Wide Area Monitoring & Synchrophasors Definition, Measurement, and Application
GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin Cleveland Separation – Aug 14, 2003
0 -10 Normal Angle ~ -25º -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 RelativeAngle Phase -130 -140 -150 -160 -170 15:05:00 15:32:00 15:44:00 15:51:00 16:05:00 16:06:01 16:09:05 16:10:38
Time (EDT) Reference:
Browns Ferry Cleveland West MI 2 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Drivers • Operating the grid is not going to get easier: – Insufficient stability margins – Generation and load centers displaced even more – Environmental and cost constraints on new transmission – Deregulations and pressure on asset utilization – No recognition for maintaining system security and margins • Logical response: – With limited capabilities to strengthen generation and transmission (natural stability) need to rely more on active controls (forced stability) – Better visualization and assistance tools for operators – Closed-loop control for events beyond response time of manual control: • fight to stay together • island controllably • restore quickly
3 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Phasors > Rotating rotors = alternate currents / voltages
V A M A
C B
N = θ
S B C
VB VC A
> Phasors are well established means of representing ac circuits Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923) Complex Quantities and their use in Electrical Engineering; Charles Proteus Steinmetz; Proceedings of the International Electrical Congress, Chicago, IL; AIEE Proceedings, 1893; pp.33-74.
4 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Synchrophasors Strobe Light Analogy
- o 3 0 o 0 o 0 3
- o 60 o 60 N
-90o 90o
S o 1 20 20 o -1
o 1 0 5
5 o 0 1 o - 180
5 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Strobe Light Analogy
- o 3 0 o 0 o 0 3
- o 60 o 60
-90o 90o
o 1 20 20 o -1
o 1 0 5
5 o 0 1 o - 180 Phasor Definition per C37.118
Xn X2
X Phasor = n ±θ √2 +θ Corrected for any - θ filter delay
Cosine Reference
UTC Time Reference
7 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Standardized Synchronous Reporting Rates
System 50 Hz 60 Hz Frequency Report rates 10 25 10 12 15 20 30 (phasors/sec)
Optional Phasor Reporting Rates: 50 phasors/sec on 50 Hz systems 60 phasors/sec on 60 Hz systems
8 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 UTC Based Synchronized Reporting
Report Rate = 60 Phasors/second
0T0 2T0 3T0 4T0 5T0
φ0 φ2 φ4
φ1 φ3
Where: 0 = Top of Second
Tn = 0 + n*(1/Fs) from top of second
9 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 PMU Implementation PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit
δ δ 1 δ 3 2
δ 4 δ 5
Synchronized GPS PMU Phasors Clock
10 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Synchrophasor Report Format
Second of Century (SOC) – from Jan 1, 1970 - 4 bytes
Fraction of Second (modulo 224) + Time Quality
Phasors (mag and angle) – Integer or Float – 4 or 8 bytes
Other Measurements (f, df/dt, W, Var, Events) Time Quality Byte Bit# Function 0-3 Time Server quality per PC37.118 4 Leap Second Pending 5 Leap Second Occurred 6 Leap second Direction (0 for add, 1 for delete) 7 Reserved
11 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Total Vector Error r r V − V ≡ Measured Ideal TVE r VIdeal
VError
VIdeal
VMeasured
12 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Influence Quantities and Error Limits
±5 Hz Frequency range resulting in: > Magnitude Errors > Angle Errors 10% Total Harmonic Distortion 10% Interfering Signal
TVE from all Sources must be < 1%
13 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Wide Area Network Structure
Link to Office LAN / WAN Office PC LAN
Security Concerns: Corporate Intranet Web Server • Unauthorized access •Worms/Viruses Office PC using • Denial of Service Internet Explorer • Other attacks
Corporate Wide Area Network WAN (Intranet / Internet)
δ δ δ δ 1 δ 3 δ δ δ 1 δ 3 2 1 2 3 2 δ δ δ 4 4 4 Control Area 1 Control Area 3 Control Area 2 14 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Reporting Hierarchy Options PDC – Phasor Data Concentrator Monitoring / EMS > 1 sec National Operation
High-speed Decisions Local Operation 100 ms – 1S time frame 1 0 P ha sec so rs/
PDC Very High-speed Decisions PDC PDC 10-100 ms time frame 60 P se ha c s or s/ PMU PMU . . . PMU PMU PMU . . . PMU PMU PMU . . . PMU
15 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 16 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Wide Area Monitoring and Control
State EMS applications Measurement for self-healing grid C O Input Data: Data Synchronization & Wide Area Control N •1-60 Phasors/sec Control Coordination •Operate Point change •Control Range •Linear Control •Control Device Status •On/Off Peace River T Kemano R L O Phasor Grand Coulee Transmission Paths Measurement McNary 500kV Lines John Day 345kV Lines Units Colstrip 230kV Lines Malin Midpoint DC Lines Jim Bridger
Table Mtn. IPP PG&E Moss Landing Navajo San Juan Hoover Four Corners Diablo Canyon SCE Mohave Cholla LADWP Palo Verde SDG&E
17 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Phasor Data Concentrator Function
Other Applications OPC – High Speed OPC – Archive DB Data Translation/Presentation Data Collection Per Standard over RS485, C37.94, or Ethernet Data Rate: 1-60 Phasors/sec Communication options: Multiplexer, Modem, etc.
PMU PMU . . . . . PMU
18 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Communication Network Requirements
• Guaranteed bandwidth • Adjustable bandwidth • Settable priority • High-availability (99.99%) • Low latency • Standards based • Scalable • High noise immunity • Support for other functions • Automatic Configuration • Network monitoring/management
19 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 SRP Communication Network
Network elements: 17 OC-48 Nodes 218 MUX Nodes
20 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Palo Verde Round Trip Communication Timing
Site Ethernet G.703 Gaucho 14ms 11ms Alameda 14ms 20ms Indian Bend 14ms 33ms Buckhorn 14ms 46ms
21 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Wide Area System View
Phase Angle +30 +20 +10 +00 -10 -20 -30
22 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Phasor Viewing
08/04/00 Event at 12:55 Pacific Time (08/04/00 at 19:55 GMT )
0 330 559.26 30 Grand Coulee John Day 300 60 Malin N Colstrip Big Eddy 500 Keeler 500 kV 270 0 90 Vincent Devers 500 kV Vincent 500kV
240 120 Mohave 500kV Devers 500kV Grand Coulee 500kV 210 150 180
Angle Reference is Grand Coulee
23 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Big Creek System Oscillations of September 13, 2000 Voltage plots for 230 busses Line trip 09/13/00 Event at 14:44 Pacific Time (09/13/00 at 21:44 GMT )
248.0 Cap-bank 238.4 Cut-in Trip & close Vincent 230kV 228.8 Devers 230kV Big Creek 230kV Alamitos 230kV 219.2 SO-SCE 230kV SO-SDGE 230kV Kramer 230kV 209.6 Antelope 220kV
200.0 14:44:25.00 14:45:25.00 14:46:25.00 14:47:25.00 14:48:25.00 14:49:25.00 14:50:25.00 Pacific Time
24 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Other Visualization Applications
• Frequency and rate-of-change of frequency • Positive, negative, and zero sequence plots of system voltage • Damping constant calculations • Power flow / change in power flow / general change detection • Oscillation Identification / frequency calculation • Historical Trends • Event Signature Analysis
25 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005 Functions & Applications
• Wide Area Monitoring and Advance Warning Systems • Telemetry & Inter-utility Data Exchange • Load/Generation Shedding • Angular Instability Detection • Wide-area Voltage Regulation • Remedial Action & Power System Protection Schemes • System Back-up Protection & Related Applications • Coordinated Restoration • Self Recovering Systems
Theoretically-founded opportunities
26 GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin June 2005