Recent Investigations in the Puuc Region of Yucatán

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edited by Meghan Rubenstein

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ISBN 978 1 78491 544 5 ISBN 978 1 78491 545 2 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2017

Cover image: Stucco fragment from Kiuic, Yucatán, Mexico. © Melissa Galván Bernal and the Bolonchén Regional Archaeological Project

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Table of Contents

Introduction ��v

Part I: Archaeology ��1

An Enigmatic Maya Center: Climate Change, Settlement Systems, and Water Adaptations at Xcoch, Puuc Region, Yucatán ��3 Michael P. Smyth, Nicholas P. Dunning, Eric M. Weaver, Philip van Beynen, and David Ortegón Zapata In Search of Kilns: The Forms and Functions of Annular Structures in the Bolonchén District ��25 Ken Seligson, Tomás Gallareta Negrón, Rossana May Ciau, and George J. Bey III From Temple to Trash: Analysis and Interpretation of a Dismantled Stucco Façade and its Deposit from Kiuic, Yucatán ��39 Melissa Galván Bernal, George J. Bey III, and Rossana May Ciau Un Acercamiento al Patrón de Asentamiento de Kabah, Yucatán ��59 Luis Raúl Pantoja Díaz Investigación y Restauración Arquitectónicas en el Codz Pop de Kabah, Yucatán ��71 Gustavo Novelo Rincón Terminaciones Rituales en los Principales Edificios de la Región Puuc ��81 Lourdes Toscano Hernández y José Huchim Herrera Archaeological Fieldwork in the Transitional Zone Between Puuc and Chenes (Campeche, Mexico) ��87 Iken Paap

Part II: Art and Writing ��99

The Nunnery Quadrangle at Uxmal: Creation, Captive Sacrifice, Ritual, and Political Authority in a Puuc Maya Palace Complex ��101 Jeff Karl Kowalski The Hieroglyphic Platform at Kabah ��115 Meghan Rubenstein and Philipp Galeev Making it a Date: Positioning the Chocholá Style in Time and Space ��127 Maline D. Werness-Rude The Hieroglyphic Doorway and Other Monuments from H’Wasil, Campeche ��149 Carlos Pallán Gayol and Antonio Benavides Castillo Copyrighted material - no unauthorized reprduction in any medium Copyrighted material - no unauthorized reprduction in any medium

Archaeological Fieldwork in the Transitional Zone Between Puuc and Chenes (Campeche, Mexico)

Iken Paap

After the peak of settlement activity on the peninsula of Yucatán during the Late to Terminal Classic period (8th and 9th centuries A.D.), there was an abrupt end to all typical construction activities, followed by a change in the function and use of buildings, the introduction of new architectural concepts, and–eventually–the final abandonment of the settlements. Archaeological finds and features that indicate a drastic upheaval for the elites are found alongside evidence that suggests continuity in parts of the remaining, non-elite population. However, this continuity existed within radically changed sociocultural and environmental contexts. A major part of the discussion on these sudden changes focuses on the ‘C-shaped’ or ‘L-shaped’ structures, so named after their characteristic floor plans. These structures are deemed indicators for Epi- to Postclassic activities in the Puuc and neighboring regions. The preliminary results of recent excavations conducted by the Ibero-American Institute in Dzehkabtún (Campeche, Mexico) support the hypothesis that parts of the local population constructed and used the new building forms after the end of the Classic period.

El auge de las actividades durante el Clásico Tardío hasta el Clásico Terminal temprano (siglos VIII y IX d.C.) en muchos de los sitios en la península Yucatán fue seguido de un fin abrupto de toda construcción representativa. A continuación se puede observar una ‘reutilización’ de edificios abandonados, la erección de nuevas formas de edificios sencillos y –finalmente– el abandono definitivo de la mayoría de los asentamientos. Hallazgos arqueológicos que indican un cambio drástico para las élites se encuentran juntos con evidencias en favor de una continuidad en partes de la población local, non-élite. Sin embargo se trata de una continuidad bajo nuevas condiciones básicas socioculturales y ecológicas. Parte de esta discusión se centra en las llamadas ‘estructuras en forma de C’ o ‘en forma de L’, nombradas así por sus plantas características, que sirven como indicadores de actividades epi- y postclásicas para el Puuc y las regiones adyacentes. Los resultados preliminares de las recientes excavaciones del Instituto Ibero-Americano en Dzehkabtún (Campeche, México) apoyan la hipótesis de que partes de la población local construyeron y utilizaron las nuevas formas de construcción después del final del Clásico Maya.

In Dzehkabtún, a Maya site in the north of the Mexican slopes to the southeast. The remains are dominated by two state of Campeche (Figure 1), the Ibero-American 16 and 14 meter high pyramids that are surrounded by an Institute is conducting an archaeological research project area of dense patio constructions of architecture mainly on the sociopolitical context for the transition from typical of the region. The whole settlement once covered the Late Classic to the Epiclassic period (A.D. 850- an area of at least four square kilometers (Figure 2). 1100).1 Through surface mapping and excavation, the Dzehkabtún Archaeological Project aims to examine the This architecture, as well as the known monuments and causes and consequences of change for the inhabitants sculptures from Dzehkabtún, demonstrate that the site was of this settlement at the end of the Classic period, as occupied from the Middle Preclassic period (500-250 B.C.) well as their strategies for crisis management during the to the Epiclassic or Postclassic (c. A.D. 1100) at the latest. sociopolitical and ecologic upheaval that took place during The known architecture of the settlement center–once rich that time. Additionally, we plan to explore the previously in vaulted buildings, elaborate façades, and sculptured little-known archaeological transitional zone between the monuments–combines features of the Classic Maya architectural style-regions of the Puuc and the Chenes in Puuc and Chenes architectural styles (Andrews 1985:31- the northern half of present-day state of Campeche. 34). A ceramic survey in the Chenes region revealed a striking accumulation of Terminal Classic materials for Dzehkabtún is located in the north of the municipality of Dzehkabtún (Williams-Beck 1994:145-150), but neither Hopelchén, Campeche, on the lands of the now abandoned the method nor the data source on which this survey is hacienda Holcatzín. The visible archaeological remains of based have been published. During the 19th and 20th the ancient settlement center lie on a terrain that slightly centuries, the ‘palace’ area of Dzehkabtún was severely damaged due to stone robbery (Figure 3). Apart from large 1 The Dzehkabtún Archaeological Project (Terminal Classic and quantities of plain stones for building or road construction, Postclassic in northern Campeche, Mexico: Continuities and Disruptions) a large number of monuments have been removed from the has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) since 2011. The project is carried out in cooperation with the Instituto Nacional de site. Some of them can be found in museums and private Antropología e Historia in Mexico. Work would be unthinkable without collections worldwide (Grube 2009). the support from the Mexican colleagues, in particular from the co- director of the project, Antonio Benavides Castillo. The website with up- to-date information on the project in Spanish and German is http://www. dzk-online.de.

Iken Paap – Ibero-American Institute (IAI) – Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Berlin, Germany ([email protected]).

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Research History to 2007

Teobert Maler visited the ‘ruined city of Dsekatun’ on May 4, 1887. Most of his sketches, photographs, and descriptions are kept with his estate at the Ibero-American Institute in Berlin. Maler’s documentation forms the basis for the study of the elite architecture of the archaeological site, since the remaining buildings have been severely damaged since his visit in 1887 (Maler 1997:97-99, Tables 35-39).

Until the 1980s, Dzehkabtún was visited by various archaeologists, including Alberto Ruz Lhuiller (1945:38- 41), H. E. D. Pollock (1970:40-41), George F. Andrews (1985:31-36), Nicholas Dunning (1987), and Dominique Michelet with Pierre Becquelin (2001:224). They published descriptions of individual buildings and monuments from the settlement center, but did not examine or record the site as a whole. Already in the 1980s, Andrews (1985:35) emphasized the key role of Dzehkabtún for the understanding of the temporal and spatial relations between the Puuc and Chenes architectural spheres. Nevertheless, Figure 1. Yucatán peninsula. The transitional zone between Dzehkabtún remained unstudied until the author visited Puuc and Chenes architectural style provinces is marked the site in 2007. with hatched lines (based on Brown and Witschey [2008:map 7] and Gendrop [1988:6, fig. 9]).

Figure 2. Dzehkabtún. 2D map, January 2014. Elaboration by Philipp Sebastian Jansen and Iken Paap.

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Paap: Archaeological Fieldwork in the Transitional Zone Between Puuc and Chenes (Campeche, Mexico)

period (c. A.D. 600-900) archaeologists observed a sudden end of all elite construction activities, a subsequent change in the use of function of existing buildings as well as the construction of new building forms, followed by the final abandonment of the settlements during the Terminal and Epiclassic periods (c. A.D. 900-1100) (Prem 2006; Reindel 2003).

A major part of the discussion on this topic are the so- called ‘C-shaped’ or ‘L-shaped’ structures, which are seen as indicators for Epi- and Postclassic activities in the Puuc and adjacent regions (Shaw and Johnstone 2006:268- 269). Buildings of this type–named after their C-shaped or a L-shaped floor plans – were usually built on low platforms. Often a long banquette ran along the inside of their three low walls (the fourth side was left open). The upper walls and roofs were made of perishable materials. We prefer an alternative term for this building type, namely a bench- type building. This term is more variable in relation to the possible layout of these buildings, and refers appropriately to their characteristic banquette.

Bench-type buildings are often found arranged in groups in the central areas of the settlements, where they were built inside existing courtyards or in open spaces, interfering with their original conception of space. The reuse of smooth and sculptured façade elements (e.g. columnillas b and tamborcillos) from older buildings to shape the Figure 3 a-b. Southwest corner of the palace patio. platform edges and the inner sides of the banquettes is (a) photograph from Teobert Maler in 1887 (Legacy Teobert characteristic of this building type. Maler, Ibero-American Institute, Berlin); (b) the same view in 2012. Photograph by Iken Paap. Bench-type buildings were first recognized as an independent and chronologically relevant feature of Research Questions architectural typology during the 1990s (Bey, Hanson, and In addition to a notable corpus of late sculptures and Ringle 1997:239). Since then, they have been recognized monuments (Grube 2009), large-scale construction and, in part, consolidated at several sites, for example, at activities from the Epiclassic or Postclassic periods Uxmal (Barrera and Huchím 1989; Huchim and García have been documented in Dzehkabtún since 2008. 2000:Lam. 6-10), Sayil (Dunning 1992:109; Tourtellot and Documentation shows that whole patio groups in the Sabloff 1994:16), Huntichmul (personal communication, center of the settlement seem to have been transformed and Rebeca E. Hill, Tulane University, October 2010), Labná covered with the characteristic ‘C-shaped’ or ‘L-shaped’ (Gallareta 2003:127) and Xkipché (Paap 2006, 2010). buildings, often by reusing older stones that were removed A comprehensive study on the occurrence and variability of from collapsed Classic buildings (Paap 2008). If this is this building type as well as an attempt to its classification– to be interpreted as a sign of a post-monumental peak at as Bey and May (2014) undertook it for the related popol this settlement, questions arise as to the processes at the nah buildings–is still pending. Until twenty years ago, end of the Classic period in Dzehkabtún and the regional bench-type buildings were often not even considered when integration of this phenomenon. mapping ancient Maya sites (for example, in Edzná, on While the so-called ‘collapse’ in the southern Maya the Acropolis at the foot of the main pyramid (Andrews lowlands (the Mexican and Guatemalan Petén) is 1984:Map 3). relatively well understood, we still know little about the Interpretations of the function of bench-type buildings fundamental political and cultural changes in the transition differ. Archaeologists at first saw no reason to interpret from Classic to Postclassic on the central and northern them differently from the Classic residential platforms Yucatán Peninsula. Although, the question of the impact (Barrera and Huchím 1989:32-37, figs. 30-36; Huchím of these changes on the lives of the non-elite inhabitants of and García 2000:139) but later on, interpretations as the Maya cities of Yucatán has been raised as an important market places or meeting and reception rooms have been research issue since the late 1990s, only some isolated proposed (Tourtellot and Sabloff 1994:88). However, studies on this topic have so far been carried out. After these interpretations were based on surface mappings the peak of settlement activities during the Late Classic and not on excavations. As with Tourtellot, Sabloff, and

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Recent Investigations in the Puuc Region of Yucatán

Carmean (1992:97), the underlying conception was that of a hiatus at the end of the Classic period with a subsequent Postclassic occupation by conquering and/or immigrating Maya under Toltec influence from the Gulf Coast region. This model would imply an interpretation of the bench- type buildings as an expression of cultural discontinuity, a fact that should be reflected in archaeological materials associated with the buildings.

Bench-Type Buildings at Xkipché (Yucatán)

At Xkipché, some nine kilometers southwest of Uxmal, six of these buildings (B23-29) were scientifically excavated in 2002 within the framework of the Xkipché Archaeological Project under the direction of Hanns J. Prem (Paap 2006, 2010:73-81). B23-29 belong to a group of nine buildings of this type, situated in the northwest of the main pyramid of Xkipché (Figure 4).

Stratigraphical analysis confirms the assumption of the late chronological position of the Xkipché bench-type buildings. They form the end of a long succession of construction phases (see Figures 5-7) in this area. After several graves that had been dug into the virgin soil, a large Figure 4. Xkipché. Map of the bench-type building group platform was erected with at least one building on top. A B23-29 (Paap 2006:fig. 4). nearby cistern (chultún Ch23) ensured water supply. Later this construction was demolished and it appears that at least two low rectangular platforms were erected in its place. Finally, several rectangular elongated platforms were findings, we had expected to encounter some more explicit built above the already existing structures, with narrow friction or discontinuity in the ceramic repertoire starting structures in two parallel rows of three or four buildings– after the second construction phase. However, the ceramic bench-type buildings B23-29. Chultún Ch23 had been left and lithic features contrarily support a strong continuity open and seemed to have still been accessible. The same from Late Classic times into the latest levels (Figure 7). was the case for chultunes Ch31, Ch32, and Ch92 in the Pottery of clear ‘outside’ Postclassic connotation such as neighborhood. Various modifications at the platforms Dzibiac, Dzitas, or Mama ceramic groups do only occur indicate that they were in use over a prolonged period; in very small quantities and directly on the surface. For however, absolute dating so far has not been possible, due Xkipché we therefore assume a continuity of parts of the to the destruction of the remains by milpa farming. local population that inhabited the bench-type buildings, even though the specific reasons for this are still poorly Although the excavated bench-type buildings differ in the understood. Nor is it clear whether the conclusions from type of architecture from Classic buildings, they follow the the Xkipché materials may be applied to the entire Puuc or orientation and spatial layout of the previous buildings. even beyond this region. The fact that they were placed directly on the exposed and well-preserved stucco floor of phases 2 and 3 makes a The assumption of a population-continuity from Classic longer interruption of activities in this area unlikely. to Epiclassic times in northern Yucatán is consistent with the earlier results from Ek’ Balam (Bey, Hanson, and The amount of ceramic debris, silex, and obsidian around Ringle 1997). It is basically supported by analysis of the platforms was considerable; for the last two phases surface pottery at other sites such as Nohcacab (Shaw and covering the erection and use of the bench-type buildings Johnstone 2006) or Uxmal, where the ceramic materials, we counted 43,847 sherds that are mostly debris from the which have been unearthed in the context of consolidation local tradition (Cehpech). Contrary to earlier statements works, were summarily counted and analyzed (Barrera (Prem 2003:296), several cisterns (chultunes) have been Rubio 2003:23). registered in the immediate vicinity of the platforms as well as the directly associated metates. All this reflects The results of the important excavations in the bench-type the usual scope of features and finds usually encountered buildings of the Grupo Chanchich at Huntichmul (northern in excavations of household platforms and supports an Campeche) in 2009 and 2010 within the framework of the interpretation of these special buildings as habitational. Labná-Kiuic Regional Archaeology Project have so far not been published. Nevertheless, although the results from Ek’ Balam (Bey, Hanson, and Ringle 1997) already anticipated the Xkipché

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Figure 5. Xkipché. Planum of B23-29, phases 4 to 6 [see Figures 6 and 7] (Paap 2006:fig. 5).

Figure 6. Xkipché. Schematic profile of bench-type building B23c, as example for the B23-29 group (Paap 2006:fig. 9).

Figure 7. Xkipché. B23-29: left, number of ceramic sherds in %; right, associated construction phases (based on Paap 2006:figs. 6 and 12).

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Dzehkabtún: Survey and Mapping The scientific quality and validity of a 3D reconstruction in archaeology depends mainly on the density and Currently we have completed 40 hectares of surface on the quality of the available data. Begand (2008) mapping representing about 10% of the total settlement discussed in detail the opportunities and risks of area. In addition to general and detailed 2D maps, a 3D virtual 3D reconstructions and alluded to the threat for virtual model was developed to analyze and represent scientific validity posed by a speculative database in the settlement in its spatial dimension. This includes a favor of handsome and attractive models. As in the case cautious virtual reconstruction based on the data from of Dzehkabtún, only a very small amount of buildings surface surveys and excavation. have so far been excavated, and the majority of the data

a b

c d

Figure 8. Making of the virtual 3D model of Dzehkabtún: (a) meshed elevation points; (b) floor plan with the state of preservation marked by different levels of gray and superimposed reconstruction; (c) calculation of buildings’ height from the ground floor and the volume of the debris from the collapsed structure; (d) reconstructed view at the palace’s south wing; (e) detail of the model, looking to the southwest. Elaboration by Phillip Sebastian Jansen.

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Paap: Archaeological Fieldwork in the Transitional Zone Between Puuc and Chenes (Campeche, Mexico) have been collected during surveys and mappings of the visible architectural remains on the surface. The risk of misinterpretations from data of this kind was demonstrated impressively by Arnauld, Becquelin, and Michelet in 1989.

Despite the known risks, we do not want to forego the advantages of a virtual reconstruction. We therefore try to make clear and visible the quality of the data in the model itself and simultaneously to achieve an aesthetic result, to allow non-experts access to the archeology of this Maya settlement (Jansen and Paap 2014).

The database of the virtual model of Dzehkabtún is formed by a digital terrain model (DTM), developed from a grid of geodetic points from the surface mapping (Figure 8). On this terrain model, the floor plans of the building were superimposed and reconstructed with the software Google SketchUp from Trimble. This step is based on a detailed 2D map of the site, with all architectural remains marked from Figure 9. Central part of Dzehkabtún (detail with ball light gray (poor preservation, tentative reconstruction) court) with remodeled patio groups. Bench-type buildings to black (good preservation, confident reconstruction), and late round structures are marked in black; 2013 and following the results of our surveys and mappings. 2014 excavation areas highlighted in gray (grid: 50 m).

Due to the quality of the available data, the virtual reconstruction in its current version does not take into Platform 84 account a possible time sequence of buildings but rather summarizes all recorded architectural remains in only one Circular Platform 84 has a diameter of 13 meters and a model. A detailed reconstruction of individual façades as height of about 2.10 meters (Figure 10). With regard to well as the design of open spaces between buildings was its location and type of construction it corresponds to a omitted. Both will be gradually completed once we have Postclassic platform from Edzná, excavated in 2011 data from further excavations. (Estructura 425, Benavides Castillo 2014:170-173) and a similar one from Uxmal, excavated in 1992 (Kowalski et The scientific standards in Dzehkabtún, and our capacities al. 1996). Round, high platforms of this type are generally of technical implementation, make the virtual model based addressed as a late introduction to peninsular Maya on the current state of research look somewhat ‘sober’ architecture (Benavides and Paap 2016; Kowalski et al. and less detailed than do the results of comparable current 1996:281). visualization projects (Schwerin et al. 2013). The remains of the last phase of occupation of Platform 84 Notwithstanding the aforementioned knowledge gaps, in Dzehkabtún were completely excavated in 2013, and a such a virtual model supports the analysis of the settlement stratigraphic trench of 9 square meters has been dug from structure and internal organization. It also helps to convey the surface down to the natural soil. a more vivid impression to the wider public than using two-dimensional maps, sectional drawings, and scientific In terms of architectural stratigraphy, this platform is reports. clearly a post-monumental construction. It was built directly above the platform edges of adjacent Late Classic Excavation buildings. Beneath its northern edge, we found the remains of what stylistically might be an Early Classic building. In 2008, we were able to survey the massive and large- scale construction activities in the center of the settlement The structure could have been reconstructed as rising that were stylistically assigned to its post-monumental in three concentric steps to the upper surface that was occupation (Figure 9). Whole patio groups seem to accessible via a broad staircase on its west side. Its surface have been overlaid with bench-type buildings, often by was originally covered by a stucco floor and was enclosed reusing older façade stones. Differences in the design by a low circular wall, open towards the stairway. High and conception of space to the investigated bench-type quality carved façade stones from earlier buildings were buildings in the Puuc–as in Xkipché or in Uxmal–are reused for the first stage of the platform and for the stairs. obvious. In the center of Dzehkabtún three bench-type The two upper levels and the wall on top had been built buildings, parts of the ball court, and a round platform from quarry stones and covered with a thick layer of have been excavated in addition to several stratigraphic stucco. Unlike in Edzná, we have not been able to identify test pits. In the following section, we briefly present two further remains of buildings on the surface of the platform. of these excavations. No offerings were encountered during the excavation.

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Figure 10 a-b. Platform 84. (a) surface of the last phase of occupation of the building; (b) schematic cross section with the northern profile of the stratigraphic trench inscribed. For static reasons it was reduced from a surface of 3 m x 3 m to 2 m x 2 m at the bottom.

The analysis of the ceramic and lithic finds has currently the immediate vicinity of the platform. The shape of not been completed. However, it is already clear that the the building and the associated findings clearly indicate platform fill–unlike in the case of structure 425 in Edzná– a representative or religious function of this platform, contained mainly decontextualized Late and Terminal without permitting a more detailed statement. Classic materials. We noted a remarkably large number of obsidian blades and imported pottery from the Petén, Building 76 which are both indicators for long distance connections during the Classic. Postclassic diagnostic archaeological Building 76 was erected on top of a 2.30 meters high materials have been found only in very small quantities platform located between two courtyards. It is a bench type on the surface. No waste depositions were detected in building, characteristic of Dzehkabtún, with a series of

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Figure 11 a-b. Building 76. (a) surface of the last phase of occupation of the bench-type building; (b) eastern and northern profile of trench 76-2 in the central room of the building.

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Recent Investigations in the Puuc Region of Yucatán rooms formed by low foundation walls and wide banquets buildings near the center and in the periphery of along the back wall (Figure 11a). Stairs and ramps made the settlement. from recycled older façade stones on both long sides of the platform lead down to the ground level of the adjacent References Cited patios. Andrews, George F. Directly on the surface of the former building (Figure 1984 Edzna, Campeche, Mexico. Settlement patterns and 11b [h, i], we found a few sherds clearly identifiable monumental architecture; Summer Research Project, University of Oregon, Eugene. Reprint. Foundation for as Postclassic. In the underlying platform, the filling Latin American Anthropological Research, Culver City. material was obviously shifted from a Late Classic context 1985 Chenes-Puuc architecture: Chronology and cultural (Figure 11b [f]). In addition to ceramics, also spolia (e.g., interaction. In Arquitectura y arqueología: metodologías fragments of columns and two capitals) and a remarkable en la cronología de Yucatán = Architecture and amount of obsidian blades were found in the platform archaeology: Methodological approaches in Yucatan filling. Remains of an Early Classic substructure (Figure chronology. Simposio organizado por George F. Andrews 11b [e]) with an associated floor (Figure 11b [d]) and its y Paul Gendrop, bajo el patrocinio de CEMCA y de la chʼich base (Figure 11b [c]) have been excavated at the Federación de Alianzas FrancoMexicanas en la ciudad base of the platform. About 30 centimeters deeper another de México, del 28 al 29 de junio de 1984, edited by George F. Andrews and Paul Gendrop, pp. 10-39. Centre eroded extensive floor (Figure 11b [b]) covered a level d‘Études Mexicaines et Centraméricaines, México, D.F. (Figure 11b [a]) with Preclassic ceramics and remains of Arnauld, Marie-Charlotte, Pierre Becquelin, and Dominique two stone-covered fireplaces. Michelet 1989 Fiabilidad de las observaciones de superficie en un sector Although, the building seems to have been in use for some del Puuc occidental? In Memorias del Segundo Coloquio years (in one of the rooms there were two floors constructed Internacional de Mayistas, Vol. 1., edited by Alain on top of each other), neither a significant Postclassic Breton, pp. 377-389. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de component nor a clear break with the Late Classic can so México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, México, far be detected in the associated archaeological materials, D.F. as the architecture of the building and the stratigraphic Barrera Rubio, Alfredo 2003 La arqueología en Yucatán en la última década del siglo features might suggest. This confirms the results from XX. In Escondido en la selva: arqueología en el norte Xkipché (see above) and from other sites in the northern de Yucatán, edited by Hanns J. Prem, pp. 15-35. Instituto lowland that–at least outside the major centers–changes in Nacional de Antropología e Historia/Universität Bonn, sociopolitical organization that are manifest in a preference México D.F./Bonn. for new architectural forms must have been based in the Barrera Rubio, Alfredo and José Huchim Herrera local population. This is also confirmed by the results from 1989 Exploraciones recientes en Uxmal (1986-1987). In the excavation of Platform 84. Memorias del Segundo Coloquio Internacional de Mayistas. Vol. 1, edited by Alain Breton, pp. 265-286. Preliminary Results Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, México, D.F. Begand, Christian In this article, we only presented two excavations from 2008 Virtuelle Gebäuderekonstruktionen. Virtuelle Dzehkabtún. Nevertheless, the results are substantially Archäologie: Anwendung und Erstellung von consistent with the results from other excavated areas 3D-Rekonstruktionen historischer Gebäude. VDM within and outside the center of the settlement: Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken. Benavides Castillo, Antonio –– Dzehkabtún was already extensively inhabited 2014 La arquitectura precolombina de Edzná, Campeche, during the Late Preclassic period. Some of the México. Colección Rafael Rodríguez Barrera. Campeche: ‘megalithic style’ buildings in the center date Gobierno Municipal. back to the Middle Preclassic. There are ceramic Benavides Castillo, Antonio and Iken Paap 2016 Dzehkabtún y Edzná, Campeche: edificios de planta finds from the Early Preclassic, but no associated circular. Mexicon 37(2):29- architecture could be detected so far. 33. Bey, George J., III, and Rossana May Ciau 2014 The Role and Realities of Popol Nahs in Northern –– At the latest from the Late Classic, Dzehkabtún was Maya Archaeology. In The Maya and their Central involved in the long-distance trade networks of the American Neighbors. Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Yucatán Peninsula, with the Petén (ceramics) and Hieroglyphic Texts, and Ceramics, edited by Geoffrey the present-day Guatemalan Highlands (obsidian). E. Braswell, pp. 335-355. Routledge/Taylor & Francis, London/New York. –– According to the current results, it can be assumed Bey, George J., III, Craig A. Hanson, and William M. Ringle that a part of the resident population inhabiting the 1997 Classic to Postclassic at Ek Balam, Yucatan: Architectural site during the Classic is responsible for the massive and Ceramic Evidence for Defining the Transition. Latin overbuilding of large parts of the center in the American Antiquity 8(3):237-254. Brown, Clifford T. and Walter R. T. Witschey Terminal or Epiclassic. This should be examined in the next excavation campaigns in residential

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Paap: Archaeological Fieldwork in the Transitional Zone Between Puuc and Chenes (Campeche, Mexico)

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Recent Investigations in the Puuc Region of Yucatán

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