University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Masters Projects

10-2017 Innovative Waste Water Strategies in the Landscape: The Application of Green Infrastructure Principles in Cape Cod, Massachusetts Kellie Fenton University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/larp_ms_projects Part of the Landscape Architecture Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons

Fenton, Kellie, "Innovative Waste Water Strategies in the Landscape: The Application of Green Infrastructure Principles in Cape Cod, Massachusetts" (2017). Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Masters Projects. 88. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/larp_ms_projects/88

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Innovative Waste Water Strategies in the Landscape: The application of green infrastructure principles in Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Kellie Fenton Masters in Landscape Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning University of Massachusetts, Amherst Innovative Waste Water Strategies in the Landscape: The application of green infrastructure principles in Cape Cod, Massachusetts

Kellie Fenton Masters in Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning University of Massachusetts, Amherst October, 2017

Carolina Aragon, Committee Chair Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, UMass Amherst

Carey Clouse, Committee Member Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, UMass Amherst

Jane Thurber, Committee Member Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, UMass Amherst

Robert Ryan, Department Chair Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, UMass Amherst Acknowledgments

This master's project is a culmination of my learning and experience at UMass. Many individuals, both within the UMass community as and beyond, have been a part of my success. In particular, I would like to thank:

Carolina Aragon, for providing inspiration and guidance throughout the program. Who always encouraged me to try new things and let my own interests and intuition guide me.

Carey Clouse, for her enthusiasm for pushing the boundaries of landscape architecture. And for sercving tea in class.

Jane Thurber, for stepping up to provide thoughful feedback to help me connect research and analysis to design.

Frank Sleegers, whose insistence to "zoom in and zoom out" helps me think in different scales to create cohesive designs.

My friends and family. They understood what going back to school has meant for me and have been supportive throughout the process.

3 Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 5 Goals 1 Scope Methodology Literature Review ...... 11 Waste-Water Issues 2 Green Infrastructure Ecosystem Services Waste-Water Typology - Design and Function of Waste Water Treatment Systems...... 14 Landscape Urbanism / Green Infrastructure / Urban Ecology Design and Function of Waste Water Treatment Systems 3 Typology of Waste Water Treatment Conclusions: Assessment of Waste Water Management Approaches Case Studies in Innovative Design ...... 29 Sidwell Friends School - Washington, D.C. Wetlands in a Centralized System - Wakodahatchee Wetlands, Palm Beach, Florida 4 Living Machine in Burlington, VT Conclusions: Guidelines from Case Study Research Application of Concepts ...... 38 Site Analysis - Existing Conditions Opportunities and Constraints 5 Proposal - Diagrams, Plans, Sections Plant Materials and Strategy Next Steps / Future Research ...... 81 Current Work in Watershed 6 Next steps: Potential of Green Waste Water Design Appendix ...... 87 7 Resources 1 Introduction INTRODUCTION

Context Scope of Work

Wastewater management is an issue • Develop a typology to inventory waste that every community faces. Whether a water systems small-scale septic tank or a large-scale • Case studies research of innovative centralized wastewater treatment plant, waste water treatment systems these systems are often insufficient in Research Questions • Apply knowledge to address a waste accomplishing their singular purpose: water issues in region of Cape Cod, cleaning water. This results in the How can waste water where increased development has contamination of hydrological systems. In be managed in a more resulted in contamination of the its focus on the intersection of the natural ecological manner? hydrological system. and built environment, the practice of landscape architecture may include The town of Barnstable faces the the design of wastewater management How can the design of waste water treatment following challenges: systems. This project demonstrates how • Increased development landscape architecture principles applied facilities provide benefits • Decrease in effectiveness of septic to waste water management systems to the community beyond systems provides both ecological and human water cleansing? • Ineffective centralized sewer system benefits. • Excess nutrients in groundwater detrimental to hydrological health Goals This approach seeks to accomplish the The goal of this project is to find ways that following: waste water systems can be a part of green • Create a public greenway infrastructure initiatives. The project • Reconnect fragmented hydrological proposal demonstrates that landscapes network to improve ecosystem can be multi-functional; in this case, a functionality greenway can be a recreational amenity • Improve resilience of public water and provide waste water management. infrastructure

6 INTRODUCTION Waste Water Issues

Septic systems and centralized treatment sewerage treatment plants collect and treat systems are the standard approaches water through mechanical processes. This for dealing with wastewater. Yet there grey infrastructure approach, where pipes are issues with both of these treatment convey water and chemicals clean it in tanks options, and communities are now looking within the treatment facility, is separated at alternative methods for managing from the natural environment and results in On average, wastewater. a fragmented hydrological system. an individual Septic systems may not clean the water Centralized systems are built in order to sufficiently, either due to the conditions handle a larger volume of waste water, but produces of the soil or because of an increase in still contributing to the degradation of water water usage of individual households. quality. They have high maintenance costs These system insufficiencies have negative and public health issues related to outdated impacts on the surrounding environment. systems’ insufficient capacity, and are not 80 - 100 always able to treat the water to sufficient Septic systems are insufficient because standards of cleanliness. of the amount of waste water exceeds gallons the land’s capacity. Within the site, pipes In Cape Cod, an increase in development distribute the wastewater to a leach field, coupled with sandy soils results in limited where it moves through the soil, relatively effectiveness in cleaning the water. An of waste water quickly since the soils are sandy and there is excess amount of nitrogen "has resulted a limited amount of root area for plants that in degradation of estuarine and marine per day would take up and process nutrients. water quality and habitat conditions, and wastewater is a major source of nitrogen." When development is spread out, the (Stearns and Wheeler, 2009) land’s capacity can match the output of wastewater. Within this context, septic This proposal seeks to provide an systems are effectively green infrastructure. alternative wastewater treatment strategy They clean the water which then recharges that contribute to the overall system of the ground water. With increased water treatment. In doing so, it addresses development, the amount of waste water both ecological issues through landscape exceeds the land’s ability to process it design and public health issues through into clean water. As a result, centralized infrastructure. Source: United States Geological Survey PROBLEM DEFINITION Excess Nutrients in the Groundwater from Septic Systems

Named for Section 208 of the federal Clean The Three Bays system exceeds its critical Water Act, Cape Cod’s Water Quality threshold for nitrogen, resulting in Management Plan or the 208 Plan, is The Cape Cod Commission and impaired water quality. The Massachusetts designed to address the problems of excess the Barnstable Clean Water Estuary Project developed a range of nitrogen, the main cause of water quality alternatives that are based in green degradation (Cape Cod Commission, Coalition have prioritized infrastructure technologies. This plan 2016). The 208 Plan is a comprehensive, Mill Pond for restoration. It is was prepared utilizing information from watershed-based approach that deploys located within the within the the Technologies Matrix along with a GIS- regulatory reforms, innovative strategies, based site screening analysis that was and community-wide processes to mitigate 3 Bays watershed. developed to identify potential site for nitrogen pollution. these technologies based on location within the watershed, depth to groundwater, Looking at the town of Barnstable, the availability of pubic rights-of-way (such as Mill Pond has been accumulating nitrogen roads), parcel size and ownership. and phosphorous over many years. The Barnstable Clean Water Coalition monitors the nitrogen and phosphorus levels and water flow throughout the Mill Pond system (inlet and outlets) to determine precise levels of nitrogen/phosphorus that are potentially flowing into the bays. This load is attributed to surface water inflow from upstream via the Marstons Mills River. Research and monitoring suggests there is Mill Pond some attenuation in the upper watershed (Massachusetts Estuaries Project, 2006). This attenuation is believed to be a function of a series of ponds, stream beds, and associated vegetated wetlands that are upstream of Mill Pond.

8 INTRODUCTION Methodology

Typology Descriptive Case Study Application of Concepts

Step 1: Develop a typology of waste water Step 2: Descriptive Case Studies Step 3: Application of Concepts treatment based on current practices. Why: What: A typology is "a taxonomic classification Descriptive case study strategy builds Landscape urbanism, green infrastructure, scheme applied comprehensively to entire "understanding about landscape ecosystem services, resilience categories of built form, relative to cultural characteristics and community values and values and practices." (Deming 133) activities to provide evidence in support of Why: To demonstrate how theories of proposed design principles or local policy landscape architecure can be applied in Why: initiatives." (Deming 85) practice. The typology provide a baseline understanding of current practices for Case studies illustrate the implementation The proposal for a Waste Water Greenway treatment options. The typology includes of innovative waste water treatment applies the lessons learned from the an analysis that can be used to assess the methods. This collection of projects serves research to one specific site in Barnstable, fit between waste water treatment options to build knowledge in the greening of MA. In so doing so, the design suggests and project goals. waste water infrastructure. how green infrastructure systems can be implemented. The design proposes How: a multi-functional strategy as a model Researched guidelines from advisory for land stewardship. The practice of organizations that provide guidelines landscape architecture can take many and standards for implementation. forms. The connection between humans Sources: EPA, local, and non-government and the environments is two-way; organizations - Cape Cod Commission, 3 each influences the other. Through Bays Preservation, Inc. understanding issues of the envirnoment, Inventory existing projects. Sources: landscape architects can shape the Firms that construct and maintain them, environment in an ecologically sensitive Municipalities that operate the facilities. manner, in order to support the health and wellness of our communities. 9 INTRODUCTION Project Goal

A multi-functional neighborhood-scale water treatment facility could provide the following:

• Localized/decentralized water treatment • Recharge the ground aquifer A landscape-based approach to the demonstrates the application of principles design of waste water treatment to address a specific waste water issue. • Recreational amenity for considers current practices, responds to The design for a neighborhood-scale residents the regional conditions, and addresses Waste Water Greenway leverages • Educational opportunities hydrological issues. In this project, these biological treatment through a Living components are formalized through a Machine and plant materials to clean • Habitat that supports waste water typology, descriptive case water, restore wetlands, and support biodiversity studies, and site analysis. A typology wildlife. This strategy can serve as • Improved resiliency of of waste water treatment provides a a toolkit for how to design multi- baseline of current practices. Case functional landscapes that contribute overall water system study analysis demonstrates innovative to a healthier ecological systems in the • Energy generation from waste water treatment projects and built environment. In addition to the heat extraction (from warm derives recipes for the implementation treatment of waste water, a neighborhood of landscape-based designs. An analysis Waste Water Greenway would restore water), or the burning of of the Mill Pond site and its role within ecological processes and be a recreational biosolids the watershed and of Cape Cod region amenity for the community. This project provides an understanding of context. will explore alternatives to waste water The resulting design proposal for a treatment that could be implemented at waste-water greenway in Barnstable, MA the neighborhood scale. 2 Literature Review LITERATURE REVIEW Ecosystem Services

The concept of ecosystem services is the environment, through its basic function, provides valuable goods and service to humans (see chart at right). For example, trees take in carbon dioxide, cleaning the Ecosystem Services Include: air. They also provide shade, providing a Application of ecosystem services in green wastewater treatment: comfort through shade and reduction of • Carbon sequestration heat in urban areas. Scientists have begun • Filter air and water pollutants to inventory, classify and evaluate these • Reduction of costs for water • Stabilizing soil to prevent or goods and services. Though scientific management infrastructure reduce erosion method, a specific ecosystem service can through alternative waste be assigned a value based on how much • Providing wildlife habitat water treatment concept it would cost for humans to provide the • Reduce heat island effect • Provide recreational and benefit to ourselves. Urban ecologists, plant • Decrease public cost of water ecoloists and geologist such as Pickett, Wu educational benefits through infrastructure have contributed to the body of research multi-functional design • Reducing energy usage to define and evaluate the benefits of • Provide wildlife habitat through through passive heating ecosystems services. considerate planting plan and cooling Humans depend on ecosystems for survival, and through considerate and appropriate management practices, can continue to benefit from these services. In order to facilitate healthy relationships between the built and natural environment, the planning and design disciplines can apply these ideas to practice. In terms of waste water, soils and plants provide the valuable ecosystem service of cleaning the water.

12 Source: United States Geological Survey LITERATURE REVIEW Green Infrastructure

Green infrastructure is an approach to water management that protects, restores, or mimics the Principle of Definition Application in natural water cycle. Green infrastructure is effective, Green Infrastructure Waste Water Greenway economical, and enhances community safety and quality of life. (American Rivers) Multi-functionality Provide a range of ecosystem Recreation (walking, bird- services watching)Water (cleansing, groundwater recharge), Through the consideration of natural systems and biodiversity ecological processes, green infrastructure provides Connectivity Maximize most effective Greenway path provides clean water, wildlife habitat and improves air quality. in providing services and access to nearby Green infrastructure contributes to a social, economic, benefits when it is part of a neighborhoods, and an and environmental health. physically connected system alternative to roadways across the landscape Rouse outlines six principles for the planning and design Habitability Provides outdoor habitat for Plantings to support people, flora, and fauna wildlife activity (food for of green infrastructure. They are: multi-functionality, birds, healthier water ways connectivity, habitability, resiliency, identity, and return for fish) on investment (Rouse, 37). Table 1 wincludes definitions Resiliency Increase a community's Water treatment greenway of these principles and how a Waste Water Greenway ability to adapt to or recover is part of a decentralized would follow these principles. from disturbance (either in approach to the waste the short or long term) water system. Segments There are many guides and toolkits that develop can be build throughout a town to create a network strategies and outline tactics for communities and in terms of greenways, to implement green infrastructure in terms of provides active mobility storm water management. The University of New Identity Contributes to the definition Native plants reinforce Hampshire's Stormwater Center and the United States of place, community character, community Environmental Protection Agency provide research and character landscape in public park. manuals. These same green infrastructure concepts can The living treatment greenhouse is also an also be adapted to wastewater management. educational facility. Return on Investment Ensuring the benefits Living Machine costs Just like storm water management planning and resulting from green less than traditional grey design, understanding and responsiveness to context is infrastructure outweighing infrastructure at certain essential in order to develop tactics that will be effective. those costs scales. It also provides Considerations of climate, scale, and character of a variety of ecosystems environment play an important role successful design. services 13 Table 1: Green Infrastructure Principles 3 Wastewater Typology TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Historically in North American, septic systems have been the standard way to The typology of waste water management treat wastewater. With an increase in the includes a range of interventions in density of development, such as in cities, terms of financial investment, scale, and came the need to manage wastewater on technology. The types explored in this a larger scale. Centralized waste water study are based on the evolution of systems treatment plants accomplish this. In less with human development of the built dense areas, septic systems are typical, environment in the landscape and are as while in higher density areas, centralized follows: sewers are the standard method for • Septic systems handling waste water. Due to issues • Centralized sewage treatment system with the effectiveness of treatment, • Package Treatment Plant communities have begun to implement • Living Machines other systems to clean water. Septic • Constructed Wetlands systems and centralized waste water treatment plants represent two ends of a spectrum of options. While these Each type of waste water treatment system alternatives also have limitations, they includes the following details: have been developed for specific contexts • Description of process and to address specific issues that have • Inputs arisen from the standard methods of • Outputs treatment. Waste water management is • Scale at which it operates / Size slowly migrating away from a one-size • Benefits fits most approach to a context-based • Drawbacks approach as the connection between • Diagram and photos the management of wastewater and the health of the surrounding environment has become clear.

15 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Centralized Sewer System

Centralized sewage treatment systems were developed in response to urbanization. With an increase in the number of people living in an area, there was a corresponding decrease in the land available to treat waste water with a septic system. This new approach introduces extensive pipes and is able to treat a much higher volume of water through an efficient series of processes employed at a large scale. The processes include physical, biological and chemical, and they employ various levels of technology. Physically, gravity does much of the work. Bacteria processes organic compounds through biological processes, assisted by aeration. Chemicals are added to flocculate and chlorine is used to disinfect. The chemical additions are used to decrease the time required when compared to natural processing.

Stage 1: Settle. Solids settle and the water is moved to the next stage, floating solids skimmed off of top. Sage 2: Filter Stage 3:Purification Stage 4: Disposal (drying, burning, release into body of water)

Size: 1-2.5 million gallons per day, # of people/households served

Inputs: Human waste and waste Additions in process: chlorine, sulfur dioxide Output: [mostly] clean water, waste bricks that are burned/ disposed of elsewhere Benefits: Treatment of a large volume of water Drawback: capital and energy intensive, especially in the treatment of sludge Portland waste water treatment plant 16 (Source: National Service Center of Environmental Publications, 1990) TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Septic System

The septic system may be considered the prototypical tactic of green infrastructure. In the 1860s, John Mouras made a concrete tank and clay pipes to convey wastewater from his home. When the sewage overflowed from the tank, it would then be released into a cesspool. After nearly ten years, Mouras decided to open the tank to see how his prototype was holding up. At this time, it was virtually completely free of solids. Because of this success in France, this system was introduced into the United States in 1883 (Kasson, 1991).

Septic systems operate at a household level and are on-site. Pipes convey waste water from the individual home to a tank where solids settle, and the water then goes to pipes and is released Diagram: Septic System into a drainfield, where soils and associated organisms filter and clean the wastewater. The clean water then moves through the soil profile and recharges the ground water aquifer. The process of filtering and cleaning and recharge happens underground, and employs natural forces (gravity) and systems (soil communities).

Input: human waste and water Output: Clean water percolates into the ground, recharging the ground aquifer Serves: 1 household Cost of System: $8-15k for 3-4 bedroom house, up to $30k for a mounded system (Cape Cod Commission, 2013) Cost of Operation: Septic systems are a model of sustainability - water is treated on-site, low-technology, and no additives to clean the water. Solids need to be removed from septic tank periodically.

Photograph: Septic System (Source: National Service Center of Environmental Publications, 1990, 17 United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2016) TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Living Machines

The Living Machine is a concept of treating wastewater utilizing biological processes and following principles of ecological systems design. Dr. John Todd, President of the non- profit organization Ocean Arks International, first developed a design concept for a Living Machine. (Lyle, 1994) Like conventional systems, the treatment is done through a series of processes (sedimentation, filtration, clarification, adsorption, nitrification and de-nitrification, volatilization, and anaerobic and aerobic decomposition). Unlike a conventional system, a Living Machine's processes leverage the activity of living organisms - plants, animals and other organisms, to clean the water. The living system takes human waste water, and without the addition of harmful chemicals such as chlorine and sulfur dioxide, produces clean water. The reason no chemicals are added is because it is designed as an ecological system - the plants and organisms take up the nutrients and chemicals, and thus clean the water. The plant residuals can be composted. The design of a Living Machine considers both process and components. A series of cells forms the basic design. The contents of each cell varies based on the stage in the process and the corresponding biological function needed for the filtering and cleaning of water. 18 Photograph: Septic System TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Living Machines

Characteristics: biological processes need to be maintained Various cells with designated purpose for the system to operate. Living components (plants, microorganisms, algae) Benefits: low-cost, on-site treatment, aesthetically pleasing, educational Cost: Living Machines can cost about 20% and recreational ecosystem services, less than conventional systems integration with ecosystem, utility, habitat. The greenhouse provides year-round Drawbacks: Natural systems require recreational and educational benefits. monitoring and balancing of elements Reduction in the amount of sludge produced 19 through seasonal variations. Complex TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Living Machine as a Systems-based Solution

Living Machines focus on conserving and Living Machines can function independently, processing water at a local level. While some and are also a way to integrate grey and green may consider them to be a flawed attempt of infrastructure. Through retrofits that expand designing a closed-loop system, these machines the capacity of more traditional, centralized are exemplary in the integration of natural water treatment plants, or through creating systems in the treatment of waste water. The modules of green infrastructure water Living Machine offers flexibility to employ the management that can accommodate an system at various scales. At the smaller end increase in growth of the built environment of the range, a Living Machine can clean and and the accompanying increase in waste provide water for a neighborhood, such as a water produced. Additionally, these smaller- community ranging in size from 25 – 50 homes. scale modules reduce the load on the grey On a larger scale, existing infrastructure infrastructure systems by creating nodes or systems can use Living Machines as a retrofit. modules in the overall water management In this manner, the natural processes can be a system, having a positive impact in terms way to reduce costs of cleaning the water, or as of increasing resiliency of systems and the a way to increase capacity. communities of which they are a part.

The design of Living Machines, based on Ideas of sustainability (recycling water), the John Todd Ecological Design, has three managing water efficiently, and employing main characteristics: utility, amenity and natural systems underpin the idea of a Living habitat. As utility, the system functions to Machine. There are several projects that clean waste water. Since the water treatment showcase the effectiveness of this integrated process utilizes plants and other aspects of the system approach, including an elementary natural environment, it serves as an amenity school in Washington, D.C., a municipal for humans; people can view the process, and treatment experiment in Vermont, and a enjoy the plants. These plants are part of a wellness retreat in New York (John Todd larger ecological system, and thus provide Ecological Design, 2017). These systems vary habitat for fish, insects and birds. The multi- in scale and design, as well as the extent to functional design of the Living systems utilizes which they employ ecological systems in their concepts from ecological systems, and provide functioning. an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment.

20 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Package Treatment Plants

Package treatment plants represent a Emulating Nature decentralized yet community-based Biological waste water treatment approach to managing wastewater. systems mimic natural biological Though it utilized natural processes, processes. As waste enters the these processes are often separate from stream, the dissolved oxygen content the surrounding area. in the water decreases and bacteria populations increases. As the waste A Package Treatment plant is a form moves downstream, the bacteria of decentralized wastewater treatment eventually consume all of the organic system. It utilizes the biological material. Bacterial populations extended aeration principle in its then decrease, the result of which is operation, which is a variation of the replenishment of dissolved oxygen. activated sludge treatment process. The process of cyclical fluctuations This system functions by creating an continues as the water moves through environment with sufficient oxygen various stages. Though the process levels and agitation to allow for bio- is biological, it lacks integration with oxidation of the wastes to suitable the surrounding environment until the levels for discharge. point of discharge. (Pollution Control Systesm, 2017) Waste material in domestic wastewater is generally organic (biodegradable) Scale: Typical applications include which means that microorganisms can housing subdivisions, military bases, use this matter as their food source. mobile home parks, government A biological wastewater treatment compounds, small communities, system makes use of bacteria and other remote areas microorganisms to remove up to 90% of the organic matter in the wastewater. Advantages: Package Treatment plants represent a migration away from Source: US EPA Fact Sheet, 2001 centralized approaches. In this vein, they offer a modular way to deal with waste water which can be duplicated easily in different areas. 21 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Constructed Wetlands

Constructed wetlands are used as a standard tactic for the on-site treatment of storm water. In the treatment of wastewater, they can be a component of a centralized sewer system or a component of a Living Machine. Constructed wetlands utilize natural materials and leverage biological processes to treat water in an open environment; it is a landscape feature, versus taking place in an enclosed interior of a building.

Size: varies based on application, but range from are typically 4-5 square meters per person (~50 sq. ft.)

Input: Pre-treated water. This is not a stand-alone system for waste water treatment

Benefits: Valuable wetland habitat for waterfowl and other wildlife, education and recreation

Drawbacks: Establishment time for plants, maintenance, This is not a stand-alone system for waste water treatment

Opportunities: Wetland restoration - implement where wetlands may be compromised already to re-establish them

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1993

22 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Constructed Wetlands Considerations

The primary objective in vegetation Site selection criteria for constructed wetlands: management is to maintain the desired plant • Located near the source of wastewater communities where they are • Provides adequate space intended to be within the wetland. This is • Proper slope to allow the water to flow achieved through consistent pretreatment through the system naturally (gravity) process operation, changes in the water • Soils that can be compacted to limit the levels, and harvesting plants when and where seepage into the groundwater necessary. Where plant cover is deficient, • Is above the water table management activities to improve cover may • Is not in a floodplain include water level adjustment, reduce the • Does not contain endangered species amount of effluent, pesticide application, and • Does not contain historic resources replanting. Source: Davis, 2000 (Source: Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters p. 129)

While horizontal-flow constructed wetlands provide good conditions for denitrification, the ability to process ammonia is very limited. Therefore, various types of constructed wetlands may be combined with each other in order to exploit the advantages of specific designs. In the case of the excess nutrient issue in Barnstable, horizontal-flow wetlands would address the priority to remove nitrogen from the hydrological system.

(Source: Vymazal, 2007)

23 Source: LID, 2007 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Assessment of Characteristics

TECHNOLOGY The features of waste water Living LOW Constructed Septic Sewer Package HIGH TECH treatment systems can be used to Wetland System System Treatment Machine categorize them. The pertinent characteristics are: INVESTMENT / COST • Technological Sophistication • Cost Septic Constructed Package Living Sewer LOW • Scale / Number of Households System Wetland Treatment Machine System HIGH Served • Environmental Benefits SCALE / NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS • Multi-functionality SMALL Septic Constructed Living Package Sewer LARGE • Space Requirements SCALE System Wetland Machine Treatment System SCALE Evaluation of each system based on

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS (CLEANS WATER / SUPPORT WILDLIFE / RECHARGE GROUND AQUIFER) these characteristics can provide guidance in determining which Sewer Septic Package Living Constructed system may be appropriate for a FEW MANY System System Treatment Machine Wetland specific context. In Barnstable, where there is relatively low-density MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY (HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS) and a high value on preservation of the natural environment, a Living Sewer Septic Package Living Constructed Machine or constructed wetland LOW Treatment HIGH System System Machine Wetland would be appropriate.

SPACE REQUIREMENTS

LESS Sewer Package Living Constructed Septic MORE System Treatment Machine System Wetland

24 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Ecosystem Services

The proposed application of an Living Machines have thus far been alternative wastewater system designed for single buildings. This proposes a combination of project seeks to apply available approaches, borrowing from each: treatment techniques to a wider scale • Septic: treatment in landscape, that is integrated with the ecosystem local and built environment in a multi- • Centralized sewer: none functional manner, to treat a larger • Package treatment: natural volume of sewage. processes • Living Machine: ecological processes, landscape • Constructed wetland: landscape approach

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS - SUPPORTS WILDLIFE, RECHARGES GROUND AQUIFER

Sewer Septic Package Constructed Living FEW System System Treatment Wetland Machine MANY

MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY - HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Sewer Package Septic Living Constructed LOW HIGH System Treatment System Machine Wetland

25 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Cost

INVESTMENT / COST (PER HOUSEHOLD SERVED)

LOW Septic Constructed Package Living Sewer HIGH System Wetland Treatment Machine System

Cost Comparison: Living Machines and Conventional Systems

Process 40,000 GPD* 80,000GPD 1 Million GPD

Living Machine with $1,077,777 $1,710,280 $10,457,542 Greenhouse

Living Machine without $985,391 $1,570,246 $9,232,257 Greenhouse

Conventional System $1,207,036 $1,903,751 $8,579,978

*Gallons Per Day Source: EPA, 2001

26 Table 2: Cost Comparison, Waste Water Systems TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Sizing of Systems

The typology of waste water management tactics varies based on many factors. The need to treat a greater volume of water has driven the increasing size of systems, with centralized Type of System Capacity largest range Typical Size treatment used as the optimal system to serve 450 - 600 GPD (for a 2- bathroom the largest number of people. The recent shift Septic System 450 - 1,200 GPD house with 4 occupants) in thinking in favor of decentralized systems is the result of increased knowledge and Package Treatment 2,000 - 500,000 GPD 10,000 - 250,000 GPD experience. Failures of centralized systems and an increase in monitoring of water quality Centralized Sewer has influencd thinking of innovative solutions 1-2.5 million GPD 1.5 million GPD System to improve the interaction between humans and natural systems. Decentralization often Living Machine 120,000 GPD 40,000-80,000 occurs at household levels "through local-level operations and would be able to monitor and adjust their behaviors accordingly." (Hill, 2007, p. 264) Decentralization is a strategy through which waste water management can be integrated into grey infrastructure for a more sustainable system.

SCALE / NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS SERVED

Septic Constructed Living Package Sewer FEWER MANY System Wetland Machine Treatment System

27 TYPOLOGY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT Evolution of Water Treatment

Biological Centralized Collective Individual Chemical Ecological

28 4 Case Study Research CASE STUDY RESEARCH Introduction

Case Studies were selected based on the functions that they demonstrate and the alternative • Design with topography technologies they employ. Each case study has • Pump stations in situations where there are been documented along with the following details: topographic constraints • System description - referencing the typology • Natural systems require time to clean the • Background - context, the issue that the new system addresses, ownership and designer water • System operation - inputs and outputs • Treatment areas often are lined to retain • Size - volume of water processed, amount of water Utilize topography to slow the flow and land utilized, or the number of households move water served by the system • Modular design is more easily implemented • Time - how long it takes to clean the water than an entire network • Landscape features - images to demonstrate scale and degree of integration with the • Network of treatment systems surrounding environment and community, and • De-centralization ecosystem services

Featured Case Studies: Factors in the Treatment of Waste Water 1. Sidwell Friends School, Washington, D.C. • Capacity 2. Wakodahatchee Wetlands, Florida 3. Living Machine, South Burlington, VT • Slope of Land • Character of Soils Other Case Studies: • Seasonality • Highway Rest Stop, Sharon, VT • Space • New Haven Waste Water Treatment Plant, CT • Time • San Luis Central Waste Water Facility, CA • Columbia Boulevard Waste Water Treatment Plant (Portland, OR) • Omega Institute (Rhinebeck, NY) • Dockside Green Waste Water Treatment (Victoria, British Columbia, Canada) 30 CASE STUDY RESEARCH Sidwell Friends School Washington, D.C.

Project: Sidwell Friends School Location: Washington, D.C. Designers: Landscape Architecture firm Andropogon, Kieran Timberlak, Natural Systems International

Background: The private Middle School building and grounds feature a Living Machine, water-efficient landscaping, green roofs, and rooftop agriculture. The courtyard features a constructed wetland designed to utilize storm and wastewater for both ecological and educational purposes.

Type of System: Living Machine + constructed wetlands

Landscape Features

Ecosystem Services • Prevents over 317,900 gallons of wastewater from entering the District of Columbia’s overburdened sewer system each year, saving $1,687 in sewer charges. • Reduces potable water consumption by an average of 8,500 gallons per month by reusing treated wastewater to flush toilets. • Educational Opportunities for students and visitors - promotes environmental awareness with over 10,000 visitors touring the site in its first five years. Students at the school give the tours.

Source: Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2017

31 Source: Andropogon Associates CASE STUDY RESEARCH: LIVING MACHINE Sidwell Friends School Washington, D.C.

Waste Treatment Process: Waste water from the toilets and sinks goes to a settling tank where solids settle out. The waste water is pumped through a terraced treatment wetland then back inside through filters for final cleaning. The greywater is stored in a tank into the basement and used for toilets and sinks in the building.

Plant Materials: The water is treated in a sub-surface manner, in order to limit human interaction with the waste Source: Andropogon Associates water.

Takeaways: Closed-loop, living systems have Amount of waste: 3,000 gallons/day benefits and drawbacks. Cleaning waste-water and using it on-site is Wetland Area: ~5500 sq. ft. (0.13 acres) efficient but costly. Pumps are needed to circulate the water through the Time to Process: 2.9 days system in order to clean it into the Savings: reduced water consumption by 93% allotted treatment area. The systems is not truly closed, as energy is needed to operate the system, drinking water is sourced and the solids need to be 32 removed from the settling tank. CASE STUDY RESEARCH: CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS Wakodahatchee Wetlands

Owner: Palm Beach County Water Utilities Background: Sizing: Department The east coast of Florida is under • Land Utilization : 50 acres of land Location: Palm Beach, FL development pressure. Partially treated owned by utilities. Demonstrates how Year: 1995/1996 water from the sewage treatment plant underutilized land can be transformed Cost: $2.85 million is circulated through the system where into a wetland ecosystem the excess nutrients are utilized by the • Total wetland area: 39 acres. 8 different Type of System: wetland ecosystem, and the wetland marsh areas, each between 3-10 acres Centralized System utilizing dispersed naturally filters and finishes the wastewater. • Volume of water: 2 million gallons/ to Constructed Wetlands (for Tertiary Wakodahatchee allows Palm Beach County day of treated water is pumped into the Treatment) instead of previous tactic of to perform the required task of waste water wetlands from the reclamation facility, outfall to the ocean filtration while simultaneously reclaiming and the total amount of water is ~20 wetland environment and providing the million gallons public with a park-like setting. The name is Seminole Indian language meaning Source: Palm Beach County Water Utilities, "created waters." (Bays, 2000, p. 60) 2017

The Wakadahatchee Wetlands demonstrates how a waste water treatment can be integrated with a wetland ecosystem with many benefits for the community

The Wakadatchee Wetland is part of the waste water treatment plant and located within a suburban setting of Delray Beach, Florida. Source: Google maps 33 CASE STUDY RESEARCH: CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS Wakodahatchee Wetlands

Landscape Features Different wetland communities are designed to manage water and foster biodiversity, and include: • Open pond water areas to attract waterfowl and diving birds • Emergent marsh areas for rails, moorhens, and sparrows • Shallow shelves for herons and egrets • Islands with shrubs and snags to serve as 39 acres of wetlands roosting, nesting, and basking sites • Forested wetland areas for long-term 8 different marsh environments habitat development treats 2 million gallons of water per day Ecosystem Services • Provides food and habitat for many important wildlife species, including many of Florida's threatened and endangered species • Recreation - bird watching - 140 bird species sighted • Detain storm-waters, protecting downstream areas from flooding. • Naturally purify waters containing nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous without using fossil-fuel-based energies or producing sludge

Source:34 Wakodahatchee Wetlands Park, 2000 CASE STUDY RESEARCH Living Machine in Municipal Wastewater

Project: South Burlington Municipal Eco-Machine Location: South Burlington, VT Designers: Living Technologies and Dr. John Todd with Ocean Arks International Area: 7,800 sq. ft. Volume: 80,000 gpd Number of people: 1,200 people (~6 sq. ft per person)

Background: This Living Machine project operated from 1995 until 2001, and was the basis for testing the effectiveness of this approach to waste water treatment. Built adjacent to the city's centralized waste water plant, it diverted sewage to treat via biological methods.

System Operation: Sewage flowed to a greenhouse with two treatment paths, each with five aerobic reactors, a clarifier and three Ecological Fluidized Beds. The open aerobic reactors used diffusers and floating plant racks to maintain a diversity of vascular plant species (over 350 species were tested including many flowering plants). The air and plants hosted a variety of organisms that digested the nutrients and pollutants in the wastewater.

Source: Todd, 2003

35 Source: Ocean Arks Institute CASE STUDY RESEARCH Living Machine in Municipal Wastewater

Plants were evaluated for: (1) their ability to tolerate sewage, (2) the extent of the root zones, (3) disease and pest resistance, (4) ease of management, and (5) secondary economic value. Plants in the Living Machine

Results extract nutrients from the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total wastewater, such as phorphorous Suspended Solids (TSS) ammonia and total Nitrogen and nitrogen. These elements are were reduced in this stage of treatment. the issue in Cape Cod. The design of the system at Omega Institute are three foot deep beds, lined with rubber, and filled with gravel. About two inches beneath the gravel is wastewater, which flows from the anoxic tanks, to the splitter box, to the upper two constructed wetlands. The wetlands use microorganisms and native plants, including cattails and bulrushes, to reduce biochemical oxygen demand, remove odorous gases, continue the denitrification process, and harvest nutrients, including phosphorus. As the wastewater flows through the wetlands, the microorganisms and plants are fed.

Source: https://www.treehugger.com/green- architecture/omega-center-sustainable-living-eco- machine-living-building-water-treatment.html

Source: Todd, 2003

36 Source: Ocean Arks Institute CASE STUDY RESEARCH Case Study Take-aways

Research of case studies is useful to understand Factors in the Wetland Treatment of Waste how design can overcome challenges. The Water following are design guidelines derived from • Capacity - number of households served case study research: (Quantity of Waste - 80-100 GPD per person per day) • Design with topography. Take advantage of • Slope of Land - gradual is optimum (2% slope water flow - centralized treatment and septic to move water slowly) systems utilize gravity • Character of Soils - sandy drains quickly • Pump stations can be used like centralized • Seasonality treatment systems (just specify where they • Functionality of Plant Materials and other would be) in situations where there are Living Organisms topographic constraints • Destination of waste - grey-water, re-use, end • Natural systems require time to clean the application water • Space - availability may dictate the type of • Treatment areas often are lined to retain system used water. • Utilize topography to slow the flow and move water • Modular design is more easily implemented than an entire network. Proposed phasing can be modular • Living Machine - indoor facility for year round treatment and public amenity • Network of treatment system create non-traditional figure grounds (from case studies to demonstrate concept diagrammatically) - zoom out to show the broader network

37 Source: Ocean Arks Institute 5 Application of Concepts SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Location in Region

The focus of this project is Mill Pond, located in the town of Barnstable on the peninsula of Cape Cod in Massachusetts. The Atlantic Ocean is on the south side and the Cape Cod Bay is on the north side.

Mill Pond is 7 miles from Cape Cod Bay and 4 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It is in close proximity to the Three Bays Estuary, and important area in terms of environmental concern, and one affected by the activity in Mill Pond and upstream. Development in the area upstream from the three bays is the cause of water quality issues. Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community Specifically, there are excess nutrients from waste water. This excess nitrogen and phosphorous is nutrient pollution that the EPA has stated is most widespread, costly and challenging environmental problems (EPA Nutrient Pollution, 2017).

At the same time, there is development pressure in the town. Barnstable is in close proximity to beaches, making it a desirable area to live and visit. In order for the town to sustain itself economically, it needs to manage these valuable natural resources.

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community 39 Source: Google Earth SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Site Definition

A collection of parcels in the area immediately adjacent to Mill Pond comprises the site, for a total of 47 acres. Eighteen acres is owned by the River Ridge Neighborhood Association. One parcel in the southwestern portion of the site is privately owned (13 acres) while the rest is owned by the Town of Barnstable. These sixteen acres have been set aside as conservation land. The Mill Pond itself is six acres.

Source: MassGIS, GoogleEarth, Town of Barnstable, MA

The site is 47 acres of wooded land.

0 500 1000

Figure: Site Definition, Source: MassGIS

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

World Imagery

Low Resolution 15m Imagery

High Resolution 60cm Imagery High Resolution 30cm Imagery 0 0.25 0.5 0 500 1,000 2,000 Citations Miles Feet SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Photo Tour of Mill Pond - Main Entrance

9

5 9 68 4

8 9 6 2 9 4 9 78 3 39

6

8

9

4

8

6

9 5

68

9 6

5 8 68

3 9

5

9

5 R 9 i 59 v

e

r

R

7 o

8 a

d

8

6

9

5

5 5 9 9

68

8 6

3 9

9

2

68 8 7

t

e

e r t

S

t

c

e

p

s

o r d 6 P oa 8 d R 7 r ffo 8 68 Gi

4

9

6

8

8

7

3 9

L o v e l ls L a n e

Mo r-w ay

7 5

8 9

9

5 e n a L l il M g n i 9 ll u 5

P

d

a

o

R

t

t

e

m m

78 a C

õÅ149 Mill Pond is one of 182 freshwater68 ponds 6 78 8

M a in in Barnstable, and was created to power S 49 tr ee t M ar st on M i O lls ld P o s t R o a d C o an adjacent mill in the 19th century.tu it

7 Today, the pond is realtevely8 undeveloped

7 8 2 5 9 and is popular for bird-watching.9 A

5 9 5 9 8 6

9

3 e iv r 4 parking area is a small pull-off area on D 9 p to ill H

8 6

59

Route 27 near the intersection with39 Route 39 ad uth Ro Falmo 4 149. From here, there is a short trail 9 that

19 19 ")28

leads from the parking area to the pond. 29

9 3

9 4

8 4 7 9

7

8

4 9

3

9

9 41 5 9 3 2

8 9

6 5 9

P

r i n c e

A

v

e n

u

e

2

9

d oa R ry st du In 8 6 9

9 1

68 1 9

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community 9

5 9 68 4

8 9 6 2 9 4 9 78 3 39

6

8

9

4

8

6

9 5

68

9 6

5 8 68

3 9

5

9

5 R 9 i 59 v

e

r

R

7 o

8 a

d

8

6

9

5

5 5 9 9

68

8 6

3 9

9

2

68 8 7

t

e

e r t

S

t

c

e

p

s

o r d 6 P oa 8 d R 7 r ffo 8 68 Gi

4

9

6

8

8

7

3 9

L o v e l ls L a n e

Mo r-w ay 7 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT5 8 9

9

5 e n a L l il M g n i 9 ll u 5

P

d

a

o

R

t

t

e

m m 78 a Photo Tour of Site C

õÅ149

68

6 78 8

M a in S 49 tr ee t M ar st on M i O lls ld P o s t R o a d C o tu it

7

8

7 8 2 5 9

9

5 9 5 9 8 6

9

3 e iv r 4 D p 9 to ill H

8 6

59

39 39 ad uth Ro Falmo 4 9

19 19 ")28

29

9 3

9 4

8 4 7 9

7

8

4 9

3

9

9 5 9 3 2

8 9

6 5 9

P

r i n c e

A

v

e n

u A short trail leads from the parkinge area

2

9 d oa R ry st around Mill Pond. Within an eighth of a du In 8 6 9

9 1

68 1 mile, song birds and swans can be viewed 9

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community through the foliage. A granite tablet reminds visitors that though it is a this prime bird-watching area, Mill Pond was created as part of a mill development in the late 17th century.

42 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Photo Tour of Site - Fish Ladder

9

5 9 68 4

8 9 6 2 9 4 9 78 3 39

6

8

9

4

8

6

9 5

68

9 6

5 8 68

3 9

5

9

5 R 9 i 59 v

e

r

R

7 o

8 a

d

8

6

9

5

5 5 9 9

68

8 6

3 9

9

2

68 8 7

t

e

e r t

S

t

c

e

p

s

o r d 6 P oa 8 d R 7 r ffo 8 68 Gi

4

9

6

8

8

7

3 9

L o v e l ls L a n e

Mo r-w ay

7 5

8 9

9

5 e n a L l il M g n i 9 ll u 5

P

d

a

o

R

t

t

e

m m

78 a C

õÅ149 The Mill River connects the Mill68 Pond to

6 other hydrological resources, such as the 78 8 M a in S 49 tr ee t M ar st on M i O lls ld P o s t R o Three Bays Estuary downstream.a The d C o tu it

7 Mill River has been comprised8 by human

7 8 2 5 9 development, and a derelict fish9 ladder

5 9 5 9 8 6

was constructed in order to facilitate 9

3 e iv r 4 D p 9 to ill H

8 6 wildlife. 59

39 39 ad uth Ro Falmo 4 9

19 19 ")28

29

9 3

9 4

8 4 7 9

7

8

4 9

3

9

9 43 5 9 3 2

8 9

6 5 9

P

r i n c e

A

v

e n

u

e

2

9

d oa R ry st du In 8 6 9

9 1

68 1 9

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Photo Tour of Site - Backside Entrance

9

5 9 68 4

8 9 6 2 9 4 9 78 3 39

6

8

9

4

8

6

9 5

68

9 6

5 8 68

3 9

5

9

5 R 9 i 59 v

e

r

R

7 o

8 a

d

8

6

9

5

5 5 9 9

68

8 6

3 9

9

2

68 8 7

t

e

e r t

S

t

c

e

p

s

o r d 6 P oa 8 d R 7 r ffo 8 68 Gi

4

9

6

8

8

7

3 9

L o v e l ls L a n e

Mo r-w ay

7 5

8 9

9

5 e n a L l il M g n i 9 ll u 5

P

d

a

o

R

t

t

e

m m

78 a C

õÅ149 There is another vehicular access 6point8

6 to the site from the west side, along Old 78 8

M a in S 49 tr ee t M ar st on M i O lls ld P o s t Post Road. The wide path provides R utility o a d C o tu it

7 vehicles with travel and service8 the nearby

7 8 2 5 9 utility lines. Another path leads down9 the

5 9 5 9 hill to the Mill Pond. A greenway could 8 6

9

3 e iv r 4 D p 9 to ill H

8 6

link to this segment and provide9 more 5

39 39 ad uth Ro Falmo 4 extensive trails for residents and visitors.9

19 19 ")28

29

9 3

9 4

8 4 7 9

7

8

4 9

3

9

9 44 5 9 3 2

8 9

6 5 9

P

r i n c e

A

v

e n

u

e

2

9

d oa R ry st du In 8 6 9

9 1

68 1 9

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community 9

5 9 68 4

8 9 6 2 9 4 9 78 3 39

6

8

9

4

8

6

9 5

68

9 6

5 8 68

3 9

5

9

5 R 9 i 59 v

e

r

R

7 o

8 a

d

8

6

9

5

5 5 9 9

68

8 6

3 9

9

2

68 8 7

t

e

e r t

S

t

c

e

p

s

o r d 6 P oa 8 d R 7 r ffo 8 68 Gi

4

9

6

8

8

7

3 9 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT L o v e l ls L a n e

Mo r-w ay

7 5

8 9

9

5 e n a L l il M g n i 9 ll u 5

P d

Photo Tour of Site - Trails and Forested Areaa

o

R

t

t

e

m m

78 a C

õÅ149

68

6 78 8

M a in S 49 tr ee t M ar st on M i O lls ld P o s t R o a d C o tu it

7

8

7 8 2 5 9

9

5 9 5 9 8 6

9

3 e iv r 4 D p 9 to ill H

8 6

59

39 39 ad uth Ro Falmo 4 9

19 19 ")28

29

9 3

9 4

8 4 7 9

7

8

4 9

3

9

9 5 9 3 2

8 9

6 5 9

P

r i n c e

A

v

e n

u

e

2

9 d oa R try While one edge of the Mill Pond is directly s du In 8 6 9

9 1

68 1 adjacent to roads, a large portion of its 9

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community perimeter is undeveloped. The paths are sandy, and the forest itself consists of a mixture of scrub oak and pine trees.

45 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Hydrology and Human Development of the Mill Pond

Mill Pond has historically been a node within the hydrological system influenced by human development. It was created originally for the mill that was located nearby and has served as a key landmark in the historic village center of Marstons Mills for the last 300 years.

The Mill Pond was created by a small dam, built to power the gristmill on its shore that dates back to a grant of the Barnstable Proprietors, who owned the land, to John Stacy in 1705 for the right to place a grist mill dam on the Cotuit River (Cape Cod Commission, 2016, p 7). Later, a hydroelectric plant was also temporarily operated immediately downstream of the pond by David Leland just before Word War II. To this day, Mill Pond remains a scenic refuge for wildlife and is one of the most photographed locations in the Town of Barnstable. It serves The Mill Pond has as an active herring run and provides an intermediate resting place for the served both human fish on their passage upstream to their and ecological spawning ground in Middle Pond. Herring have been observed during purposes for the past their migration starting in late March through early April throughout the 300 years. pond’s history. 46 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Hydrology

Legend

Buildings There are more than 8,000 homes in the watershed, and every septic system is a point LANDUSE2005_POLY_BARN LU05_DESC source contributing to the pollution of our Commercial ponds and bays. Cranberry Bog Forest -Michael J. Egan, President of the Board of Directors of Three Bays Preservation, Inc Forested Wetland Low Density Residential Medium Density Residential Multi-Family Residential Inventory The hydrological system consists of rivers, ponds, bays Non-Forested Wetland and ocean. The history of glacial activity shaped the Open Land land. As the glacier retracted, large masses of rock Participation Recreation and ice were left behind (Oldale, 1981). Depressions Powerline/Utility Mill Pond formed from the melting of the ice, and then filled with Saltwater Wetland water. Urban Public/Institutional Very Low Density Residential With the growth of development, humans have altered Water the land, both through buildings and water use. In the 18th century, entrepreneurs created the Mill Pond in order to power mills. Though man-made, the Mill Pond is an important part of the hydrological ¯ system, functioning as a sink for excess nutrients from anthropogenic activities. It has negative ecological Miles 0 0.25 0.5 1 effects downstream on the North Bay, Cotuit Bay and 0 5Site00 1Boundary,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Feet West Bay, which are known collectively as the Three Hydrology Bays Estuary. Feet 0 Buildings1,000 2,000 4,000 Assessment ° Human activity has compromised the hydrological system, but it can also be the source of reconnecting 470 1000 2000 Legend ¯

Miles 0 0.25 0.5 1

0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Feet

Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 ° SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Land Use InventoryLegend The areaBuil daroundings Mill Pond is primarily residential, with some commercial activity. Road LANDUSE2005_POLY_BARN infrastructure includes main roads along the east LU05_DESC (Cotuit Rd/Route 149) and south (Falmouth Rd/ Route C28))omm sidesercial of the Pond. The area to the northwestCranb iserr ymostly Bog forested with several different ownersF oincludingrest public utilities, land trust and the town ofFo Barnstablerested Wetland under conservation restriction. The BarnstableLow Density RUnitedesidentia lElementary School school is 1.8 milesMed away.ium Density Residential AssessmentMulti-Fam ily Residential A greenwayNon-For atest ethisd We locationtland would provide recreational benefits to the surrounding homes and Open Land could be a part of future greenway developmentLegend to Participation Recreation connect with the school. Buildings Powerline/Utility Mill Pond Saltwater Wetland LANDUSE2005_POLY_BARN SiteUrba nBoundary Public/Institutional LU05_DESC Commercial WaterVery Low Density Residential Cranberry Bog ResidentialWater Commercial Forest Forested Wetland Forests ¯ Low Density Residential Wetlands Medium Density Residential

Cranberry Bog Multi-FamMiileys Residential 0 0.25 0.5 1 Passive Recreation Non-Forested Wetland 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Feet Public/Institutional Open Land

Feet Participation Recreation 0 Utilities1,000 2,000 4,000 Powerline/Utility ° Saltwater Wetland Urban Public/Institutional 48 0 1000 2000 Very Low Density Residential Water ¯

Miles 0 0.25 0.5 1

0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Feet

Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 ° SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Natural Resources

98 Aside from abundant hydrological resources, other Legend 15 natural resources include the Mashpee National Buildings Wildlife Refuge and the Cape Cod National Seashore. LANDUSE2005_POLY_BARN For the past 22 years, the state of Massachusetts has LU05_DESC utilized the BioMap to identify core Commercial habitats and supporting natural landscapes98 Cranberry Bog

(Conservation Fund, 2006). This resource can be15 used to help make land use and land protection decisions as Forest well as to guide land planning. Forested Wetland Low Density Residential The goal of the BioMap Project was to “promote Medium Density Residential Legend strategic land protection by producing a map showing Multi-Family Residential MassDOT Roads areas that, if protected, would provide suitable habitat Non-Forested Wetland Road Type over the long term for the maximum number of Open Land Limited Access Highway Massachusetts’ terrestrial and wetland plant and Legend Participation Recreation Multi-lane Hwy, not limited access animal species and natural communities" Powerline/Utility Other Numbered Highway (Conservation Fund, 2006, p. 2) MassDOT Roads Road Type Saltwater Wetland Major Road, Collector The Mill Pond is located within a Priority Habitat of Limited Access Highway Urban Public/Institutional Minor Road, Arterial Special Concern for the Bridle Shiner. This small fish Multi-lane Hwy, not limited access Very Low Density Residential Ramp Other Numbered Highway is protected under the Massachusetts Endangered Water Tunnel Major Road, Collector Species Act (MESA) (Massachusetts. Natural Heritage Tunnel (Limited Access Hwy) Minor Road, Arterial & Endangered Species Program , 2015) The Natural Tunnel (Multi-lane Hwy) Ramp Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP) Tunnel (Other Numbered Hwy) concluded any proposed project will require a Tunnel ¯ Tunnel (Limited Access Hwy) HYDRO25K_POLY management plan to protect the Bridle Shiner and Miles 0 0.25 0.5 1 BioMap2 CH Priority Natural Communities as such must meet the performance standards for a Tunnel (Multi-lane Hwy) Tunnel (Other Numbered Hwy) 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 BioMap2 Core Habitat Conservation and Management Permit. The NHESP Site Boundary Feet provided recommendations to alter the project HYDRO25K_POLY BioMap2 Critical Natural Landscape BHydrologyioMap2 CH Priority Natural Communities Feet footprint to confine dredging to a more limited portion 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 BioMap2 CH Vernal Pool Core BCriticalioMap2 C oNaturalre Habitat Areas (Biomap2) of the pond to protect the shoreline habitat as well as BioMap2 CNL Wetland Buffer BCoreioMap2 Habitat Critical Na t(BioMap2)ural Landscape ° provide an area of refuge in the southeastern portion of Description BioMap2 CH Vernal Pool Core the pond during dredging. Buildings 0 1000 2000 Least-disturbed wetland complexes BioMap2 CNL Wetland Buffer 49 Priority Natural Community Wetlands and Selected Oxbows Description Least-disturbed wetland complexes Upland buffer Priority Natural Community Wetlands and Selected Oxbows Upland buffer ¯

Miles ¯ 0 0.25 0.5 1

0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Miles Feet 0 0.25 0.5 1

52 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Feet Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000

52

Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 ° ° SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Open Space

O e y l a P n d y a w o a t p L S r p d W t a le s a a h n o C B c i g R k e ot i r n le d to e B Je il e hit R k m W v o n s o r Ro a io e o a d t d r c S rm e e C r a S v F The townice of Barnstable has many conservation h t R h o t u a a T d er P o Li e h S t t n e le o t i e P P P y e a l r o a n t W i D n S e d i bo t ¤£6 ra d s s r h R e i e Dr a r R £ o k ¤ iv o n 6 y e K r a a o a R a a d r L d W e k P k a areas, though the area of Marstons Mills has e c n w O d e o a a r d o L th C e R t R e e l a t d b e i M e s m e tr d u S o r n t o D a c W L e p s s o k r in P L relatively little open space. The open spaces also

õÅ149 e c ra r t n e e i n T o a a P L l y l d s e a r r n o W te e F P t d J s o o n l n lack access. This is an opportunity to make the r a i e n T e a e i m C s st d i d t R hr w n o C a a I o d o

o R

d l l i d P H a a

o t d h R R e n r th g e a en a p P c S s l y a il D J r most of the open space that is available. There is an tm iv s e ri G H Ra ea c t h R ow e N La d e ne d a w a B o Lo o a R n y la R c d d W k o t a s ho n n d n A o n rn v a u Ro o e t o s a e R d h n e t C r T o u t t a e S f easement that providese access to the open space B k P d a p

O n M O a a l e i e rr c e ll venu e o k e e P v a A Pe z o i mbi W T R n bb a n olu e P le d n C u P H b h d s k at R U t c l h h o e e t a r n i S d R a F a oa r P d nue B e ve e E l n A l y me ingto ral b Will c a d L ir e W ane m C v a p ri r o le Tu Tr T ds D b rtle B ee ree Pon A B R e adjacent to Mill Pondh along Cotuit Road. S a o e T c s W nu v a k ela Ave i R n il ford r in e oa d lim Hart d D t n d Te a A a a rr n n a d P L o c t l Co t e ic a nant e o s d R La d D n

n s i t e a r r f r s e hool Street a e iv io

c o e c S l e u p o n W e Ave t e n o R ve W d R

a a R e H e T y ew d a Hit l h c

g N a h in n l o g P

i a y os o t W Lan a o R e

B m L R O l h w r d k c a e d S c ta a ad S nue k a o Ro ve g o l gs ld A a o e ei ie d nsf R C M H Ma E B R O o u a a d a tp s D v e o A a n d d s P e a i t L r o g a e m g o d n A a a e lp r t o e b in e e R t a e p w r li W n S o n ay Dr d a t H s iv n R e n C o H o u t l o C l a P h o d l t r w y M ig a a w e e n R o a e L B o R a b r b y h t h a e a k u t c d d S a y a r c h a o r u S t o H R y D ive P Dr u C t R d e e s o id e n e W o es l l a r i ak c d L d a d d i A g r s o W h R e H B le o y o u D R Lane H r a W ill iv c e e o H a d k th a e g l e e r d d R L l i b a d l a n d e B e a o s a r a o H G p o H r e B r R y n b o b R r l y e e u o e d L e c F v i r i r e n d L s a r r r o o r r e b a f a r y n G d y d in D L b e d o g L e a e l L r o i a e r L o R a C R l o r e w a e u r a y k y d v n R d r b i o n a G y e y S r e L W e d u d e e t an m e D h e rl i v l S a L a n T C k h e n o o r e a r l o yr c n e g u d River R d s n M oad i e C x D a ri d d o v o i H rc F e a n l e R e o e o r v G i c R P e r a f n t C r f D i th r e a a C n p ou e m P r k r t h a i e n c S h e n u n o g a e r L k a n n n L i S t s d d d a ir D t il L b a l r o h m R g o i a o a n v MarstonT N C h adMills has 124 acres of i e h h r in k R is a o d c t ij d l l G r o e E l n D e a M ad r a C o B i Ro ve ve ub P l ri h D lin a Sam D S b c os s g e o m J t R e ve L a k oad cr an n H A e n B r o vi O ai l L F a a F l D um C k F e r l A i R i v v en o n u e t e a e F d S n La d t a za li r r a L u c e s L k o e d a ov e t e d h R t a ll e t r o ra e Ro r a a y L R a d t d t y P a e H S l c a n l in ia r n e c i a e o W t k V r c k P i s y c h V Warw i k d t conservationE c land. r ben n S u Middle P a o d mit on h B d Path S N a B Ro d o a ad

a R i rd o t c l e W R n i rc c i a n e r C y D d olar w a P d Da o r vis t l ey o h a R s Ro t d oa e e ad sh R u n d w h A R r a v n o o e y i i y e C a a S o r t N a n d a B ou w e R it W D l M c u r d Ho a r t o c a r e n N i o r r k t e e a R h e J c c s c T S i t a a rr th a ff o h m r Te M u T y o e w o e a C stvi G e Ea m an W l s a L e o s n n F os a O I R rv e n ld e t Z t h i t s e O a r e v H d W R a i a R Way e o l iv amblin Pond o n e e H a a W r R L d ak L R eb o le L n ad y a ad b u a o R n c R o a m n r ad e t b u e s k S n e D r toney Cliff Ro r r a ad a ts P B ad B M o h u ve t R et r i r s il n n D S erry B e l ig h K o R W ns Muske a u e o get R l a E oad m r il N d g d a v y S e r o e e o R t H t r e i s R n k s c e i R O a u e i o L n v L r t e a Se a e r a d a k k R a d ns s c e b C b o n E en o irc u v eze r R le o T e a i e N n d r a L d D e n e C P a t a u a d L h o h a t g p e i g o s a p y R i u e p l Am a t r r R e N u k s p i r W o n s a u ay e g a t j h n s W r C b S a t a L o a n H a s n y a es W y y y e Am Wa re T orn d R Br er h u o idge wd A a D ts P o d o ath P ne y g D a a e l C v d W t ir o c a r l h e l t e t o d t u n a e o a R e P r L C L t m o k s n R C l s i v am m c l e me i e o o tt y l Lan a r e i e a r p a ls e s C e W u h d L m d s a g a n s i o a i n a n R u c L e L a L ma D H h a R Spur Lane rd at Tar e O co on b n J e ld o K l c b P C e r o i i s e e t C s R f L o d d e a a a a m le Drive C i n Johns Path d Ro o Carlis r e o t C rd R ie o ffo t u L tu i t r i G e t t Ro m Sea bi A n l m R is e K o im a o n b a n er C d a ly W n e C L a a i H y L r t a c s Rebecc o e l e e l l t e o i r t w h e J S iv W r a y R D e s n a M l es y o Main St cr a ic e re y y e W a h i e n W an e t n a s s L d e n e n lle M P ha s a a W t n A rs Na de v D to ne s l en n La r A u e M e n v c a i e i i i a y ll l t s t r s e p E a o a D S d C y W a C s

e o y i u

r e n d R l

u n R b r c o a r a e t i d s m l e r d y C o e N n a W u z i H a W n Avalon Circle e n iv h e illt Dr v o n o oad p C ster R o A Blu Westmin d e N M le e ose a B l Lane o ri a in e R tta t d D riv s n G n o r y a o e D E n ri ig w r ve r le a o B C ng s e C ay a a t v s W l T O ri e e ic v e s D i L o t F e C e r i o u r r g L e r h sw l v rt a e a c i A l le ir l C D l P n c g ane a ir C l e in L e e th C d B K d v sy R o o n in o wo n Ta n o t s W n a re h t i B ir s d e d e e oa R W R B o r a k i d oc a Be d t r n a y s t T o a n D R W u re ry r t P n G i e s v u io y D d r t a e i e In a r n il n W i b a v c u C s J i L e e h h s ive i T n r A n o D S v e s n a m c e J u W P t u n o u u A d a p e d d y l oa a e R r ove r g C D i n r B d i a C n v u i Lane e y r ew d t W vi a C is sh B H le o M ar u c i d R m ic r e R r oa ps k i an c R o R or ill C L m e l e a i y H a v e o d ve s ri P T r b y h o B R y o ld D w b a o a J n e u le ad O r r t F r c W e s n D r o S r o i n n c D a ic r y C z e a A r l iv i e p L e s e D A r r i W y S a r o F W W i a g v u y i in n y gg e t a d Ri h W m C G n i o l o e l u i r L n r a a t a l d n y M e i R n e o a d R d oa oa d R o R h a Neck W ut e le ay ey e o an d itt mo V all v lm L L S k e i E a t H r as F n d t te o a D wo n p od Co e o d L w R o an e o e k ll c l w L ne e a a a R L N d o e n d n s c e ew n e a a e e o W o o d n e S d ru r L P a R a S P i d ne avi L l T h ne l lli R a a c oad t o r Kirk Lane t o t ie n w a a a d n t R P c e ")28 s C e r e e n o v C a P ri n e L o B a y n a C L a e n W l e y o a ew p rl e B u Li C n L n u a co R n ln e T e it h e L h a I n a W n ce W a n b k V L e o fu all in B A l ey R oad t n n L er o c a T gr d h n d e r e r en Circle a o u a e r m h Lan o C m L a ch Plu a n R Bea n L an e e d O n ak e v S a i w d l v l le i i ft a r s A A I v v o J e e D n n x o u R u S r N o e ixon s N e t t A B eN ven a F h e a l ixon A ue xte w r p e w ven rs d o b ue N ec a L r k d õÅ130 O o v o R o t u L a e h a a m l r d s d o n C n d

o o a b e e R t o o S L u e i s i a a

t d R R r l n t R l e E ll e o i R e a i m d f t H o ur ne r r a o a e C e L W k s d na n al e a u ir a D m D B Ad y e t W e l r v c d Fo y i r u r tes W a r i a C a d D C o C o t r o e a idge R o C r r e t o rb s fi Stu in g r u e R r d n l a in i d l w t o l K M R i M t e ld B o o l O a i a l M o a l d n i E d d y v l e r D R e O R t o r s

i o a v O a d e t To d wer Hil t e l ur Stre R Road o ond oa s C P d y Lane u h Parsle e r t d A y e c Lan a a m s l r ry

m r P a o oad a it R t u n t F pu S ea e y C d S e M e a in a r e

P t e e r n w a a Ginger La t n u C S t p i s a n t le a S C o il s s n d S v L u r n o a a e i s r t t r m s S n t o r b n e O C b p o R e e H a A o n v i t t La L i c m v n E e s i R e riv Pin e n a D e c o n ld d ad L fie n C O k rse Ro n P e o a l ne H a n B u e Sto i a n e e n d d k y C l e L a L R C

M O e r a

a e i n i L d r iew i d w e c v C n a a g ay o l ir S R L a ay n e e B c s i t t r d W e l r h tl d a ly R e e s ia e oint Ro mi I P Is n E o e R W ab tio ue t in i el ta a e n a v la S n ve t e a re La A C ap r Fi d ak na ad o C R y R O on k Ro t o D roo u a o ue ut B i d a Tro t d en t e Av ee v t tr i m P e y r e so re S n s i t a n D a lo n i L B S a d rk e id M W n la v a o a o r w L g o D R e a n d Fing s n er o H L a ane l g e r in e e u K lu M F ld B 50 O Table 3: Conservation Areas in Marston Mills 1 5 6 8 0 9 8 9 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 7 8 8 9 8 9 5 88 5 98 8 1 6 8

0 8 7 5 8 8

8 8 8 6 9 6 9 7 6 8 9 5

8 8 7 7 8

6 98 8 6 4 8 9 9 7 4 4 78 8 9 4 9 1 4 9 0 8 9 8 0 8 59 5 1 6 59 9 6 49 9 5 8 4 8 6 9 9 7 9 8 4 8 9 8 9 4 8 6 4 9 4 6 5 5 9 8 9 9 9 78 68 4 9

5 9 5 8

4 8 9 8 6 8 8 4 6 8 8 6 8 8 9 9 7 8 49 6 4 5 9 7 8 8 4 8 9 4 7 5 68 9 59 5 5 7 9 9 7

8 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT 8

8 8 6 8 8 6 7 4 8 9 59 78

8 9 68 6 98 5

5 8 8 4 9 5 8 0 9 4 9 8 8 1 8 7 8 8 8 9 6 6 39 8 8 9 6 Topography9 4 88 5

7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 7 7 6 7 4 8 8

9

8 4

8 6 6 9 8 8 8 5 5 The topographical character of the area is rolling hills. 8 6 8 9 5 7 9 8

4 9 9 8 8 5 8 7 3 6 8 5 6 9 68 8 9 Traditional waste water utilizes slope to convey water. 8 8 6 9 59 8 5 6 68 8 68 68 59 8 9 6 7 8 5 8 8 6 6 78 59 The Waste Water Greenway proposal presented in this 9 9 5 6 4 8 39 8 8 59 68 9 6 6 5 6 8 8 9 9 5 8 7 9 8 5 4 7 8 4 thesis would do the same. The application of this in 8 9 6 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 4 8 6 59 8 8 7 9 8

7 8 9 39 5 9

7 8

8 6 8 a concept diagram demonstrates how the watershed 7 6 8 6 5 8 8 78 8 49 8 7 9

8 8 7 49 7 59 78

6 8 9 7

8 8 4

7 5 9 8 9

6 9 4 6 5 8 8 6 can be divided into sub-sheds. Each sub-shed would 8 8 5 9 8 6 68 8 9 6 5 5 8 8 8 9 5 8 7 68 8 9 78 8 6 8 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 8 4 7 78 8 5 8 9 88 9 6 8 have it's own treatment greenhouse6 and treatment 8 59 7 78 8 8 6 8 68 5 8 6 8 9 9 8 6 5 6 8

9 8 49 5 8 88 greenway. These5 greenways would connect to create 6 9 5 9 8 8 8 8 9 8 78 8 8 7 8

78 8 7 7

9 6 8 8

8

5 98 6 8 8 6 7 6 8 8 8

8 5 6 49 a recreational trail network throughout the town. 7 6 8 9 39 6 6 88 7 3 8 8 9 6 8 8 8 1 1 4 78 9 9

7 5

8 88 8 8 8 6 6 7 1 6 Just as the rebuilding of roads is an opportunity to 2 8 7 5 7 8 8 88 9 8 9 3 8 6 8 7 7 8 88 0 8 9 8 3 1 3 9 9 8 8 8 8

7 9 8 6 5 8 8 install sidewalks and bikeways, the rebuilding of grey 5 9 7 8 49 6

4 6 8 9 8 7 7 5 8 8 9 8 9 8 7 6 6 7 3 4 6 8 8 9 5

8 2 9

8 9

6 8 infrastructure offers opportunities to integrate green 8 9 6

9 9 8 3 4

8 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 5

6 8 6 6 9 8 5 7 8 9 3 9 5 9 68 5 4 49 9 9 9 6 4 3 wastewater9 treatment. 2 6 9 4 8 9 4 8 9

6 7 8 7 6 8 9 3 8 8 4 9 9 9 5 5 59 9 5 7

8 9 8 6 8 9 8 5 6 7 5 4 9 5 9

9 5 9 4

6

8 8

9 7 88 4

8 8

8 9 6 8 3 7 9 6 9 9 78 7 8 2 8 3 4 78 6 8 8 8 4 5 7 6 9 9 8 6 68 3 9 8 7 8 9 5

8 7

8 39 6

7 8

8

78 9 5 9 5 3 9 8 8 7 5 9 88 6 8 8

8 8 4

9

7 6 9 6 8 3 8 59 8 4 9 6 9 3 8 8 8 6 6 6 9 8 5 4 7 3 7 9 8 8 5 9 9 3 9 9 49 4 8

6

9 5 8 8 5 8 3 9 7 7 9 8 9 4 59 9 7 8 3 8 8 7 8 2 8 8 9 6 2 5 9 49 8 59 9 68 8 5 7 8 8 6 9 4 9

7 9 5 4 9 3 9 9 3 9 6 3 59 7 59 3 8 8 8 9 9

7 3 4 7 9 9 8 2 Legend 19 8 9 6 68 2 1 4 9 3 9 2 9 9 9 9 3 4

8 9 2 9 7 9 8 3 9

5 6 8 4 9 7 49 4 3 5 MassDOT Roads 9 6 8 9 9 8 9 9 5 6 9 5 3

2

49 9 9 3 3 4 9 9 9 5 9 2

9 4 8 2 9 6 9 3 Road Type 5 8 68 8 49 6 6 9 39 9 3 6 4 5 8 9 6 6 9 9 8 8 1 5 9 4 39 9 Limited Access Highway

9 5 3 4

9 39 9 39 6 9 8 5 9 3 9 2 29 9 29 Multi-lane Hwy, not limited access 4 5 9 59 9 9 5 1 1 9 68 9 29 9 68 1 5 9 9 6 6 8 2 39 8 Other Numbered Highway 68 9 2 6 5 9 8 3 5 9 9 4 9 9 Site3 Boundary 9 8 4 6 3 9 9 4 2 68 8 9 6 9 Major Road, Collector 59 4 5 9 9 1 29 9 19 6 Hydrology 8 59 9 68 19 3 6 8 9 8 9 4 6 9 5 9 3 3 Minor Road, Arterial 9

9

8 6 5 Buildings 2 9 9 9 9 3 9 5 1 7 6

8 8 68 8 2 Ramp 6 9 29 39 4 1 7 9 19 8 2 9 2 39 9 9 9 9 7 5 29 8 78 68 9 9 Tunnel 9 9 1 3 1 9 5

9

4 2 5 2 9 9 9 9 9

9 1

4 9

5 9 9

9 19 3

5 Tunnel (Limited Access Hwy) 9 2 4 9 29 4 9

9 9 9 78 3 2 9 3 7 6 3 9 5 8 8 5 1 9 2 9 9 9 4 78 9 5 2 49 Tunnel (Multi-lane Hwy) 9 9 2

9

9 9 9 7 5

8 3 9

0 1000 2000 1 3 9 2 2 51 9 9 9 1 3 9

4 9 9 9 Tunnel (Other Numbered Hwy) 9 19 1 9 4 2 1 9

9

9 9

9

3 5 4 5 9 49 9 3 4 2 4 9 9 9 9 5 4 4 9 9 39 3 9 9

9 39 1 9 9 5

5 HYDRO25K_POLY 29 1

2 9 9 49 9 2 2 9 9 2 9 5 3 4

9 9 3 9 9 2 3 9 3 2 2 9 9 4 2 9 4 4 9 9 9 9 1 4 9 59 49 9 9 9 3 3 9 1 1 3 9 9 8 4 9 9 6 9 39 1 2 4 2 3 9 9 9 9 68 9 4 2 3 9 3 5 2 9

9 3 9 2 9 5 9 9 9 9 2 3 9 9 4 19 9 9 4 3

3 9 9

2 49 9 9 9 4 3 2 9 9 9 9 4 19 6 4 9 8 3 19 3 9 9 1 9 6 5 9 8 1 2 9 9 5 9 9 9 2 5 8 6 9 4 ¯

8 2

6 9

3 9 9 1 2 9 9 5 2 9 9 9 3 8 5 9 9

9 9 2 6 9 9 19 9 6 5 3 1 8 4 3 9 9 4 Miles 9 6 9

8 4 9 6 8 5 0 0.25 0.5 1 9 9 4 68 4 6 9 29 8 9 9 9 3 6 3 1 8 9 9 9 9 29 3 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6 9 8 4 9 9 1 9 9 Feet 9

9 3 9 19

1 4

9 9 4 2

9 9 4 4 5 1 9 9 9 1

4 9 4 9 9

9

5 4 9 59 Feet 9 9 19 1 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 4

9 9 2

9 9 9 4 2 2 4 9 1 1 9 59 9 9

8 9

6 4 9

9 9

9 3

9 3

9 1 5 9 9 4 9 ° 2 9

3 9 3 9 9 9 1 9

2 9

9 3 9 9 1 9

9 39 9 9 4

1 29 39 1 19 5 9 4 9 9 29 9

4 29 1 5 6 8 0 9 8 9 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 7 8 8 9 8 9 5 88 5 98 8 1 6 8

0 8 7 5 8 8

8 8 8 6 9 6 9 7 6 8 9 5

8 8 7 7 8

6 98 8 6 4 8 9 9 7 4 4 78 8 9 4 9 1 4 9 0 8 9 8 0 8 59 5 1 6 59 9 6 49 9 5 8 4 8 6 9 9 7 9 8 4 8 9 8 9 4 8 6 4 9 4 6 5 5 9 8 9 9 9 78 68 4 9

5 9 5 8

4 8 9 8 6 8 8 4 6 8 8 6 8 8 9 9 7 8 49 6 4 5 9 7 8 8 4 8 9 4 7 5 68 9 59 5 5 7 9 9 7

8 8

8 8 6 8 8 6 7 4 8 9 59 78

8 9 68 6 98 5

5 8 8 4 9 5 8 0 9 4 9 8 8 1 8 7 8 8 8 9 6 6 39 8 8 9 6 9 88 4 5

7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 7 7 6 7 4 8 8

9

8 4

8 6 6 9 8 8 8 5 8 5 6 8 9 5 7 9 8

4 9

8 9 8 5 8 7 3 6 8 5 6 9 68 88 8 9 6 9 59 8 5 6 68 8 68 68 59 8 9 6 7 8 5 8 8 6 6 78 59 9 9 5 6 4 8 39 8 8 59 68 9 6 6 5 6 8 8 9 9 5 8 7 9 8 5 4 7 8 4 8 9 6 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 4 8 6 59 8 8 7 9 7 8 8 9 39 5 9

7 8

8 6 8 7 6 8 6 5 8 8 78 8 49 8 7 9

8 8 7 49 7 59 78

6 8 9 7

8 8 4

7 5 9 8 9

6 9 4 6 5 8 6 8 8 8 5 9 8 6 68 8 9 6 5 8 5 8 8 9 5 8 7 68 8 9 78 8 6 8 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 8 4 7 78 8 5 8 9 88 9 6 8 6 8 59 7 78 8 8 6 8 68 5 8 6 8 9 9 8 6 5 6 8

9 8 49 5 8 88 5 6 9 5 9 8 8 8 8 9 8 78 8 8 7 8

78 8 7 7

9 6 8 8

8 5 98 6 8 8 6 7 6 8 8 8

8 5 6 49

7 6 8 9 39 6 6 88 7 3 8 8 9 6 8 8 8 1 1 4 78 9 9

7 5

8 88 8 8 8 6

6 7 1 6 2 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT 8 7 5 7 8 8 88 9 8 8 9 3 6 8 7 7 8 88 0 8 9 8 3 1 3 9 9 8 8 8 Topography 8 7 9 8 6 5 8 5 8 9 7 8 49 6

4 The topographical character of the area is rolling hills. 6 8 9 8 7 7 5 8 8 9 8 9 8 7 6 6 7 3 4 6 Traditional waste water utilizes slope to convey water. 8 8 9 5

8 2 9 8 9 The Waste Water Greenway would do the same. The

6 8 8 9 6

9 9 8 3 4

8 8 5 8 application of this in a concept diagram demonstrates 6 8 7 8 8 5

6 8 6 6 9 8 how the watershed can be divided into sub-sheds. Each 5 7 8 9 3 9 5 9 68 5 4 49 9 9 sub-shed9 would have it's own treatment greenhouse and 6 4 3 9 2 6 9 4 8 9 4 8 9

6 7 treatment greenway. These greenways would connect 8 7 6 8 9 3 8 8 4 9 9 5 to create a recreational trail network throughout the 9 5 59 9 5 7

8 9 8 6 9 town. Just as the rebuilding of roads is an opportunity 8 8 5 6 7 5 4 9 5 9

9 5 to install sidewalks and bikeways, the rebuilding9 of grey 4

6

8 8

9 7 infrastructure would be opportunities to integrate green 88 4

8 8

8 9 6 7 9 wastewater treatment. 8 3 6 9 9 78 7 8 2 8 3 4 78 6 8 8 8 4 5 7 6 9 9 8 6 68 3 9 8 7 8 9 5

8 7

8 39 6

7 8

8

78 9 5 9 5 3 9 8 8 7 5 9 88 6 8 8

8 8 4

9 7 9 6 6 8 3 8 59 8 4 9 6 9 3 8 8 8 6 6 6 9 8 5 4 7 3 7 9 8 8 5 9 9 3 9 9 49 4 8

6

9 5 8 8 5 8 3 9 7 7 9 8 9 4 59 9 7 8 3 8 8 7 8 2 8 8 9 6 2 5 9 49 8 59 9 68 8 5 7 8 8 6 9 4 9

7 9 5 4 9 3 9 9 3 9 6 3 59 7 59 3 8 8 8 9 9

7 3 4 7 9 8 9 2 Legend 19 8 9 6 68 2 1 4 9 3 9 2 9 9 9 9 3 4

8 9 2 9 7 9 8 3 9

5 6 8 4 9 7 49 4 3 5 MassDOT Roads 9 6 8 9 9 8 9 9 5 6 9 5 0 5003 1000 52 2 49 9 9 3 3 4 9 9 9 5 9 2

9 4 8 2 9 6 9 3 Road Type 5 8 68 8 49 6 6 9 39 9 3 6 4 5 8 9 6 6 9 9 8 8 1 5 9 4 39 9 Limited Access Highway

9 5 3 4

9 39 9 39 6 9 8 5 9 3 9 2 29 9 29 Multi-lane Hwy, not limited access 4 5 9 59 9 9 5 1 1 9 68 9 29 9 68 1 5 9 9

6 6 8 2 39 8 Other Numbered Highway 68 9 2 6 5 9 8 3 5 9 9 4 9 9 3 9 8 4 6 3 9 9 4 2 68 8 9 6 9 Major Road, Collector 59 4 5 9 9 1 29 9 19 6

8 59 9 68 19 3 6 8 9 8 9 4 6 9 5 9 3 3 Minor Road, Arterial 9

9

8 6

5 2

9 9 9 9 3 9 5 1 7 6

8 8 68 8 2 Ramp 6 9 29 39 4 1 7 9 19 8 2 9 2 39 9 9 9 9 7 5 29 8 78 68 9 9 Tunnel 9 9 1 3 1 9 5

9

4 2 5 2 9 9 9 9 9

9 1

4 9

5 9 9

9 19 3

5 Tunnel (Limited Access Hwy) 9 2 4 9 29 4 9

9 9 9 78 3 2 9 3 7 6 3 9 5 8 8 5 1 9 2 9 9 9 4 78 9 5 2 49 Tunnel (Multi-lane Hwy) 9 9 2

9

9 9 9 7 5

8 3

9 1 3 9 2 2 9 9 9 1 3 9 9 4 9 9 Tunnel (Other Numbered Hwy) 9 19 1 9 4 2 1 9 9 9 9

9

3

5 4 5 9 49 9 3 4 2 4 9 9 9 9 5 4 4 9 9 39 3 9 9

9 39 1 9 9 5

5 HYDRO25K_POLY 29 1

2 9 9 49 9 2 2 9 9 2 9 5 3 4

9 9 3 9 9 2 3 9 3 2 2 9 9 4 2 9 4 4 9 9 9 9 1 4 9 59 49 9 9 9 3 3 9 1 1 3 9 9 8 4 9 9 6 9 39 1 2 4 2 3 9 9 9 9 68 9 4 2 3 9 3 5 2 9 9 2 9 3 9 5 9 9 9 9 2 3 9 9 4 19 9 9 4 3

3 9 9

2 49 9 9 9 4 3 2 9 9 9 9 4 19 6 4 9 8 3 19 3 9 9 1 9 6 5 9 8 1 2 9 9 5 9 9 9 2 5 8 6 9 4 ¯

8 2

6 9

3 9 9 1 2 9 9 5 2 9 9 9 3 8 5 9 9

9 9 2 6 9 9 19 9 6 5 3 1 8 4 3 9 9 4 Miles 9 6 9

8 4 9 6 8 5 0 0.25 0.5 1 9 9 4 68 4 6 9 29 8 9 9 9 3 6 3 1 8 9 9 9 9 29 3 0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6 9 8 4 9 9 1 9 9 Feet 9

9 3 9 19

1 4

9 9 4 2

9 9 4 4 5 1 9 9 9 1

4 9 4 9 9

9

5 4 9 59 Feet 9 9 19 1 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 4

9 9 2

9 9 9 4 2 2 4 9 1 1 9 59 9 9

8 9

6 4 9

9 9

9 3

9 3

9 1 5 9 9 4 9 ° 2 9

3 9 3 9 9 9 1 9

2 9

9 3 9 9 1 9

9 39 9 9 4

1 29 39 1 19 5 9 4 9 9 29 9

4 29 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Slope The Mill River and asociated ponds meader south through the site. Slopes range from very flat (less than 2%) to very steep (over 15%). wThere is a thin, narrow band of steeply sloping land in the range of 8% to 15% that runs roughly parallel to the line of the Mill River. There is a small area of significantlyLegend sloping land within 50' of the Mill Pond. This area acts as a natural viewing area for bird watching and the Legend Pond.MassDOT Roads Road Type Limited Access Highway Multi-lane Hwy, not limited access MassDOT Roads Other Numbered Highway Major Road, Collector Road Type Minor Road, Arterial Ramp Limited Access Highway Tunnel Tunnel (Limited Access Hwy) Tunnel (Multi-lane Hwy) Multi-lane Hwy, not limited access SiteTunn Boundaryel (Other Numbered Hwy) HydrologyHYDRO25K_POLY 00 -- 2 2%% Other Numbered Highway 22 - 55%% 55 -- 88%% Major Road, Collector 88 -- 1 15%5% overover 1 15%'5% Minor Road, Arterial ¯ Ramp 0 500 1000 53 Miles 0 0.25 0.5 1

0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Feet Tunnel

Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 Tunnel (Limited Access Hwy) ° Tunnel (Multi-lane Hwy) Tunnel (Other Numbered Hwy) HYDRO25K_POLY 0 - 2% 2 - 5% 5 - 8% 8 - 15% over 15% ¯

Miles 0 0.25 0.5 1

0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Feet

Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 ° SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Regional Water Treatment Infrastructure The Cape Cod, Massachusetts region is continuing to develop. With its location on the coast, there is limited room to accommodate growth. With this growth has come issues related to waste water management. Barnstable is behind other Barnstable Town Statistics (US Census, 2010): Population (2010 census) 45,193 towns in Cape Cod in terms of Density 756 people/square mile developing alternative waste Land Area 59.8 square miles Water Area 16.5 square miles water treatment options.

Barnstable County has promoted the use of Alternative/ Innovative (A/I) Systems and has a system in place to test their effectiveness in removing nitrogen from the community's hydrological system.

Number of I/A Septic Systems in Barnstable (town): 81 (Town of Barnstable, 2014)

This is much fewer than the number in other towns. For example, the neighboring town of Dennis, with a population of 14,207, has 243 AI systems in place.

Monitoring is a key component of assessing the effectiveness of green infrastructure. The Divison of Fish and Wildlife currently conducts regular water testing at Mill Pond. Environmental scientists monitor the nutrients in the water and fish population. This system can be leveraged to test the effectiveness of the water treatment greenway.

Source: Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment, 2014 54 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Existing Infrastructure Centralized Sewers in Barnstable, MA

The town of Barnstable utilizes "J septic systems for the majority of its Wastewater Areas of Concern Recommended for Sewers "J development, both residential and MAIN STR "J Y EET/ROU6AT E A

W L Town Boundary

L

I

E

M N A

L commercial. There is a municipal L

I

A

J

D Water Bodies L O sewer service available in a small

D A O R Marine Watersheds

S I PARKER N ROAD N A area of Barnstable Village, portions Y Barnstable Harbor H Centerville River of Hyannis, and Independence Park.

E N O A Lewis Bay PS L L D 'S Y J E The facility can not be expanded due A IL N N L I A H N P E

T E to design constraints, and there is E M ID-C R APE Existing Sewers T HIGH S WAY K (E A D A ST)/ RO A O UTE 6 O R Existing Force Main

N groundwater mounding at the control

N

U

D

Y R

A Existing Gravity Sewer M

AD facility. Due to these issues, there is RO CE PS VI RIVE ER D S ROAD CE ILL N Existing Vacuum Sewer H DE G EN IN P Y E L D F IN T O a low viability of centralized sewer O "J H S Sewer Pump Stations treatment system, which warrants Proposed Sewers ATTUCKS LANE Proposed Force Main the implementation of alternative

ST C

AMP

R E Proposed Gravity Sewer treatment systems. (Town of ET AD RO RT O P AIRP IR ORT A WAY Proposed Pressure Sewer Barnstable Open Space and Recreation

D A O R Proposed Pump Station E PS

S I

R

P D

R "J A

E O Plan, 2010, p 31) IY T AN R N NO H E UG T H U R O PS O AD M /R R O A "J UT Y "J E 1 32 Town of Yarmouth TOWN OF PS B E A IY R AN S N E O ' U S GH W RO E A D A N Y B D There are currently three town- A /R A A O O L R U BARNSTABLE T R N E T 2 L E "J S 8 L U T I A Q H "J "J B A PS L G U 8 E N 2 E E I Q T OU R /R "J U Y E MASSACHUSETTS D OA O L H R N W UT A F O E operated waste water treatment LM A D T F V

T O A

E O O D

L E H D O R S C O D T S A A

S T W O M A E G R R P G E E D S T Comprehensive Wastewater I R H T N

R T O I R plants that serve a small area within

A C U E

W E D O N E T T

E M R R and Nutrient Management Plan

S A

"J T Y R E

E SC T P

E L

L D N E H E A A A O W Barnstable. This is primarily the L S O O

R B A I S T L ' E S A N E K Y S S R T T R E T S S S B A N R E T Existing & Proposed Sewer T P N E A S E I N T E E R Y H V T R ET S ' E T P T S E S L R N E A I R "J T E A T E N M O H E PS E R T W "J A southeastern area of the town. T PS E "J O ET S D Coverage Area from the S E STRE T PIN B M M H N A I EET IN A I T A STR S PS S G EE INE D T S H TR M P R S S A E L E O E T S H "J T A T T R E C U N T O E V H S L E 2007 WWFP IL E O "J V N O G I S A L R R E S Additionally, there are two privately C O U T N D A E L R D V O E A E "J O K L PS T Figure 2-2 R D B A T U P O CKET M AD W "J NTU P S RIVER RO N NA RO AD owned WWTF’s in Barnstable: the D EET A STR O

R Y "J N E N N E OL O A D U L L T N O E O

Y S V A W A C N T B D R R O R L Cotuit Stop and Shop WWTF, and the A A T

PS E O E D I D G "J T D E H

E U R T E C T R W W E G T S S "J "J

S A R A

Y E D IN E

E A

A S

N M O

W H R T

L O Cape Regency Skilled Nursing and U L O O I Ã

D H ¿

S Y A T

R V E S TRE "J E S R OLD

E N N

GOS B U

E W

A A

M R PS V SMITH STRE E Rehabilitation Center WWTF. There ET

T Miles

E A M "J A U S RS N R TO N AV N U I E E T E NU "J E E E V D A E ROA R CH T 0 0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 B PS EA Y B S A LLE "J E Y IGVI T L N AN CRA E S E AD U E A RO PS N E 0 are no plans to provide sewering CH E BEA C NG V "J CWNMP_SewerCoverage_11x17.mxd J.A.B. 4/21/2010 LO O A H PS AWES N AVEN S UE I A E N OC N S E C A U U Y N H

D E D PS V system in the western part of the town. E A TOWN OF BARNSTABLE R

A

V

E E

N U

U N GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

E E

V

UE A AVEN G H IRVIN G SYSTEMS UNIT

U

O

N

A

Y I FIGURE PREPARED FOR STEARNS & WHELER GHD

55 Source: Town of Barnstable, 2016 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Existing Conditions - Section Through SW side of Mill Pond

Exploration through section can reveal information about the Proximity to Mill Pond Access from site. Sections through the site Falmouth Rd (depth = 5') Cotuit Road were taken in order to consider access to the site and placemnet

6 8 of the Living Machine. Mill 8 88 7 7 49 8 9 3 49 68

2

88 9 2 9 78 6 Pond is located in a low 8 point 68 5 9

5

9 3 9

5

9

and the land slopes upward from68

9 8 4 7

it in all directions.5 Exploring 9 9 68 39 4 9 9 2 5 39

6 4

8 9

8

access to the site from6 5 main

9

68

6

9 8 5 68

3 7 9 8

5 9 roads, Falmouth Rd/Route 28 5 5 9 9

7 9

8 5

8 MAIN ROAD MILL POND MILL RIVER WETLAND 6

9 5 8 is a busy road lined 6with private 5 9 68

7 6 8 8 property which impedes access

3 9

9

3 to Mill Pond from this road. The

3

9 78 68 8 78 7

78 2

6 9 8

8

change in elevation is 36 feet. 6 78

7 8 4

9

6

8

8 68 7

3 9

7 5

8 9

9 5

78

59

68

7 8

68 7 8 8 7

7

8

7

8

4 9

78

9

5

6 78 8 68 7 8 2 9

7 8 6

5 8 9 5 9

3

9 4 9

8 6

3 9 9 3

8 7

4 9 9 1

9

5

19

29

9 3

4 9

8 6 4 8 9 8 7 7 7

8 4 9

3

9

9 5

3 29 8 9 68 6 59

39 78

6 8 2 68 9 8 6

8

6

9 1

9 5

9 1 8

6

8 49 6 56

5 9

8 6 6 8 9 5 4 9 9 9 3 5

9 29 5

1 9

9 1

9

2 Legend

59 9 HYDRO25K_POLY 68

9 3 3 9 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Existing Conditions - Section B - through existing easement

There is an existing easement Secluded Views Edge of Mill Access from which can be leveraged for of Mill Pond Pond Cotuit Road access to the site from Cotuit Rd/Route 149. Due to proximity

6 8 8 7 to private property, it may be 7 88 49 8 9 3 49 68

2

88 9 2 9 78 6 better to retain the easement8 as68 5 9

5

9 3 9

5

9 a walking path and connect it 68

9 8 4 7 with greenway.59 9 68 39 4 9 9 2 5 39

6 4

8 9

8

6 5

9

68

6

9 8 5 68

3 7 9 8

5

9

5 5 9 9

7 9

8 5

8

6

9

5 LOW, WETLAND ROAD 8 INTERIOR FOREST 6

5 9 68

7 6

8 8

3 9

9

3

3

9 78 68 8 78 7

78 2

6 9 8

8 78 6

7 8 4

9

6

8

8 68 7

3 9

7 5

8 9

9 5

78

59

68

7 8

68 7 8 8 7

7

8

7

8

4 9

78

9

5

6 78 8 68 7 8 2 9

7 8 6

5 8 9 5 9

3

9 4 9

8 6

3 9 9 3

8 7

4 9 9 1

9

5

19

29

9 3

4 9

8 6 4 8 9 8 7 7 7

8 4 9

3

9

9 5

3 29 8 9 68 6 59

39 78

6 8 2 68 9 8 6

8

6

9 1

9 5

9 1 8

6

8 49 6 57

5 9

8 6 6 8 9 5 4 9 9 9 3 5

9 29 5

1 9

9 1

9

2 Legend

59 9 HYDRO25K_POLY 68

9 3 3 9 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Challenges and Opportunities

6 8 8 88 7 7 49 8 9 3 49 68 Challenges: 2

88 9 2 9 78 6 8 68

5 9

5

9 Failing septic systems due to increased development 3 • 9

5

9 68 and sandy soils.

9 8 4 Compromised7 hydrological systems due to excess 59 • 9 68 39 4 9 9 2 5 39

6 4 8 9 nutrients from septic systems

8

6 5

9

68

6

9 8 5 68

3 7 9 8

5

9

5 5 9 9

7 9 8 5 Opportunities

8

6

9 5 8 6

5 9 68 • Address water management through the landscape

7 6 8 8 • Provide recreational amenity for people through

3 9

9 expansion of trail network and bird-watching

3

3

9 78 68 8 78 7

78 2 opportunities 6 9 8

8 78 6

7 8 4 Enhance habitat (wetlands, forest)

9 •

6

8

8 68 7 Education 3 • 9 • Adjacency to residential areas - both for water

7 5

8 9

9 5 treatment and for recreation

78 Site

59 68 (Proximity to) Road Infrastructure 7 8

68 7 8 8 7 (Proximity to) Utilities

7

8

7

8

4 Sandy Soils 9

78

9 5 Problematic Septic Systems 6 78 8 68 7 8 2 9 (Proximity to) Residential Areas 7 8 6

5 8 9 5 9

3

9 4 9 (Fragmented) Trail Network 8 6

3 9 9 3

8 7

4 9 9 1 (Fragmented) Hydrological Network

9

5 19 (Availability of) Open Space 29

9 3

4 9 Potential Access Points 68 4 8 9 8 7 7 7

8 4 9

3

9

9 5

3 29 8 9 68 6 59

39 78

6 8 2 68 9 8 6

8

6

9 1

9 5 0 500 1000 9 1 8

6

8 49 6 58

5 9

8 6 6 8 9 5 4 9 9 9 3 5

9 29 5

1 9

9 1

9

2 Legend

59 9 HYDRO25K_POLY 68

9 3 3 9 SITE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Siting Wastewater Treatment Strategies

Three Bays Estuary ecosystem exceeds its Water Use critical threshold for nitrogen, resulting in impaired water quality. (Howes, 2005). Current Land Use The Cape Cod Commission is currently working in conjunction with Three Bays Current Demographic Conditions Preservation to address the excess nitrogen Existing Wastewater Flows and Loadings and phosporous in order to improve • Sewered Areas hydrological health. • Un-sewered Areas

Elements of site asseessment include various geological character, ecological Existing Wastewater Collection and systems and anthropomorphic activities, as Conveyance Systems, and Centralized follows (Arenovski, 1996): Treatment Facilities • Collection and Conveyance Systems Natural Conditions and Environmentally • Centralized Treatment Facilities Sensitive Areas • Physical Geology Existing On-Site Wastewater Treatment • Groundwater Hydrology and Disposal Systems • Freshwater Bodies and Associated Watershed Areas Future Growth and Economic • Coastal Resource Areas Development • Wetland Buffer Areas • Population Projections and Future Land • Open Space, and Critical Wildlife and Use Plant Habitat • Future Water Supplies • Floodplains • Projected Wastewater Flows and • Archeological and Historical Loadings Resources

Existing Water Supply

59 PROPOSAL Concept Layout - Path Alternatives

Dispersion

Minimizes site disturbance Mimics natural dispersion of water through various treatment measures

Meander

Focus on the linear form of the greenway, maximizing length by setting the treatment greenhouse/Living Machine at highest point and uses a meandering channel to treat water.

60 PROPOSAL System Configuration Alternatives

Each path alternative is based on a different set of parameters, or prioritization of them. For instance, the Living Machine was placed at different locations, and the path methodically follows the topography. These paths provide guidelines for the development of the greenway with the least amount of disturbance to the environment.

Path Priority Length Advantages Alternative Places Living Machine closest to Utilizing existing A 2,100' utility lines to energy generation roadways opportunity Extensive greenway to maximize Utilizing existing natural plantings and can treat the B 1,900' roadways most amount of waste water for the greatest amount of time Alternative techniques are Natural dispersion C 1,100' separated into segments so can of water be monitored for effectiveness

Table 4: Greenway Path Alternatives Configuation Alternatives Living Machine A Greenway A Living Machine B Greenway B Living Machine C Greenway C

61 0 500 1000 PROPOSAL Conceptual Framework for Wetlands

The exploration of concepts for the layout of the greenway takes cues from natural water flows and consideration of urban ecology. The concepts below are derived from France's guidelines for planning and design. (France, 2003, pp. 24-27)

Land Mosaic Integrative Landscape Hierarchical Utility

There is a debate about whether wetlands Understanding the relationship of The location of a wetland within the should be rebuilt as they were before (in- individual wetlands to the overall watershed determines the role it plays and kind replacement), or whether different hydrological system and landscape is value to the system. First order wetlands types of wetlands can enable wildlife to important in developing successful tactics directly treat contaminants on site. Third expend less energy searching for food and to enhance the system. and forth order wetlands are important for appropriate habitats. The variability of flood control and wildlife habitat, as well as habitats is demonstrated with different contaminant removal. types of nodes.

62 PROPOSAL Plan for Water Flow - Meandering Path Scenario (Alternative A)

2 3 1

Layout Alternative B maximizes the linear form of the greenway, which guides the water along the path and into constructed wetland areas. This Length: 2,100 feet arrangement maximizes the time in 4 which water is in the system, and thus Change in Elevation: 36' the time for cleaning and filtering the water before it reaches the sensitive Average slope: 1.7% estuary area. In order to accomplish this, the treatment greenhouse is Treatment area: 0.3 acres sited at the highest point, utilizing 3 gravity as the greenway meanders Water treated: 40 households down the hillside. This alternative (initially) with flexibility demonstrates the maximum length to expand at 2% slope that will facilitate natural flow of water.

Advantages: This alternative also utilizes the 5 1 Entrance from Road existing road and utilities, leveraging them for access and to reduce the 2 Living Machine amount of construction required. 3 Constructed Wetland The proximity to the public utilities 4 Trail offers the opportunity for future 0 300 600 5 Mill Pond energy generation by retrofitting 63 with biodegasser.

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

World Imagery

Low Resolution 15m Imagery High Resolution 60cm Imagery

High Resolution 30cm Imagery 0 0.25 0.5 0 500 1,000 2,000 Citations Miles Feet PROPOSAL Layout Plan for Human Experience - Multi-functionality Students Learn about Ecological Systems at the Outdoor Classroom A destination for casual visitors and field trips, the Living Machine offers 1 indoor and outdoor areas for learning and integration. 1

Residents utilize Greenway for Active Outdoor Recreation 2 The Waste Water Greenway provides 0.4 miles of trails and connect with other trails in the area. The interdigitated edge and plant selection 2 facilitates wildlife movement.

Visitors come from Near and Far for Bird Watching and Tranquil Views Mill Pond attracts water foul, including swans. The greenway would facilitate the health of the ecosystem and visits to 3 enjoy it. 3

Pond Restoration assists Endangered Bridle Shiner and Herring Run 4 The Mill Pond is spawning ground is restored by the greenway's water cleansing function.

0 300 600 4 64

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

World Imagery

Low Resolution 15m Imagery High Resolution 60cm Imagery

High Resolution 30cm Imagery 0 0.25 0.5 0 500 1,000 2,000 Citations Miles Feet PROPOSAL Stage 1: Living Machine Plan

1 Entrance The Living Machine is a facility 2 Living Machine with both for the processing of waste water and for the enjoyment of outdoor classroom people. It is a combination of waste 3 Viewing Platform water facility, plant conservatory, 4 Constructed Wetland and educational facility. The building is set into the hill where the waste water is piped for 4 processing. The beginning, "dirty" stage of the settling process takes 3 place in the settling tanks in the hill. The water is then channeled through planting cells, both inside 2 and outside. The paths surrounding the Living Machine are wheelchair 1 accessible. There is a lookout platform with seating and a view of the constructed wetland. This wetland serves as a reservoir for partly cleaned wastewater, thus providing restorative benefits to the wetland downhill.

65 0 50 100 PROPOSAL Stage 1: Living Machine Section

The Living Machine and surrounding water gardens comprise a node on the greenway which accommodates seasonal shifts. In the winter, when the outdoor plants are dormant, the Living Machine can process the wastewater inside to completion. It also provides a respite from New England winters with place to sit and enjoy the warmth and greenery.

River Ridge Path Bird-watching Intact Wooded Constructed Parking Area Living Machine Road (leads to pond) Platform Landscape Wetland

66 PROPOSAL Waste Water Greenway Vision

The Waste Water Greenway is a multi- functional 0.5 mile trail within a forested area in Cape Cod, MA. It provides tertiary water cleansing, public recreation and environmental education. Utilizing native plants to increase the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous, the greenway will contribute to rebuilding the health of the hydrological network. 67 PROPOSAL Stage 2: Constructed Wetland Node Plan

1 Interdigitated Forest Edge 2 Path 3 Constructed Wetland 4 Observation Area

2 Nodes of constructed wetlands along the greenway will provide known benefits for human and animal 4 visitors. The placement of them takes advantage of the topography and groundwater conditions, creating pools of wetlands that have been compromised by human development. The pools are areas of water retention where water is held in order for waste 3 1 to be processed by native grasses. The placement and composition, utilizing wetland species, would enhance the fragmented hydrological system. These small wetland areas have decreased in size due to to drawing ground water for human use (Schaider et al., 2013). This constructed wetland node is created from the channeling of waste water and takes advantage of 4 the surface and subsurface functions to clean the water. The area of the wetland is 100 square feet, which, on its own would only clean water for 2 people. This is why having a Living Machine coupled with the greenway is 0 50 100 68 so important. PROPOSAL Stage 3: PondsideTreatment Plan

1 Interdigitated Forest Edge 2 Path 3 Observation Area 4 Mill Pond 2

1

3

The treatment greenway offers recreational enjoyment of Mill Pond and enhances the ecological value 4 in terms of wildlife. Mill Pond is a popular area for bird-watching. This node on the greenway provides a quiet place to observe birds with benches, shade trees and a view of the pond. The vegetation includes low plants to provide a view of the water and larger trees where people can sit comfortably in the shade and 0 50 100 69 observe birds. PROPOSAL Stage 3: PondsideTreatment Section

The wastewater treatment greenway would be an enhancement from the standard greenway design. As with typical greenways, the path utilizes the existing topography. As an improvement over typical greenways, the proposed greenway design utilizes ecological planting design to enhance biodiversity, reduce invasive plants, and provide water cleansing.

Path Intact Wooded Mill Pond (lead to Pond) Landscape Layered Bird-watching Enhanced Plantings Platform Plantings

70 PROPOSAL Mill Pond Vision

71 PROPOSAL Water Cleansing Process Stage 1: Residential Water Disposal Untreated wastewater is piped downhill along existing roads

Service Areas

Stage 2: Pump Station raw sewage is collected and pumped up to Living Machine

Utility Lines are integrated into design

Stage 3: Living Machine Primary and Secondary Processing Living Machine processes include: removal of solids and processing of nutrients

Stage 4: Tertiary Treatment Greenway Water is moved to tertiary treatment areas

Result: Plants clean the water thus restoring the health of the Three Bays 0 250 500 72 Estuary downstream PROPOSAL Water Cleansing Process Stage 1: Residential Water Disposal Untreated wastewater is piped The focus is the high-density residential areas uphill from downhill along existing roads the Mill Pond. These developments are closest to the Mill Pond, and where an intervention would have the greatest benefits and lowest cost. Utilizing slope of the land to Service Areas determine location, stations located at lower elevations collect waste-water. At this point, the sewage would Stage 2: Pump Station be pumped to the Living Machine for processing. The raw sewage is collected and pumped greenway treatment area also utilizes slope to treat water once it is released from the greenhouse machine. up to Living Machine

Utility Lines are integrated into design

Stage 3: Living Machine Primary and Secondary Processing Living Machine processes include: removal of solids and processing of nutrients

Stage 4: Tertiary Treatment Greenway Water is moved to tertiary treatment areas

Result: Plants clean the water thus restoring the health of the 3 Bays 0 500 1000 73 Estuary downstream Plant Palettes and Strategies PLANT PALETTE Materials and Strategy Native plant species are often selected over The ecosystems services provided by the exotic ones due to their ability to survive vegetation is the following: and thrive in local conditions - they are suit- • Remove nitrogen and phosphorous from ed to the place. At the same time, human waste water development has drastically changed the • Enhance biodiversity (food for birds, landscape. Therefore, finding plants that insects, pollinators) will survive in the conditions that humans • Stabilize soil have created becomes a bit more challeng- ing. The criteria for plant selection is for na- Lastly, these plants are low maintenance tive species that will thrive, and also plants due to their suitability in the environment. that will perform the desired functions to While some phytoremediation techniques realize the ecosystem services. Claudia require the removal and disposal of plants, West and Kate Kennen have developed this design functions naturally and contin- strategies for planting that consider both uously. The plants will uptake the nitrogen form and function (Kirkwood and Kennen, and phosphorous as part of their survival, 2015). Due to the ability to process nitro- thus providing a low-maintenance way to gen and other excess nutrients that are in manage wastewater that is integrated with waste water, native plants with this specific the surrounding ecosystem. ability are used to clean the water so that it can recharge the ground aquifer and reduce pollution in the area. Additionally, the plant palette includes species that will provide food and nesting areas for birds, as well as for bees and other pollinators. This is often the other advantage of native plant species - plant and animal specifies have evolved together and are part of a ecosystem (Ranier and West, 2015, p. 22).

75 PLANT PALETTE Nitrogen-fixing Trees

Styphnolobium japonicum Alnus incana Cercis canadensis Laburnum anagyroides Japanese Pagodatree Grey Alder Eastern Redbud Golden Chaintree

Family: Fabaceae Thrives in anthropogenic habitats, as Family: Fabaceae Understory tree in the pea family, it Native to China, Japan well as edges of meadows and wet- In the pea family, this is a strong nitro- is noted for chains of showy, yellow Height: 50 to 75 feet lands. They contribute to the growth gen fixer. With a height of 20-30 feet, flowers it produces in May to June. Spread: 50 to 75 feet of poplar whten grown nearby, as the and a spread of 25-35', this makes a Attractive, creamy white blossoms. In speckled alder and can share in the great understory tree. Adds interest in the fall, 3-8" pods turn brown and stay nitrogen fixed by the alders bacterial Springtime with brightly colored flow- on tree. partner. ers in April, it also attracts butterflies 76 PLANT PALETTE Nitrogen-fixing Shrubs

Comptonia peregrina Lespdeza acutifolia Myrica pennsylvanica Hippophae rhamnoides Sweetfern Bush Clover Northern Bayberry Sea Buckthorn

77 PLANT PALETTE Cape Cod Heritage

These plants are part ofthe iden- tity of Cape Cod. Cape Cod has many different landscapes, from healthlands to scrub oak, to sand dunes. The palette includes plants that thrive in sandy soils, and provide food for wildlife and nesting areas for birds.

Gaultheria procumbens Gaylussacia baccata Quercus alba Tea Berry Black Huckleberry White Oak Groundcover Densely-branching, 3 foot (1m) tall Height: 0.25 to 0.50 feet shrub of dry woods Juniperus virginiana Spread: 0.50 to 1.00 feet Dark purple berries are edible for Eastern Red Cedar people and wildlife Mitchella respens Partidgeberry Clethra alnifolia Groundcover Sweet pepperbush

78 PLANT PALETTE Constructed Wetlands

Juncus effusus Typha (latifolia, angustifolia, domingen- Scirpus (e.g. lacustris, validus, califor- Soft Rush sis, orientalis and glauca) nicus and acutus) Narrow-leaved Cattail Common Bullrush Very effective in sub-surface filtering. Conditions: Max depth - 12" Roots quickly and deeply. Aggressive. Growth Habit: Aggressive. They spread across the media and are Tubers eaten by muskrat and beaver Functionality: High pollutant removal very pest resistant and winter hardy. high pollutant treatment Ecosystem: High waterfowl and song- Maximum water depth - 3" pH: 3.0 - 8.5 bird value Tolerates wet and dry conditions. Food for birds 79 PLANT PALETTE Phytoremediation

Populus deltoides Salix spp. Brassica juncea L. Cottonwood White Willow Indian Mustard

80 PLANTING STRATEGY Evolving Plant Communities

Natives Nitrogen-fixing Phytoremediation Wetland Heritage 6 Next Steps NEXT STEPS Current Work in Watershed

The following are descriptions of the Aquaculture current proposals in the watershed to Can be added to the process to make use of remedy the issue of excess nutrient byproducts of the waste water treatment pollution. process, in two ways: 1) burning biosolids or 2) extracting the heat from the waste water. Permeable Reactive Barrier A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is Floating Constructed Wetlands a subsurface emplacement of reactive Floating constructed wetlands are human- materials through which a dissolved made islands that support plant life. The contaminant plume must move as it flows, root zones of these plants extend below the typically under natural gradient. Treated growing medium to uptake nitrogen and water exits the other side of the PRB. This phosphorous from the water in ponds and in situ method for remediating dissolved- estuaries. These roots also provide habitat phase contaminants in groundwater for fish and beneficial microorganisms. combines a passive chemical or biological Floating constructed wetlands can be treatment zone with subsurface fluid outfitted to support shellfish and seaweed flow management. (A Citizen's Guide populations for commercial harvest. When to Permeable Reactive Barriers, EPA, built along the shore, they protect exposed September 2012) coasts from storm damage. (https:// capecodgreenguide.wordpress.com/ Fertigation floating-wetlands/) Wastewater contains nutrients (such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and Dredging+ potassium) that are used in fertilizer. Nutrient Harvesting - for Fertilizer Treatment of wastewater to a certain This tactic makes use of particular by- degree can render it usable for agricultural products abundant in wastewater - nitrogen purposes. and phosphorus. The material is de- watered in beds in order to have a light- weight, transportable product that can be distributed for agricultural purposes.

83 NEXT STEPS A Collection of Interventions in the Watershed There are many projects in the watershed The Town of Barnstable submitted a draft that are working to address the issue of Comprehensive Wastewater Management excess nutrients in the hydrological system. Plan (CWMP) in 2012, which characterized The Waste Water Greenway is a proposal the wastewater needs of the Three Bays that would be one of a constellation watershed in terms of required nitrogen of projects that together enhance the reduction according to the MEP technical environment and community resiliency. report and TMDL (Watershed Report draft, April 2016). Potential solutions for A network of waste water treatment enhanced watewater treatment include : projects would advance ideas of increasing • Permeable Reactive Barrier resiliency. Jack Ahern presents five • Fertigation - Turf resilience planning strategies in his • Dredging Trandisciplinary Method for Spatial • Aquaculture Planning of Resilient-Sustainable • Floating Constructed Wetlands Cities (2010). The principles are multifunctionality, redundancy and modularization, (bio)diversity, multi-scale networks, and adaptive capacity (p. 145). The Waste Water Greenway accomlishes many of these strategies. Through providing water cleansing and recreational amenities, it is mult-functional. It is a design that, with modifications based on context and need can be scaled up to handle a larger volumes of waste. It can be connected to other trails in the area for further connectivity. Redundancy is through the different treatment zones. Plant materials and planting strategy provides food and shelter for wildlife, thus enhancing biodiversity. Rottle's resiliency ideas include: system, scale, dynamics and diversity. 84 NEXT STEPS Green Refotrofits to Grey Infrastructure

Water treatment systems come in many forms. These systems vary in approach. Individual components of systems can be added-on either to increase capacity or to enhance the functionality of the system. While they can be retrofitted to an existing system, they can also be designed as part of a new system. Add-ons include:

Composting Toilets This is an example of small-scale intervention at the source of waste water. Composting toilets do not use water or pipes, and waste is treated on-site. They operate at the scale of one household or one building.

Aquaculture for food production There are several areas where partially treated waste water is used to support fish farming, or to grow plants that will treat the water and feed fish.

Biodigester for energy generation These large tanks, typically used on farms to process agricultural waste, can be added to the process to make use of byproducts of the waste water treatment process, in two ways: 1) burning biosolids or 2) extracting the heat from the waste water

85 NEXT STEPS Conclusion

The Waste Water Greenway demonstrates how waste water can be managed in an ecological manner. Through research, analysis and Research Questions exploratory design, this proposal applies the concepts of green urbanism to consider the Can waste water be managed in integration of green infrastructure in the built environment. a more ecological manner? Study of existing waste water treatment options How can the design of waste led to the development of a waste water typololgy. Insight and guidance from representatives from water treatment facilities the Cape Cod Commission and Three Bays provide benefits to community Preservation, Inc. complemented document review and research into the iussues of beyond water cleansing? wastewater in Cape Cod. Case study research of innovative waste waste water treatment facilities revealed the potential to move toward green infrastructure solutions to local issues.

The proposal for a Waste Water Greenway demonstrates how landscape can be shaped in an ecologically sensitive manner to address issues facing our communities. The methodology can be used to address waste water issues in other places, from rural to urban communities, in other climates and in other countries. These small scale, multi-functional landscapes enhance the environment and contribute to system resilience. 86 7 Appendix References

Ahern, J. (2011). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: sustainability and resilience in the Egan, Michael J. "Three Bays Preservation: We are one Cape." July 1, 2016, new urban world. Landscape Urban Planning 100(4):341–343 Accessed at: http://www.barnstablepatriot.com/news/20160701/three-bays- preservation-we-are-one-cape Arenovski, Andrea L., and Frank C. Shephard. A Massachusetts guide to needs assessment and evaluation of decentralized wastewater treatment alternatives. Fay Jones School of Architecture. Low Impact Development A Design Manual for Marine Studies Consortium, 1996. Urban Areas. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press. 2010.

Barnstable Open Space and Recreation Plan, Town of Barnstable, MA, 2010 Foreman, R.T.T. (2104) .Urban Ecology: Science of Cities. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Bays, James, et al. "Treatment wetlands for multiple functions: Wakodahatchee wetlands, Palm Beach county, Florida." Proceedings of the Water Environment France, R.L. (2003). Wetland Design: Principles and Practices for Landscape Federation 2000.9 (2000): 15-37. Architects and Land-Use Planners. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Cape Cod Commission. Three Bays Watershed Report Draft. April 2016. Howes, B. L., et al. "Linked Watershed-Embayment Model to Determine Critical Provided by: 3 Bays Preservation, Inc. in May 2016 Nitrogen Loading Thresholds for the Three Bays System, Barnstable, MA." SMAST/DEP Massachusetts Estuaries Project, Massachusetts Department of Cape Cod Commission. Regional Wastewater Management Plan: Environmental Protection. Boston, MA (2005). Understanding the Cost Factors of Wastewater Treatment and Disposal. March 2013 Kennen, K., & Kirkwood, N. (2015). Phyto: Principles and resources for site remediation and landscape design. Davis, Luise. (2000) Handbook of Constructed Wetlands USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service and the US Environmental Protection Agency-Region III, Nitrogen-fixing Plant List: http://homesteadandgardens.com/soil-blog/wp- in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Washington, D.C. Accessed at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/ content/uploads/nitrogen-fixing-plants-chart.pdf files/2015-10/documents/constructed-wetlands-handbook.pdf Haase, D., Haase, A., & Rink, D. (2014). Conceptualizing the nexus between urban shrinkage and ecosystem services. Landscape and Urban Planning, 132, Deming, M. Elen and Simon Swaffield. (2011).Landscape Architecture Research: 159-169. Inquiry, Strategy, Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Landscape Architecture Foundation, Sidwell Friends Case Study Brief. DiGregorio, Mario J. and Wallner, Jeff (2003). Cape Cod Wildflowers: A Vanish- Landscape Performance Series. Accessed January 2017 at: https:// ing Heritage, Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. landscapeperformance.org/sites/default/files/Sidwell%20Friends%20 Methodology_0.pdf EcoLogic LLC and Stearns & Wheler GHD. Action Plan for the Barnstable Ponds. April 2009. Accessed through Town of Barnstable website: http://www.town. Lin, B. B., Philpott, S. M., & Jha, S. (2015). The future of urban agriculture and barnstable.ma.us/CitizensAdvisory/A%205-1%20Action%20Plan%20for%20 biodiversity-ecosystem services: Challenges and next steps. Basic and Applied Ecology, the%20Barnstable%20Ponds.pdf 16(3), 189-201. References

Metzger, Andy, "State reviewing Cape Cod's water treatment strategy." Cape Cod Todd, J, Brown, E.J.G., Well, E. Ecological Design Applied." Ecological Engineering Today, April 24, 2015. Accessed March 28, 2016 at: CapeCodToday.com 20 (2003) 421–440

McGrew, S. and Rivera, D . The Sustainability “Hat Trick”: Reclaimed Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Waste Water Technology Fact Pelletization of Biosolids, and Biogas To Energy, Florida Water Resources Journal, Sheets. Office of Water, Washington, D.C., 2000. Accesssed at: https://www3. March 2013, 28-32. epa.gov/npdes/pubs/living_machine.pdf

Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenassso, M.L., and J. M. Grove (2004). “Resilient cities: Wakodahatchee Park, 2000. Accessed in March, 2017 at: http://www.pbcgov. com/waterutilities/wakodahatchee meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socioeconomic, and planning realms,” Landscape and Urban Planning 69(4):369–38. Waldheim, Charles, et al. (2011). Landscape Infrastructure: Case Studies by SWA. Basel: Birkhauser GMBH. Pickett, Steward TA, and Mary L. Cadenasso. "The ecosystem as a multidimensional concept: meaning, model, and metaphor." Ecosystems 5.1 World Bank, Water and Environmental Health at and Loughborough (WELL), (2002): 1-10. Brief 37: Re-use of Waste Water, Loughborough University. Accessed at: http:// www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Conservation Engineering World Bank, Water and Environmetnal Health at London and Loughborough Division, Technical Release 55 (June 1986) (WELL), Brief 64: Wastewater Treatment Options Technical Brief, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1044171.pdf Loughborough University. Accessed at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/ water Ranier, T. and West, C. (2015). Planting in a Post-Wild World: Designing Plant Communities for Resilient Landscapes. Portland, OR: Timber Press. Wu, Jianguo. "Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes." Landscape ecology 28.6 (2013): 999-1023. Rouse, D.C. and Bunster-Osso, I.F. "Green Infrastructure: A Landscape Approach," APA American Planning Association, Planning Advisory Services, Report Number 571, January 2013 Vymazal, Jan. Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 380, Issues 1–3, 15 July 2007, Pages Schaider, L. Rodgers, K., Rudel, R. Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Septic 48-65. Systems: A Synthesis of Scientific Literature and Application to Groundwater Quality on Cape Cod. Newton, MA: Silent Spring Institute. Zipperer, Wayne C., et al. "The application of ecological principles to urban and urbanizing landscapes." Ecological applications (2000): 685-688. Sisolak, J. and Spataro, K. Toward Net Zero Water: Best Management Practices for Decentralized Sourcing and Treatment. Cascadia Green Building Council, 2011. Accessed at: https://living-future.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Toward_Net- Zero_Water.pdf