographic and land ownership change ....................................................................................................... 131 Who is moving to Wallowa County? ..................................................................... 132 Who owns Wallowa County? ................................................................................ 136 A typology of Wallowa County landowners ......................................................... 157 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 168 Chapter 4. Mythologies and markets: exploring the tensions over rural land ........... 171 Constructing reality ................................................................................................ 172 Constructing rurality .............................................................................................. 176 Constructing Wallowa County ............................................................................... 186 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 211 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Chapter 5. Exploring land use in contemporary Wallowa County ............................ 214 Theoretical background ......................................................................................... 215
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