Dictator Would Allow the Mexican-Born to Leave the Besieged Fortress

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dictator Would Allow the Mexican-Born to Leave the Besieged Fortress Dictator would allow the Mexican-born to leave the besieged fortress Soldiers such as By Robert Kolarik Anna’s soldiers was killed. this fellow have Staff Writer ————————— the Texas forces EXTRA DAY within the Alamo AN ANTONIO de o-day, of course, surrounded. BÉXAR, México, Feb. marks that quadren- Mike Fisher, a 29, 1836 — This Leap nial oddity, the day xylographer S T from the Staff. Year’s Day witnessed a sight added to the Month of Feb- most shocking: His Excel- ruary in the years that also lency, Gen. Antonio López see United States presiden- de Santa Anna, the President tial elections. The added and Dictator of Mexico, 24 hours balance time and attempting to introduce space and make all things the demon of divisiveness right with the world — at within the walls of Fortress least for its calendar-mak- Alamo. ers. Offer did Santa Anna the ————————— opportunity for all Mexican- Travis lost a vote THE VOTE born occupants — but only est there be confusion DAY 7 them — a three-day period on who would be the in the matter of Lt. FEB. 29, in which to leave the com- commander of the Col. William Travis’ 1836 L pound. command of the Fortress Several individuals have Alamo garrison. Alamo, a vote that occurred responded positively to this before the Siege began must most unmagnanimous of of- now be discussed. fers (as the great majority of based on reports that 200 It will be recalled that the force therein are from the troops were marching in when hands were raised and United States or other “for- relief of the Alamo. noses were counted, the ail- eign” lands) and departed. ————————— ing Col. James Bowie — and ————————— IMPORTANT MAN not Travis — was selected as THE WEATHER he self-proclaimed the Texas troops’ leader. o-day witnessed the Napoleon of the This may have given weather in the vicin- TWest continued mov- rise to the misperception Tity of San Antonio ing his troops about like so that the lieutenant colonel de Béxar continue its mod- many pieces on a chessboard is not highly regarded by eration, with Gen. Santa to-day, positioning the bat- the men over whom he now Anna’s aide-de-camp, Col. talion of Allende in the roll- reigns. (Travis and Bowie, of Juan Almonte, reporting a ing terrain to the east of the course, eventually arranged temperature of 55 degrees. fortress. a joint command — which That made a fine, brisk His Excellency, the Presi- the latter surrendered upon day for riding or hiking, dent and Dictator of Mexico falling ill). Rather, the out- and the Jimenez battal- then toured the siege area come of the vote was more a ion — cavalry and infan- personally to admire his reflection of the volunteers’ try troops alike — under handiwork. He did pay a bit disinclination to follow the command of Gen. Joaquín of a price for all this activ- orders of a regular Texian Ramírez y Sesma was dis- ity, though, as Col. Almonte Army man over those from patched toward Goliad, reported one of Gen. Santa one of their own. .
Recommended publications
  • CENTRAL AMERICA and TEXAS, 1821-1836 By
    MEXICO’S BREAK UP: MEXICO CITY'S MISCONCEPTIONS AND MISMANAGEMENT OF ITS PERIPEHERIES: CENTRAL AMERICA AND TEXAS, 1821-1836 by KYLE CARPENTER Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON MAY 2013 Copyright © by Kyle Carpenter 2013 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot thank my committee enough. Dr. Sam Haynes, the committee chair, remained unflinchingly supportive from the very beginning. He took on this project in its infant stages and allowed it to change and evolve as necessary. His support and trust in me were unbelievable. Dr. David Narrett read every draft so carefully and responded with such detailed commentary. Dr. John Garrigus kept this project alive through his advice and guidance at a critical time in its development. The entire committee was indispensable to this thesis and I cannot thank them enough. While working on this project, I relied on the support of so many people. The person who deserves the most gratitude is my wife, Mickey. She patiently supported me through all the research, all the writing, and all the editing that went into this thesis. I could not have done it without her. I also extend my thanks to everyone who helped me in the massive research campaign this thesis required. The staff at the University of Texas at Arlington Library Special Collections deserves special thanks. Additionally, I received great assistance from the staffs at the Nettie Lee Benson Library and the Bancroft Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Visiting Future Enemies Mexican Visitors to the United States, 1820S-30S
    Visiting Future Enemies Mexican Visitors to the United States, 1820s-30s In 1846, the United States and Mexico went to war. Less than two years later, the United States Army occupied Mexico City, and Mexico relinquished its northern territories to make the Yankees go home. But meeting in battle was far from the first contact that citizens of the two large North American countries had with each other. They interacted in the border regions of northern Mexico, in places like Texas and California. They also interacted in the cores of each country, as merchants and even prominent officials undertook journeys through each others’ nations. During the late 1820s and early 1830s, three prominent Mexican officials undertook three separate journeys through the United States. These men came from different parts of Mexico’s political spectrum, and their journeys to the United States influenced how each came to view the northern colossus. They were also, likely, the first Mexicans that many U.S.-Americans in the places they visited had seen. The following pages track these travelers through the United States, showing where they went and providing clues for future research into the reception they received. Lorenzo de Zavala: Reinforcing Liberal Ideas By the time he journeyed to the United States in 1830, Lorenzo de Zavala was a seasoned man of the world. A physician originally from Yucatán, Zavala traveled to Spain in 1821 to serve in the Spanish Cortes. When Mexico declared independence that same year, though, Zavala returned home, helped write the Constitution of 1824, and became one of Mexico’s leading Liberals in the 1820s.
    [Show full text]
  • JUAN-ALVAREZ-Micrositio.Pdf
    Plaza Juan Álvarez, inaugurada por C. Marcelo Ebrard Casaubon Jefe de Gobierno del Distrito Federal Por el apoyo brindado al Poder Judicial del Distrito Federal para la remodelación y dignificación de los espacios de la Administración de Justicia. C. Edgar Elías Azar Presidente del Tribunal Superior de Justicia y del Consejo de la Judicatura del Distrito Federal (Busto ubicado en Plaza Juan Álvarez, edificio principal TSJDF) Otoño de 2010 LA CARRERA POLÍTICA Y MILITAR DE JUAN ÁLVAREZ Clyde Gilbert Bushnell Presentación Mag. Dr. Édgar Elías Azar Traducción de Mario Melgar Adalid Juan Álvarez Atoyac, Guerrero, 1790-La Providencia, Guerrero, 1867 Defensor del federalismo y de las mejores causas sociales y liberales; ascendió a lo más alto de la carrera política y militar gracias a su talento y su profunda vocación de servicio a la patria. Forjador de victorias jurídicas y militares que hacen del Estado mexicano un ejemplo de constitucionalidad; estratega nato que peleó en las cinco guerras del siglo XIX: la de independencia que pervivió gracias a sus esfuerzos, la primera intervención francesa, la guerra mexicano estadounidense, la de reforma y contra el segundo imperio. Primer gobernador del estado de Guerrero y presidente de México. Artífice de la llamada “Ley Juárez”, que suprime los fueros militar y eclesiástico, lo que imprimió a nuestra república su carácter laico, igualitario y humanista; mediante esta acción dio al Distrito Federal su actual Tribunal Superior de Justicia, con carácter de Poder Judicial. Convocó al Congreso Constituyente de 1857, cuyo espíritu es el que hasta el día de hoy inspira los más altos ideales éticos y jurídicos de quien imparte justicia.
    [Show full text]
  • WAR UPON MEXICO US Army Mortality Statistics
    GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE WAR UPON MEXICO US Army Mortality Statistics War on Mexico 110 per 1,000 Civil War 65 per 1,000 “I do not think there was ever waged a more wicked war than that waged by the United States on Mexico. I thought so at the time, when I was a youngster, only I had not moral courage enough to resign.” — Ulysses S. Grant, PERSONAL MEMOIRS, 1885 “Fiddle-dee-dee, war, war, war, I get so bored I could scream!” —Scarlet O’Hara Over the years, people I’ve met have often asked me what I’m working on, and I’ve usually replied that the main thing was a book about Dresden. I said that to Harrison Starr, the movie-maker, one time, and he raised his eyebrows and inquired, “Is it an anti-war book?” “Yes,” I said. “I guess.” “You know what I say to people when I hear they’re writing anti-war books?” “No. What do you say, Harrison Starr?” “I say, ‘Why don’t you write an anti-glacier book instead?’” What he meant, of course, was that there would always be wars, that they were as easy to stop as glaciers. I believe that, too. — Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. SLAUGHTERHOUSE-FIVE OR THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE A DUTY-DANCE WITH DEATH. NY: Dell, 1971, page 3. HDT WHAT? INDEX MEXICO MEJICO GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE 1632 Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 1810 October 19, day: Mexican revolutionary leader Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla proclaimed the end of slavery in the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tejanos and Anglos in Nacogdoches
    1 Tejanos and Anglos in Nacogdoches Coexistence on Texas’ Eastern Frontier Under the Mexican and Texan Republics, 1821-1846 Bryson Kisner, B.A. HIS679HB Submitted for partial requirement for the Plan II Honors Program And for Special Honors in the Department of History The University of Texas at Austin May 5, 2017 ________________________________________ Henry W. Brands, Ph.D. Department of History Supervising Professor ________________________________________ Emilio Zamora, Ph.D. Department of History Second Reader 2 Abstract Author: Bryson Kisner Title: “Tejanos and Anglos in Nacogdoches: Coexistence on Texas’ Eastern Frontier Under the Mexican and Texan Republics, 1821-1846” Supervising Faculty: Henry W. Brands, Ph.D. (First Reader), Emilio Zamora, Ph.D. (2nd Reader) In 1821, Texas and its citizens were part of Mexico. By 1846, Anglo-American immigrants had transformed the demographics, culture, and governance of Texas. Nowhere is this better exemplified than in Nacogdoches, Texas’ oldest city. The influx of Anglo-Americans into Texas and the accompanying regime changes transformed the Tejano border town into an Anglo-dominated city, prompting struggles over civil rights, economic power, and political authority between Mexican- and Anglo-Texans both as individuals and as ethnic communities. Several violent insurrections pitted Nacogdochians against Anglo and Mexican outsiders as well as each other, culminating in the largest organized revolt against the Republic of Texas by its own citizens: the ultimately doomed Córdova Rebellion of 1838 and 1839. Yet this was the last gasp of Tejano resistance to the Anglicization of East Texas. By 1846, Anglo numerical superiority and American annexation forced Nacogdoches’ Tejanos to accept an Anglo- dominated social hierarchy in order to preserve their rights, property, and community.
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNITED STATES and MEXICO 1861-1865 by Thomas T. Drum A
    The United States and Mexico, 1861-1865 Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Orum, Thomas Tondee, 1940- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 03:58:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551948 THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO 1861-1865 by Thomas T . Drum A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 7 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowl­ edgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the inter­ ests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: /f, ///y Date Professor of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to Professor Russell C.
    [Show full text]
  • Visiting Future Enemies Mexican Visitors to the United States, 1830S
    Visiting Future Enemies Mexican Visitors to the United States, 1830s In 1846, the United States and Mexico went to war. Less than two years later, the United States Army occupied Mexico City, and Mexico relinquished its northern territories to make the Yankees go home. But meeting in battle was far from the first contact that citizens of the two large North American countries had with each other. They interacted in the border regions of northern Mexico, in places like Texas and California. They also interacted in the cores of each country, as merchants and even prominent officials undertook journeys through each others’ nations. During the 1830s, three prominent Mexican officials—Lorenzo de Zavala, José María Tornel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna—undertook three separate journeys through the United States. Their journeys influenced how each man and their countrymen came to view the United States. Zavala and Tornel later published books on their journeys. They also influenced public opinion in both countries. Both U.S. and Mexican newspapers wrote stories about the men and their experiences. They were also, likely, the first Mexicans that many U.S.-Americans in the places they visited had seen. The following pages track these travelers through the United States, giving a view of their country’s northern neighbor from their eyes and the view of them through U.S.-Americans’ eyes. Sources Castañeda, Carlos Eduardo, Ramón Martínez Caro, Vicente Filísola, José Urrea, José María Tornel y Mendívil, and Antonio López de Santa Anna. The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution. Dallas, Tex.: P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • 31295001712099.Pdf
    ITTISIAVERY SEIÎ IIvEIÍT Hí TEXAS, l821-l86l ZOIE ODOM HEWSOME, B.S. in Ed. A THESIS IN HISTQRY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Technological College in Partial Fulfillment of the Reqiuirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved August, 1968 PREFACE One hundred years ago the Negro slave was the catalyst of a bitter intemecine struggle in the Dhited States. Today, though freed from chattel slavery, he is still seeking to obtain his rightful place in the sun. In his pursuit he finds both approbation and condemna- tion; Just so, in pre-Civil War .America,; his state of servitude pro- duced a similar dichotomy of response, ITo'where in the South "was the divergence of opinion more clearly revealed than in Texas_, the cross- roads of many cultures, itself feeling the headiness of newly-won freedom, This paper is a survey, not of the obvious pro-slavery atti- tude in Texas, but of the less evident antislavery sentiment, tracing it from the period of American colonization to the outbreak of the Civil War. Such a study seems pertinent inasmuch as the civil rights movement of today bears a direct relationship to the "peculiar in- stitution" of yesterday; therefore, any contribution to increased understanding is a step toward obviating the problem of second-class citizenship. I am deeply indebted to Dr. David M. Vigness for his direc- tion of this thesis and to Dr. Emest Wallace for his helpful criti- cism. I am also grateful to the staffs of the Baylor Moody Library and thc Texas Collection, especially Professor and Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8: Growing Tensions
    Growing Te nsions Why It Matters Tensions increased between Texans and the Mexican government in the 1820s and 1830s. Some Texans believed that separation from Mexico—even if it meant war—was the only solution to their grievances. Other Texans believed it was possible to remain a part of Mexico. Stephen F. Austin’s imprisonment in Mexico City pushed many Texans into believing that war was necessary. The Impact Today Almost all conflicts have two results that last longer than the wars themselves. First, hatred and suspicion often remain on both sides. Second, acts of courage are remembered long after the war. The Texas Revolution had both results. 1823 ★ Santa Anna rebels against Mexico’s Emperor 1826 Augustín de Iturbide ★ The Fredonian Revolt 18231825 1826 1828 1825 1828 • World’s first public • Noah Webster published railroad opened in an American dictionary Great Britain 184 CHAPTER 8 Growing Tensions Cause-Effect Study Foldable Make this foldable to organize information and describe the events that led to growing tensions in Texas during the 1820s and the 1830s. Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half from side to side. Fold the sheet vertically. Step 2 Fold again, 1 inch from the top. (Tip: The middle knuckle of your index finger is about 1 inch long.) Step 3 Open and label as shown. ACTIONS by REACTIONS Texas or Mexico Draw lines along the fold lines. Reading and Writing As you read this chapter, The many buildings in this view of Mexico City in the 1830s indicate record information that you learn about the actions and reactions of Texans and the Mexican the city’s wealth and importance.
    [Show full text]
  • A Life of Benito Juarez, Constitutional President of Mexico
    » Uliek R.Burke ir.i. Olnrnell IttioerBita ffiihtarg Utijata, Ntm ^atk BOUGHT WITH THE [NCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 Cornell University Library F 1233.J91B95 constitutional A life of Benito Juarez, 3 1924 020 429 696 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020429696 A LIFE OF BENITO JUAREZ, .'V C, BENITO JURREZ, ^ien n\2rece figurar, al lado de los primeros heroes de la indepen- denria, el que coq indonable consiancia, valor civil sobre todo clogio, abnegacion y sufrimiealos de lode genero, salvo la misma independeacia A LIFE BENITO JUAREZ Constitutional President of Mexico. ULICK RALPH BURKE, M.A., Author of " A Life of Gonsalvo de Cordova," " Sancko Panza's Proverbs," Etc. REMINGTON AND COMPANY, LIMITED, LONDON AND SYDNEY. 1894. All Rights Reserved, PREFATORY NOTE. The following publications, constantly consulted by me in the course of my work, will be referred to as a rule under the abbreviated titles as here- after noted. I. —Le Comte Emil de Keratry. " L'Empereur Maximilien: son elevation et sa chute," i vol., Leipzig, 1867. [Keratry.] 2.—Le Comte Emil de Keratry. " La Cr6ance Jecker," i vol., Paris, 1868. IKeratry—Jecker.] 3. —Gustavo Baz. "Vida de Benito Juarez," i vol., Mexico, 1874. [^Baz-I 4.—Arrangoiz : "Historia de Mexico, desde 1808 hasta 1867," 4 volumes, Madrid, 1871. [Arrangoiz.] VI PREFATORY NOTE. 5. —Le Capitaine Niox. " L'Expedition du Mexique," i vol., Paris, 1874.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert DUNCAN
    Maximilian and Mexico’s First Steps toward the Global Marketplace (1864-1866) Dr. Robert H. Duncan University of California, Irvine On July 6, 1865, Maximilian gave a speech to commemorate the inauguration of the newly christened Imperial Academy of Sciences and Literature. In it, the emperor pledged to work with all his heart and soul for the good of Mexico. He then proceeded to outline a wide- ranging plan for the economic development of Mexico. The empire would not only work to expand agriculture and exploit Mexico’s “inexhaustible” mineral resources, but also establish a comprehensive network of railroads, steamships, and telegraph lines. Such improvements in infrastructure would place “Mexican ports in communication with world trade.” On these priorities, the emperor stressed, “the government actively works.” 1 The following essay explores the efforts by the Second Empire to use this new technology to expand Mexico’s economic base and integrate it into an emerging global economy. 2 For Mexico to enter this still-forming global economy required a two-pronged approach. Not only would the country need to enlarge its “basket of goods” that hitherto had been heavily weighted toward precious metals, but, more importantly, it needed to renovate its transportation and communication systems. In his instructions to the prefectos políticos in November 1864, Maximilian observed that Mexico would not be able to develop its commerce or see its agriculture flourish without first improving its communications. Luckily, nineteenth century technology—railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and the like—ostensibly offered the key to the problem of development. Rapid, modern, and cheap railroad transportation would allow the export of non- and semi-precious metals.
    [Show full text]
  • Aurality, the Battle of the Alamo, and Memory Michelle E
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2018 Of Cannonades and Battle rC ies: Aurality, The Battle of The Alamo, and Memory Michelle E. Herbelin University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Herbelin, M. E.(2018). Of Cannonades and Battle Cries: Aurality, The Battle of The Alamo, and Memory. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4742 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Of Cannonades and Battle Cries: Aurality, The Battle of The Alamo, and Memory by Michelle E. Herbelin Bachelor of Arts Baylor University, 2015 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2018 Accepted by: Mark M. Smith, Director of Thesis Simon Paul MacKenzie, Reader Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Michelle E. Herbelin, 2018 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION To my parents, Joe and Patricia Herbelin, and my little sister Elise, who have patiently indulged and cultivated my love for history and accompanied me on countless long visits to the Alamo. iii ABSTRACT This thesis takes a sensory-historical approach to the 1836 Siege and Battle of the Alamo, its inscription into history and its propagation as a touchstone of Texas’ memory and identity.
    [Show full text]