Te Fa'a'amu : Défis Et Enjeux Aujourd'hui Pour Les Familles Et Les Professionnels Des Services Sociaux De Polynésie Française

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Te Fa'a'amu : Défis Et Enjeux Aujourd'hui Pour Les Familles Et Les Professionnels Des Services Sociaux De Polynésie Française Te fa'a'amu : défis et enjeux aujourd'hui pour les familles et les professionnels des services sociaux de Polynésie française Mémoire Anne-Julie Asselin Maîtrise en anthropologie - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Anne-Julie Asselin, 2020 Te fa’a’amu Défis et enjeux aujourd’hui pour les familles et les professionnels des services sociaux de Polynésie française Mémoire Anne-Julie Asselin Sous la direction de : Natacha Gagné, directrice de recherche Résumé Le présent mémoire porte sur l’adoption coutumière, appelée fa’a’amu (en français, nourrir, adopter, élever), chez les Mā’ohi, peuple autochtone de Polynésie française, un territoire français d’Océanie. Cette coutume ancestrale de circulation d’enfants, qui se retrouve dans toute l’Océanie, relève d’un mode de régulation sociale qui consiste à confier son enfant à des parents proches. Elle repose sur une entente entre les parents adoptifs et les parents biologiques, lesquels gardent en général des liens avec l’enfant. Si cette pratique a changé avec la colonisation – les archipels composant la Polynésie française ont été colonisés par la France à partir de 1842 – et les bouleversements entraînés par l’implantation du Centre d’expérimentation du Pacifique (CEP), un centre d’expérimentation nucléaire, en 1962, elle est toujours répandue, bien qu’elle demeure officieuse. Alors que la population aux origines mā’ohi représente plus de 80 % de la population de ce territoire situé à 18000 km de la France métropolitaine, le Code civil, introduit dès les années 1860, ne prend pas en considération ce type d’adoption, alors que l’autorité parentale et la filiation sont parmi les matières sur lesquelles l’État et la Polynésie française partagent les compétences (Peres 2007). Ce mémoire fait donc état des enjeux concrets que soulève l’adoption à la polynésienne, alors qu’elle ne fait pas l’objet d’une reconnaissance légale. Plus particulièrement, il s’intéresse aux transformations de la pratique depuis la colonisation (défis et enjeux) ainsi qu’à ses réalités contemporaines en s’appuyant sur des cas concrets d’adoption fa’a’amu. La pluralité des expériences d’adoption à la polynésienne donne à voir certaines continuités culturelles, par exemple, en termes de « logique » d’apparentement polynésien. Il ressort également des expériences d’adoption présentées que la cohabitation de deux régimes de droits relatifs à l’adoption présente certains défis particuliers pour les enfants et leurs familles, mais également pour les professionnels des services qui interviennent auprès d’eux quand ils rencontrent certains problèmes. Ce mémoire explore également les réalités contemporaines de l’adoption à la polynésienne à travers la perspective du personnel des services sociaux de la Polynésie française. Mots-clés : adoption à la polynésienne, fa’a’amu, parenté, droit, pluralisme juridique, colonialisme, administration, services sociaux, placements d’enfants. ii Abstract This master’s thesis deals with customary adoption, called fa’a’amu (nurturing, adopting, raising), among the Ma’ohi, who are indigenous to French Polynesia. French Polynesia is a French territory in Oceania. This ancestral custom of the circulation of children, which is found throughout Oceania, is part of a mode of social regulation which consists of entrusting your child to close relatives, who parent the child. It is based on an agreement between the adoptive parents and the biological parents, who generally keep ties with the child. If this practice changed with colonization - the archipelagos making up French Polynesia were colonized by France from 1842 - and the upheavals brought about by the establishment of the Pacific Experimentation Center (CEP), a nuclear center, in 1962, it is still widespread, although it remains unofficially recognized by both the French and French Polynesian states. While the population of Mā’ohi origin represents more than 80% of the population of this territory located 18,000 km from mainland France, the Civil Code, introduced in the 1860s, does not take this type of adoption into account, while parental authority and filiation are among the matters over which the State and French Polynesia share jurisdiction (Peres 2007). This thesis, therefore, describes the concrete issues raised by the practice of te fa’a’amu, when it is not subject to legal recognition. More particularly, the thesis is interested in understanding the transformations of the practice since colonization, and understanding challenges and issues pertinent to it, based on concrete cases of fa’a’amu children. The plurality of Polynesian adoption experiences shows certain cultural continuities in terms customs and practices, while for other constituent elements of fa’a’amu, the impact of the cohabitation of two legal regimes (one French, the other Polynesian) contributes to metamorphosis and an adaptation of these. In light of these cultural exchanges, some children who have been fa’a’amu find themselves in a situation where social service personnel must act to protect the best interests of the child. The intervention of these professionals shows, in certain cases, a cultural gap which manifests in a concrete way the double standard experienced by Polynesians, that is to say, to answer for the French world, while remaining Polynesian. Keywords: Polynesian adoption, fa’a’amu, kinship, law, legal pluralism, colonialism, administration, social services, child placements. iii Table des matières Résumé ................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières ................................................................................................................. iv Liste des tableaux et schémas ............................................................................................... vii Liste des acronymes............................................................................................................. viii Remerciements ...................................................................................................................... xi Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Chapitre 1 – Cadre théorique .................................................................................................. 5 1.1. La « situation coloniale » et ses legs ............................................................................ 5 1.2. Le droit et ses mécanismes de régulation sociale ........................................................ 8 1.2.1. Implantation d’un régime de rationalité par le droit ............................................. 8 1.2.2. Pluralisme juridique en anthropologie .................................................................. 9 1.2.3. Continuités et ruptures des pratiques juridiques ................................................. 11 1.3. La parenté .................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.1. La parenté comme champ d’études particulier ................................................... 13 1.3.2. Nouveaux regards : discussion autour des concepts de « relatedness » et de « kinning » .................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.3. L’adoption comme phénomène d’apparentement et de familisation.................. 19 1.4. Conclusion du chapitre .............................................................................................. 22 Chapitre 2 – Contexte historique, politique et social de la Polynésie française ................... 24 2.1. La colonisation française du Royaume des Pomare .................................................. 24 2.2. Imposition de nouvelles normes concernant les terres : Tahiti et Rurutu .................. 27 2.3. La période des essais nucléaires en Polynésie française et les transformations du paysage social polynésien ................................................................................................. 29 2.4. Vers une compréhension de la famille en Polynésie française .................................. 33 2.4.1. Les formes d’adoption coutumière en Océanie .................................................. 33 2.4.2. ‘Utuafare ............................................................................................................ 35 2.4.3. Te fa’a’amu ........................................................................................................ 41 2.5. Quelques considérations légales concernant te fa’a’amu .......................................... 46 2.6. Conclusion du chapitre .............................................................................................. 48 iv Chapitre 3 – Problématique et méthodologie de la recherche .............................................. 49 3.1. Problématique ............................................................................................................ 49 3.2. Question de recherche ................................................................................................ 50 3.3. Objectifs ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.4. Méthodologie de la recherche ...................................................................................
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