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La Mediatización De La Experiencia Migrante De La Comunidad China En Madrid

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La Mediatización De La Experiencia Migrante De La Comunidad China En Madrid UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo y Nuevos Medios TESIS DOCTORAL La mediatización de la experiencia migrante de la Comunidad china en Madrid MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Longxing Wang Directora Cristina Peñamarín Beristain Madrid, 2019 © Longxing Wang, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo y Nuevos Medios LA MEDIATIZACIÓN DE LA EXPERIENCIA MIGRANTE DE LA COMUNIDAD CHINA EN MADRID PRESENTADA POR: LONGXING WANG DIRECTORA: DRA. CRISTINA PEÑAMARÍN BERISTAIN MADRID, 2018 AGRADECIMIENTOS Sin cada una de las ayudas que me han prestado los profesores y los compañeros de estudio españoles, no habría podido realizar este trabajo. Por eso, quisiera expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a todos ellos, especialmente a mi tutora Cristina Peñamarín Beristain, quien no solo me ha orientado con paciencia y dedicación en el laberinto de la realización de la tesis, sino que también me ha abierto la puerta hacia el mundo semiótico. Merced a ella, abro los ojos a la percepción y exploración de los sentidos producidos e intercambiados a mi alrededor. Además, quería agradecer a los colaboradores de mi trabajo de campo, los entrevistados y las entrevistadas. Tras tantas entrevistas, nos hemos hecho amigos, amigos para toda la vida. Sin su ayuda, no podría saber ni redactar nada. También quisiera dar las gracias a Sheila Villafruela, la profesora que me enseñó español en la Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing, China, y despertó en mí un gran interés por el Periodismo del mundo hispanohablante. Gracias a mis padres y a Yuqi, que me han animado y dado el coraje que necesitaba a lo largo de todos estos años. A mis queridos compañeros y amigos en España, Rubén Morcillo, María Barrero, Alexandre Somet y Víctor Macías. A los viejos amigos, Yicheng Zhu, Miao Zhang y Shaoyuan Chen. Por último, todo mi agradecimiento a la Comisión Académica del Ministerio de la Educación de China y a la Oficina de Asuntos Educativos de la Embajada China acreditada en España, por haber financiado mi investigación durante estos últimos años. I Para Moisés, mi pequeño compañero II III ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS................................................................................................ I ÍNDICE .................................................................................................................... IV RESUMEN ............................................................................................................... IX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. 12 CAPÍTULO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................. 14 1.1. Propuesta del problema ................................................................................... 15 1.1.1. Justificación del proyecto ......................................................................... 16 1.1.2. Objetivos e hipótesis................................................................................. 18 1.2. El objeto de estudio: La comunidad china en Madrid y los medios de comunicación ........................................................................................................ 20 1.2.1. Panorama de la comunidad china en Madrid ............................................. 20 1.2.2. Situación histórica de la comunidad china ................................................ 25 1.2.3. Situación actual y estudios antecedentes sobre la comunidad china ........... 29 1.2.4. Relaciones interpersonales dentro la comunidad china .............................. 33 1.3. Representaciones y estereotipos sobre los migrantes chinos en los medios españoles ............................................................................................................... 38 CAPÍTULO 2 PERSPECTIVA TEÓRICA................................................................ 41 2.1. El sentido de la comunicación intercultural ..................................................... 41 2.1.1. Comunicación, códigos y textos ............................................................... 41 2.1.2. Culturas y enciclopedias ........................................................................... 45 2.1.3. La hibridación de culturas e identidades ................................................... 52 2.2. La perspectiva de los usos y gratificaciones de los medios .............................. 55 2.3. Estudios sobre los medios en la vida cotidiana ................................................ 64 2.3.1. Tiempo, espacio y territorio en la vida cotidiana ....................................... 68 2.4. Los medios como mediador y la experiencia mediatizada................................ 73 IV 2.5. Representaciones, estereotipos e identidad ...................................................... 80 2.5.1. Los grupos minoritarios y sus representaciones ........................................ 85 2.5.2. La alteridad y la cuestión de identidad ...................................................... 89 CAPÍTULO 3 METODOLOGÍA .............................................................................. 95 3.1. Justificación de la metodología ....................................................................... 95 3.1.1. La etnografía y el estudio de las audiencias .............................................. 96 3.2. La aplicación de los métodos etnográficos en nuestro estudio ......................... 99 3.2.1. Localizar el campo: la población china de Madrid .................................... 99 3.2.2. Seleccionar el corpus. Adentrarnos en la comunidad china ..................... 103 3.3. La perspectiva metodológica: los medios y los sentidos en la vida cotidiana . 110 CAPÍTULO 4 LA MEDIATIZACIÓN DE LA VIDA COTIDIANA DE LOS MIGRANTES CHINOS EN MADRID ................................................................... 116 4.1. La vida de los chinos en Madrid: la fractura y los estereotipos ...................... 118 4.1.1. La Asociación de Chinos en España y el remedio de la fractura .............. 126 4.2. Los medios usados por los migrantes chinos a lo largo del tiempo ................ 131 4.3. Los medios y la vida cotidiana ...................................................................... 144 4.3.1. La familia de Hong como ejemplo .......................................................... 146 4.3.2. Los medios como objeto doméstico para los mayores ............................. 149 4.3.3. Los medios para los jóvenes ................................................................... 152 4.3.4. Los medios para los adolescentes............................................................ 154 4.3.5. Conexión y desconexión: Padres, hijos y medios en el hogar .................. 156 4.4. Los medios como mediador .......................................................................... 161 4.4.1. Usar los medios para informarse, para mejorar el español, para el estudio o el trabajo .......................................................................................................... 163 4.4.2. Experiencia emocional: entretenimiento, compañía y consuelo ............... 168 4.4.3. Los que tienen tiempo de ocio y los que no ............................................. 170 4.4.4. La ética, los afectos y el uso de los medios ............................................. 175 4.5. Conclusiones: mediatización y ritos cotidianos ............................................. 178 V CAPÍTULO 5 EL USO DE TELEVISIÓN COMO OBJETO DE ANÁLISIS ......... 180 5.1. Los programas televisivos y su recepción ...................................................... 182 5.1.1. La televisión y las franjas etarias ............................................................ 182 5.1.2. La televisión y el género ......................................................................... 187 5.1.3. La televisión y el lenguaje: el chino y el castellano como fronteras ......... 190 5.1.3.1. Las fronteras entre franjas etarias ................................................................ 191 5.2. Los programas televisivos en chino ............................................................... 201 5.2.1. Los programas informativos, los temáticos y las series ........................... 203 5.3. Los programas televisivos en castellano ........................................................ 209 5.3.1. Portátil, tableta, móvil y televisor ........................................................... 209 5.3.2. Los programas favoritos de los receptores chinos ................................... 213 5.4. La lectura de los programas televisivos: Estudios de caso ............................. 218 5.4.1. Los casos del informativo, el temático y la serie ..................................... 218 5.5. Conclusiones: fronteras y apropiación diferenciada de las emisiones televisivas ............................................................................................................................ 225 CAPÍTULO 6 MEDIATIZACIÓN DE LA FIESTA DE LA PRIMAVERA ............ 229 6.1. La Fiesta de la Primavera y la comunidad china en Madrid ........................... 232 6.1.1. Bai Nian, la visita convencional del Año Nuevo ..................................... 232 6.1.2. La Fiesta de la Primavera y el culto a los ancestros ................................. 234 6.1.3. El espacio compartido y la memoria comunitaria .................................... 239 6.1.3.1. Equipo de
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