Appendix 1: Results of the General Election, 17 May 2002

Table «t.: Electorate, valid votes and first preference votes for each party

Valid Fianna Fine Prog. Green Sinn Constituency Electorate votes Fail Gael Labour Dems. Party Fein Others

Carlow-Kilkenny 97,071 60,844 30,543 13,309 8,004 4,961 2,078 1,949 Cavan-Monaghan 87,595 61,847 21,614 15,571 550 1,131 1,100 10,832 11,049 Clare 80,412 49,802 22,602 12,680 1,720 2,903 9,897 Cork East 72,702 45,788 18,914 13,322 9,605 1,136 2,624 187 Cork North-Central 79,064 45,144 18,725 9,202 5,313 3,126 1,155 2,860 4,763 Cork North-West 53,699 38,819 19,433 16,335 2,668 383 Cork South-Central 89,646 55,240 26,831 10,718 3,282 4,952 2,063 7,394 Cork South-West 54,274 37,698 14,882 12,189 3,442 2,207 4,978 N ,.j:::.. Donegal North-East 58,208 36,347 17,954 7,637 1,021 3,611 6,124 ""'-.J Donegal South-West 54,789 35,635 14,997 9,058 1,079 3,829 6,672 Central 62,180 34,034 13,472 3,769 4,136 1,469 4,972 6,216 Dublin Mid-West 55,184 28,456 9,122 3,276 2,563 5,706 3,508 1,855 2,426 Dublin North 72,353 43,942 16,803 5,189 6,359 7,294 1,350 6,947 Dublin North-Central 65,583 40,048 20,043 6,809 4,203 2,275 2,299 4,419 Dublin North-East 52,105 29,318 11,761 4,504 4,758 1,219 1,656 3,003 2,417 Dublin North-West 47,641 26,158 12,435 2,082 4,391 607 4,781 1,862 Dublin South 92,645 55,263 20,250 10,931 5,247 8,288 5,222 2,172 3,153 Dublin South-Central 86,161 44,016 15,106 7,456 8,679 1,377 2,299 5,591 3,508 Dublin South-East 59,896 32,433 8,767 5,210 4,032 6,093 5,264 2,398 669 Dublin South-West 67,947 36,802 14,235 4,654 7,285 1,157 7,466 2,005 Dublin West 53,780 29,988 10,386 3,694 3,810 2,370 748 2,404 6,576 Dun Laoghaire 91,522 53,633 16,243 8,069 12,164 7,166 5,002 2,159 2,830 East 73,659 49,422 23,117 15,576 1,022 1,828 7,879 Galway West 82,213 49,466 20,442 8,359 5,213 6,192 2,193 2,779 4,288 Kerry North 55,476 39,173 11,811 8,652 8,773 9,496 441 Table «t.: continued

Valid Fianna Fine Prog. Green Sinn Constituency Electorate votes Fail Gael Labour Dems. Party Fein Others

Kerry South 51,761 36,646 16,357 6,473 5,307 8,509 Kildare North 60,094 32,980 14,250 5,786 7,051 3,919 1,974 Kildare South 58,354 32,631 15,152 5,795 6,043 3,887 1,208 546 Laois-Offaly 95,373 63,217 32,432 14,553 1,600 9,088 520 2,600 2,424 Limerick East 80,593 50,000 19,973 13,919 4,629 4,885 917 5,677 Limerick West 53,879 35,669 19,059 14,856 948 806 Longford-Roscommon 70,650 49,689 20,251 15,251 638 4,679 426 1,673 6,771 Louth 81,952 47,623 20,751 9,635 3,185 1,979 7,121 4,952 Mayo 94,854 63,480 25,380 23,862 919 669 2,085 10,565 Meath 108,717 64,081 28,786 17,452 2,727 2,337 6,042 6,737 Sligo-Leitrim 70,460 48,971 19,086 13,059 2,429 5,001 9,396 N ,.j:::.. Tipperary North 59,427 40,966 17,475 6,108 5,537 1,446 10,400 (JJ Tipperary South 56,092 36,666 14,121 8,997 3,353 1,210 8,985 73,725 46,563 21,576 10,003 6,219 2,137 1,361 2,955 2,312 Westmeath 56,054 34,421 14,336 9,363 8,967 1,185 570 94,586 60,423 24,226 15,552 7,995 4,964 7,686 Wicklow 89,797 54,560 17,049 8,704 16,153 3,208 1,527 7,919

Connacht-Ulster 592,428 394,857 162,841 108,373 10,930 12,921 5,410 31,638 62,744 Dublin 806,997 454,091 168,623 65,643 67,627 32,219 36,501 40,450 43,028 Rest of Leinster 741,998 450,780 197,525 100,149 61,725 16,894 16,187 25,517 32,783 Munster 860,750 558,174 241,759 143,454 59,848 11,594 13,372 23,415 64,732

Ireland 3,002,173 1,857,902 770,748 417,619 200,130 73,628 71,470 121,020 203,287

Note: In this and all subsequent tables, Longford-Roscommon is included in provincial totals for Connacht-Ulster. In this and all subsequent tables 'Others' includes the Socialist Party (14,896 votes), the Christian Solidarity Party (4,741 votes), the Workers' Party (4,012 votes), and the Socialist Workers Party (3,333 votes), along with independents (176,305 votes). Appendix 1 249

Table Al.2 Turnout and percentage votes for each party Fianna Fine Prog. Green Sinn Constituency Turnout Fail Gael Labour Dems. Party Fein Others Carlow-Kilkenny 62.7 50.2 21.9 13.2 0.0 8.2 3.4 3.2 Cavan-Monaghan 70.6 34.9 25.2 0.9 1.8 1.8 17.5 17.9 Clare 61.9 45.4 25.5 3.5 0.0 5.8 0.0 19.9 Cork East 63.0 41.3 29.1 21.0 0.0 2.5 5.7 0.4 Cork North-Central 57.1 41.5 20.4 11.8 6.9 2.6 6.3 10.6 Cork North-West 72.3 50.1 42.1 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Cork South-Central 61.6 48.6 19.4 5.9 0.0 9.0 3.7 13.4 Cork South-West 69.5 39.5 32.3 9.1 0.0 0.0 5.9 13.2 Donegal North-East 62.4 49.4 21.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 9.9 16.8 Donegal South-West 65.0 42.1 25.4 3.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 18.7 Dublin Central 54.7 39.6 11.1 12.2 0.0 4.3 14.6 18.3 Dublin Mid-West 51.6 32.1 11.5 9.0 20.1 12.3 6.5 8.5 Dublin North 60.7 38.2 11.8 14.5 0.0 16.6 3.1 15.8 Dublin North-Central 61.1 50.0 17.0 10.5 0.0 5.7 5.7 11.0 Dublin North-East 56.3 40.1 15.4 16.2 4.2 5.6 10.2 8.2 Dublin North-West 54.9 47.5 8.0 16.8 0.0 2.3 18.3 7.1 Dublin South 59.7 36.6 19.8 9.5 15.0 9.4 3.9 5.7 Dublin South-Central 51.1 34.3 16.9 19.7 3.1 5.2 12.7 8.0 Dublin South-East 54.1 27.0 16.1 12.4 18.8 16.2 7.4 2.1 Dublin South-West 54.2 38.7 12.6 19.8 0.0 3.1 20.3 5.4 Dublin West 55.8 34.6 12.3 12.7 7.9 2.5 8.0 21.9 Dun Laoghaire 58.6 30.3 15.0 22.7 13.4 9.3 4.0 5.3 Galway East 67.1 46.8 31.5 0.0 0.0 2.1 3.7 15.9 Galway West 60.2 41.3 16.9 10.5 12.5 4.4 5.6 8.7 Kerry North 70.6 30.2 22.1 22.4 0.0 0.0 24.2 1.1 Kerry South 70.8 44.6 17.7 14.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.2 Kildare North 54.9 43.2 17.5 21.4 11.9 6.0 0.0 0.0 Kildare South 55.9 46.4 17.8 18.5 11.9 3.7 0.0 1.7 Laois-Offaly 66.3 51.3 23.0 2.5 14.4 0.8 4.1 3.8 Limerick East 62.0 39.9 27.8 9.3 9.8 1.8 0.0 11.4 Limerick West 66.2 53.4 41.6 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 2.3 Longford-Roscommon 70.3 40.8 30.7 1.3 9.4 0.9 3.4 13.6 Louth 58.1 43.6 20.2 6.7 0.0 4.2 15.0 10.4 Mayo 66.9 40.0 37.6 0.0 1.4 1.1 3.3 16.6 Meath 58.9 44.9 27.2 4.3 0.0 3.6 9.4 10.5 Sligo-Leitrim 69.5 39.0 26.7 5.0 0.0 0.0 10.2 19.2 Tipperary North 68.9 42.7 14.9 13.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 25.4 Tipperary South 65.4 38.5 24.5 9.1 0.0 0.0 3.3 24.5 Waterford 63.2 46.3 21.5 13.4 4.6 2.9 6.3 5.0 Westmeath 61.4 41.6 27.2 26.1 0.0 0.0 3.4 1.7 Wexford 63.9 40.1 25.7 13.2 0.0 0.0 8.2 12.7 Wicklow 60.8 31.2 16.0 29.6 0.0 5.9 2.8 14.5 Connacht-Ulster 66.7 41.2 27.4 2.8 3.3 1.4 8.0 15.9 Dublin 56.3 37.1 14.5 14.9 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.5 Rest of Leinster 60.8 43.8 22.2 13.7 3.7 3.6 5.7 7.3 Munster 64.8 43.3 25.7 10.7 2.1 2.4 4.2 11.6 61.9 41.5 22.5 10.8 4.0 3.8 6.5 10.9

Note: Turnout is defined as the valid vote expressed as a percentage of the electorate. Others: Socialist Party 0.8 per cent, Christian Solidarity Party 0.3 per cent, Workers' Party 0.2 per cent, Socialist Workers Party 0.2 per cent, independents 9.5 per cent. 250 How Ireland Voted 2002

Table Ai.3 Seats and candidates by party

Fianna Fine Prog. Green Sinn Constituency Total Fail Gael Labour Dems. Party Fein Others Carlow-Kilkenny 5-12* 3-3 1-2 1-3* 0-1 0-1 0-2 Cavan-Monaghan 5-14 2-3 1-3 0-1 0-1 0-1 1-1 1-4 Clare 4-10 2-3 1-3 0-1 0-1 1-2 Cork East 4-9 2-2 1-2 1-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 Cork North-Central 5-13 3-3 1-2 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-4 Cork North-West 3-6 2-2 1-2 0-1 0-1 Cork South-Central 5-12 3-3 1-2 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-4 Cork South-West 3-10 2-2 1-2 0-1 0-2 0-3 Donegal North-East 3-7 2-2 0-2 0-1 0-1 1-1 Donegal South-West 3-10 2-2 1-2 0-1 0-2 0-3 Dublin Central 4-10 2-2 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 1-4 Dublin Mid-West 3-13 1-2 0-2 0-1 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-5 Dublin North 4-12 2-3 0-2 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-4 Dublin North-Central 4-10 2-3 1-2 0-1 0-1 0-1 1-2 Dublin North-East 3-10 2-2 0-2 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-2 Dublin North-West 3-9 2-2 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-3 Dublin South 5-11 2-3 1-2 0-1 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-2 Dublin South-Central 5-15 2-3 1-2 1-2 0-1 0-1 1-1 0-5 Dublin South-East 4-11 1-2 0-2 1-1 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-3 Dublin South-West 4-10 2-2 0-1 1-2 0-1 1-1 0-3 Dublin West 3-9 1-2 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 1-2 Dun Laoghaire 5-17 2-2 0-3 1-2 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-7 Galway East 4-9 2-3 1-2 0-1 0-1 1-2 Galway West 5-17 2-3 1-3 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-2 0-4 Kerry North 3-7 1-2 1-1 0-1 1-1 0-2 Kerry South 3-8 1-2 0-2 1-1 1-3 Kildare North 3-6 1-2 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 Kildare South 3-8 2-2 0-2 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 Laois-Offaly 5-14 3-4 1-2 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-4 Limerick East 5-15 2-3 1-2 1-1 1-1 0-1 0-7 Limerick West 3-7 2-2 1-2 0-1 0-2 Longford-Roscommon 4-15 2-3 1-3 0-1 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-5 Louth 4-15 2-3 1-2 0-1 0-1 1-1 0-7 Mayo 5-14 2-4 2-4 0-1 0-1 0-1 1-3 Meath 5-14 3-3 2-3 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-5 Sligo-Leitrim 4-12 2-3 1-2 0-1 0-1 1-5 Tipperary North 3-6 2-2 0-1 0-1 1-1 Tipperary South 3-8 1-2 1-1 0-1 0-1 1-3 Waterford 4-14 2-3 1-2 1-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-5 Westmeath 3-8 1-2 1-2 1-1 0-1 0-2 Wexford 5-12 2-3 1-3 1-1 0-1 1-4 Wicklow 5-15 2-2 1-2 1-3 0-1 0-1 1-6 Connacht-Ulster (8) 33-98 16-23 8-21 1-6 2-6 0-5 1-10 5-27 Dublin (12) 47-137 21-28 3-21 9-15 4-7 5-12 2-12 3-42 Rest of Leinster (9) 38-104* 19-24 9-19 6-13* 1-3 0-7 1-7 2-31 Munster (13) 48-125 25-31 11-24 5-13 1-4 1-7 1-8 4-38 Ireland (42) 166-464* 81-106 31-85 21-47* 8-20 6-31 5-37 14-138

*Figures include Seamus Pattison (Labour), who as outgoing Ceann Comhairle was returned auto- matically for Carlow-Kilkenny. Note: Others: Socialist Party five candidates (one elected, in Dublin West); Christian Solidarity Party 23 candidates (none elected); the Workers' Party eight (none elected); Socialist Workers Party seven (none elected). There were 95 independent candidates, of whom 13 were elected. Appendix 2: Members of the 29th Dail

TableA2.1 Members of the 29th Dail

Firstpref. Date of First Times votes TD (Constituency) Party Occupation birth elected elected in 2002

Bertie Ahern (Dublin Central) FF Accountant Sep 1951 1977 9 10,882 (Louth) FF Solicitor Feb 1955 1987 5 9,603 Michael Ahern (Cork E) FF Accountant Jan 1949 F1982 7 8,340 (Dublin NW) FF Clerical officer Dec 1944 1992 3 6,912 Bernard Allen (Cork NC) FG Laboratory technologist Sep 1944 1981 8 5,458

N Barry Andrews (Dun Laoghaire) FF May 1967 2002 1 7,425 U1 ~ Sean Ardagh (Dublin SC) FF Accountant Nov 1947 1997 2 6,031 (Carlow-Kilkenny) FF Laboratory technician Sep 1952 1977 9 12,489 (Donegal NE) Ind Civil engineering technician Jan 1974 2002 1 6,124 (Cork SC) Grn Community youth worker Aug 1962 2002 1 4,952 Johnny Brady (Meath) FF Farmer Jan 1948 1997 2 8,493 (Dublin NE) FF Eircom executive May 1947 1997 2 5,304 James Breen (Clare) Ind Farmer May 1945 2002 1 9,721 Pat Breen (Clare) FG Farmer Mar 1957 2002 1 4,541 Seamus Brennan (Dublin S) FF Accountant Feb 1948 1981 8 9,326 Tommy Broughan (Dublin NE) Lab Teacher Aug 1947 1992 3 4,758 John Browne (Wexford) FF Salesman Aug 1948 N1982 6 9,150 (Meath) FG Farm owner May 1947 1969 11 7,617 (Dublin NC) FG Economist Mar 1953 F1982 7 5,159 (Dublin W) Lab Accountant, lecturer May 1950 1992 2 3,810 Joe Callanan (Galway E) FF Farmer Jan 1949 2002 1 7,898 (Dublin NC) FF Medical sales representative May 1958 1989 4 6,896 TableA2.1 continued

Firstpref. Date of First Times votes TD (Constituency) Party Occupation birth elected elected in 2002

Pat Carey (Dublin NW) FF Teacher Nov 1947 1997 2 5,523 John Carty (Mayo) FF Agricultural officer/farmer Aug 1950 2002 1 6,457 (Westmeath) FF Promoter Sep 1945 2002 1 7,892 Michael Collins (Limerick W) FF Hotel company director Nov 1940 1997 2 8,236 Paul Connaughton (Galway E) FG Livestock manager Iun 1944 1981 8 8,635 Paudge Connolly (Cavan-Monaghan) Ind Psychiatric nurse Sep 1953 2002 1 7,722 Beverley Cooper-Flynn (Mayo) FF Bank manager Iun 1966 1997 2 6,661 Joe Costello (Dublin Central) Lab Teacher Jul 1945 1992 2 4,136 Mary Coughlan (Donegal SW) FF Social worker May 1965 1987 5 7,257 N U1 Simon Coveney (Cork SC) FG Manager of family business Iun 1972 B-1998 2 5,183 N (Laois-Offaly) FF Solicitor Jan 1960 B-1984 6 12,529 Jerry Cowley (Mayo) Ind Medical doctor Nov 1952 2002 1 8,709 Seymour Crawford (Cavan-Monaghan) FG Farmer Iun 1944 1992 3 6,113 John Cregan (Limerick W) FF Eircom technician May 1961 2002 1 10,823 Sean Crowe (Dublin SW) SF Printing operative Mar 1957 2002 1 7,466 Ciaran Cuffe (Dun Laoghaire) Grn Architect, lecturer Apr 1963 2002 1 5,002 (Waterford) FF Chief executive of Federation Nov 1954 1987 4 8,529 of Transport Operators John Curran (Dublin Mid-West) FF Company director Iun 1960 2002 1 5,904 Noel Davern (Tipperary S) FF Farmer Dec 1945 1969 8 8,888 John Deasy (Waterford) FG Manager of legislative affairs Oct 1967 2002 1 7,204 for US company Jimmy Deenihan (Kerry N) FG Teacher Sep 1952 1987 5 8,652 (Meath) FF Career guidance counsellor Jan 1953 1987 5 11,534 Tony Dempsey (Wexford) FF Retired teacher May 1944 2002 1 7,520 John Dennehy (Cork SC) FF Engineering supervisor Mar 1940 1987 4 5,533 SHede Valera (Clare) FF Teacher Dec 1954 1977 5 7,755 Jimmy Devins (Sligo-Leitrim) FF Medical doctor Sep 1948 2002 1 6,307 Bernard Durkan (Kildare N) FG Agricultural contractor Mar 1945 1981 7 5,786 John Ellis (Sligo-Leitrim) FF Farmer May 1952 1981 7 6,434 Damien English (Meath) FG Student accountant Feb 1978 2002 1 5,958 (Laois-Offaly) FG Solicitor Jul 1974 2002 1 8,053 (Galway W) FF Teacher Iun 1951 F1982 6 7,226 Martin Ferris (Kerry N) SF Unemployed fisherman Mar 1952 2002 1 9,496 (Longford-Roscommon) FF Health board officer Sep 1947 2002 1 6,502 Dermot Fitzpatrick (Dublin Central) FF Medical doctor Apr 1940 1987 3 2,590 Sean Fleming (Laois-Offaly) FF Accountant, financial director Feb 1958 1997 2 7,091 of Fianna Fail Mildred Fox (Wicklow) Ind Hotel front office manager Iun 1971 B-1995 3 6,324 Pat 'the Cope' Gallagher (Donegal SW) FF Fish exporter Mar 1948 1981 7 7,740 N Eamon Gilmore (Dun Laoghaire) Lab Trade union official Apr 1955 1989 4 8,271 U1 w Jim Glennon (Dublin N) FF Chief exec Medisec Ireland Jul 1953 2002 1 5,892 (Dublin Mid-West) Grn Journalist Dec 1968 2002 1 3,508 (Dublin SE) Grn Director of language school Aug 1959 1997 2 5,264 Noel Grealish (Galway W) PD Company director Dec 1965 2002 1 2,735 Tony Gregory (Dublin Central) Ind Teacher Dec 1947 F1982 7 5,664 (Dun Laoghaire) FF Teacher Iun 1959 1997 2 8,818 Marian Harkin (Sligo-Leitrim) Ind Teacher Nov 1953 2002 1 8,610 (Dublin Mid-West) PD Research worker Mar 1953 1981 8 5,706 Sean Haughey (Dublin NC) FF Public representative Nov 1961 1992 3 7,614 Tom Hayes (Tipperary S) FG Farmer Feb 1952 B-2001 2 8,997 Seamus Healy (Tipperary S) Ind Retired hospital administrator Aug 1950 B-2000 2 7,350 Jackie Healy-Rae (Kerry S) Ind Publican, farmer Mar 1931 1997 2 6,229 Joe Higgins (Dublin W) Soc Teacher May 1949 1997 2 6,442 Michael D. Higgins (Galway W) Lab University lecturer Apr 1941 1981 7 5,213 Maire Hoctor (Tipperary N) FF Teacher Jan 1963 2002 1 8,949 TableA2.1 continued

Firstpref. Date of First Times votes TD (Constituency) Party Occupation birth elected elected in 2002

Phil Hogan (Carlow-Kilkenny) FG Insurance broker, auctioneer Jul 1960 1989 4 7,841 (Wexford) Lab Teacher May 1956 1987 5 7,995 Joe Jacob (Wicklow) FF Publican, distribution manager Apr 1939 1987 5 7,836 (Donegal NE) FF Music teacher Nov 1968 B-1996 3 8,340 Paul Kehoe (Wexford) FG Sales representative Jan 1973 2002 1 7,048 (Cork NC) FF Farmer Jan 1968 1997 2 5,801 Peter Kelly (Longford-Roscommon) FF Funeral director, retired publican Aug 1944 2002 1 7,319 (Mayo) FG Teacher Apr 1951 B-1975 10 5,834 (Clare) FF Teacher Iun 1952 1992 3 8,130 N U1 Seamus Kirk (Louth) FF Farmer Apr 1945 N1982 6 6,495 ,.j:::.. (Dublin S) FF Teacher Jul 1952 1987 5 7,744 Brian Lenihan (Dublin W) FF Barrister May 1959 B-1996 3 8,086 (Dublin SW) FF Journalist, programme manager Mar 1963 1997 2 7,080 with Esat Digifone (Tipperary N) Ind Company director Mar 1954 1987 5 10,400 Kathleen Lynch (Cork NC) Lab Homemaker Iun 1953 B-1994 2 5,313 Padraic McCormack (Galway W) FG Auctioneer May 1942 1989 4 4,760 Charlie McCreevy (Kildare N) FF Accountant Sep 1949 1977 9 9,082 James McDaid (Donegal NE) FF Medical doctor Oct 1949 1989 4 9,614 Michael McDowell (Dublin SE) PD Barrister May 1951 1987 3 6,093 Tom McEllistrim (Kerry N) FF Teacher Oct 1968 2002 1 7,884 Dinny McGinley (Donegal SW) FG Principal teacher Apr 1945 F1982 7 4,378 Finian McGrath (Dublin NC) Ind Teacher Apr 1953 2002 1 3,781 Paul McGrath (Westmeath) FG Teacher Feb 1948 1989 4 5,570 John McGuinness (Carlow-Kilkenny) FF Transport company director Mar 1955 1997 2 9,343 Paddy McHugh (Galway E) Ind Architect Jan 1953 2002 1 7,786 Liz McManus (Wicklow) Lab Writer Mar 1947 1992 3 7,595 Micheal Martin (Cork SC) FF Teacher Aug 1960 1989 4 14,742 (Dublin SC) FG Accountant Dec 1951 1981 8 5,444 Olivia Mitchell (Dublin S) FG Teacher Jul 1947 1997 2 5,568 John Moloney (Laois-Offaly) FF Undertaker, publican Iun 1953 1997 2 8,093 Arthur Morgan (Louth) SF Company director Jul 1954 2002 1 7,121 Donal Moynihan (Cork NW) FF Farmer Oct 1941 N1982 5 8,893 Michael Moynihan (Cork NW) FF Farmer Jan 1968 1997 2 10,540 Breeda Moynihan-Cronin (Kerry S) Lab Bank official Mar 1953 1992 3 5,307 Michael Mulcahy (Dublin SC) FF Barrister Iun 1960 2002 1 4,990 Gerard Murphy (Cork NW) FG Postmaster/shopowner Mar 1951 2002 1 8,548 (Longford-Roscommon) FG Research scientist Iun 1972 1997 2 6,660 (Limerick W) FG Personnel manager Dec 1946 1997 2 7,446 M. J. Nolan (Carlow-Kilkenny) FF Director of chocolate company Jan 1951 N1982 5 8,711 N Michael Noonan (Limerick E) FG Teacher May 1943 1981 8 9,451 U1 U1 Caoimhghin 6 Caolain (Cavan-Monghn) SF Bank official Sep 1953 1997 2 10,832 Charlie 0'Connor (Dublin SW) FF Press officer with National Apr 1946 2002 1 7,155 Youth Federation Eamon 6 Cuiv (Galway W) FF Cooperative manager Iun 1950 1992 3 9,947 Willie O'Dea (Limerick E) FF Accountant Nov 1952 F1982 7 13,174 Liz O'Donnell (Dublin S) PD Lawyer Jul 1956 1992 3 8,288 John O'Donoghue (Kerry S) FF Solicitor May 1956 1987 5 9,445 Denis O'Donovan (Cork SW) FF Solicitor Jul 1955 2002 1 7,695 Fergus O'Dowd (Louth) FG Teacher Sep 1948 2002 1 5,505 Sean 6 Fearghail (Kildare S) FF Farmer Apr 1960 2002 1 7,370 Noel O'Flynn (Cork NC) FF Company director Dec 1951 1997 2 7,387 Rory O'Hanlon (Cavan-Monaghan) FF Medical doctor Feb 1934 1977 9 7,204 Batt O'Keeffe (Cork SC) FF Lecturer Apr 1945 1987 5 6,556 Jim O'Keeffe (Cork SW) FG Solicitor Mar 1941 1977 9 6,358 Ned O'Keeffe (Cork E) FF Company director, farmer Aug 1942 N1982 6 10,574 TableA2.1 continued

Firstpref. Date of First Times votes TD (Constituency) Party Occupation birth elected elected in 2002

Fiona O'Malley (Dun Laoghaire) PD Personal assistant Jan 1968 2002 1 7,166 Tim O'Malley (Limerick E) PD Pharmacist Jul 1944 2002 1 4,885 Brian O'Shea (Waterford) Lab Teacher Dec 1944 1989 4 6,219 Aengus 6 Snodaigh (Dublin SC) SF Teacher Jul 1964 2002 1 5,591 Jan O'Sullivan (Limerick E) Lab Pre-school teacher Dec 1950 B-1998 2 4,629 (Laois-Offaly) PD Farmer Aug 1953 2002 1 9,088 Seamus Pattison (Carlow-Kilkenny) Lab Trade union official Apr 1936 1961 13 Willie Penrose (Westmeath) Lab Barrister Aug 1956 1992 3 8,967 John Perry (Sligo-Leitrim) FG Businessman Aug 1956 1997 2 6,897 N Peter Power (Limerick E) FF Solicitor Jan 1966 2002 1 3,881 U1 0\ Sean Power (Kildare S) FF Bookmaker Oct 1960 1989 4 7,782 (Dublin SE) Lab Architect Apr 1946 1977 8 4,032 Pat Rabbitte (Dublin SW) Lab Trade union official May 1949 1989 4 6,314 Michael Ring (Mayo) FG Auctioneer Dec 1953 B-1994 3 9,880 (Wicklow) FF University lecturer Mar 1947 1987 4 9,213 (Dublin S) Grn Tour operator Jul 1963 2002 1 5,222 Eoin Ryan (Dublin SE) FF Businessman Feb 1953 1992 3 5,318 Sean Ryan (Dublin N) Lab Production controller Jan 1943 1989 4 6,359 (Dublin N) Grn Teacher Jul 1960 1992 3 7,294 Mae Sexton (Longford-Roscommon) PD Secretary Apr 1955 2002 1 4,679 (Cork E) Lab Sugar company worker Dec 1935 1981 5 4,792 Raisin Shortall (Dublin NW) Lab Teacher Apr 1954 1992 3 4,391 Brendan Smith (Cavan-Monaghan) FF Advisor to government minister Iun 1956 1992 3 10,679 Michael Smith (Tipperary N) FF Farmer Nov 1940 1969 8 8,526 (Kildare N) Lab Laboratory technologist Oct 1944 1987 5 7,051 David Stanton (Cork E) FG Teacher Feb 1957 1997 2 6,269 Billy Timmins (Wicklow) FG Army officer Oct 1959 1997 2 7,372 (Galway E) FF Auctioneer Dec 1952 B-1982 7 7,765 (Wexford) Ind Medical doctor Apr 1967 2002 1 5,815 Mary Upton (Dublin SC) Lab Lecturer May 1946 B-1999 2 4,520 (Kildare S) Lab Electrician Jul 1945 1997 2 6,043 Dan Wallace (Cork NC) FF Customs clerk Iun 1942 N1982 6 5,537 Mary Wallace (Meath) FF Personnel executive Iun 1959 1989 4 8,759 Joe Walsh (Cork SW) FF Dairy manager May 1943 1977 8 7,187 Ollie Wilkinson (Waterford) FF Farmer Oct 1944 2002 1 7,312 Michael J. Woods (Dublin NE) FF Horticulturalist Dec 1935 1977 9 6,457 G.V. Wright (Dublin N) FF Small retail businessman Aug 1947 1987 3 5,658

Notes: Most TDs are full-time public representatives. For such TDs, the occupations given here are those previously followed. Seamus Pattison was returned automatically as outgoing Ceann Comhairle. There were two general elections in 1982, in February (F) and November (N). B- indicates that deputy was first elected at a by-election. Appendix 3: The Government and Ministers of State

The government

The Fianna Fail-Progressive Democrat government was approved by the Dail on 6 June 2002. was re-elected as by 93 votes (comprising 80 Fianna Fail, 8 and 5 independent TDs) to 68. The government subsequently appointed was:

Bertie Ahern (FF) Taoiseach Mary Harney (PD) Tanaiste, and Minister for Enterprise, Trade, and Employment Dermot Ahern (FF) Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources Seamus Brennan (FF) Minister for Transport Mary Coughlan (FF) Minister for Social and Family Affairs Brian Cowen (FF) Minister for Foreign Affairs Martin Cullen (FF) Minister for Environment and Local Government Noel Dempsey (FF) Minister for Education and Science Micheal Martin (FF) Minister for Health and Children Charlie McCreevy (FF) Minister for Finance Michael McDowell (PD) Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform Eamon 6 Cuiv (FF) Minister for Community, Rural, and Gaeltacht Affairs John O'Donoghue (FF) Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism Michael Smith (FF) Minister for Defence Joe Walsh (FF) Minister for Agriculture and Food (Rory Brady SC Attorney General)

Ministers of state, their departments, and special areas of responsibility Mary Hanafin (FF) Taoiseach (government chief whip; the information society); Defence Michael Ahern (FF) Enterprise, Trade, and Employment (trade and commerce) Noel Ahern (FF) Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs (drugs strategy and community affairs); Environment and Local Government (housing and urban renewal) Liam Aylward (FF) Agriculture and Food (animal health/welfare and customer service) John Browne (FF) Communications, Marine and Natural Resources Ivor Callely (FF) Health and Children (services for older people) SHede Valera (FF) Education and Science (adult education, youth affairs and educational disadvantage) Frank Fahey (FF) Enterprise, Trade, and Employment (labour affairs, including training) Pat 'The Cope' Gallagher (FF) Environment and Local Government Tom Kitt (FF) Foreign Affairs (overseas development and human rights)

258 Appendix 3 259

Brian Lenihan (FF) Health and Children; Justice, Equality and Law Reform; Education and Science (children) Jim McDaid (FF) Transport (road traffic, including road haulage) Willie O'Dea (FF) Justice, Equality and Law Reform (equality issues, including disability issues) Tim O'Malley (PD) Health and Children (disability, mental health services and food safety) Tom Parlon (PD) Finance (Office for Public Works) Dick Roche (FF) Taoiseach, Foreign Affairs (European affairs) Noel Treacy (FF) Agriculture and Food (food and horticulture) Appendix 4: The Electoral System

Ireland uses the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV) at parliamentary, local, and elections (the president, too is elected by the single transferable vote). In 2002 166 TDs were elected to Dail Eireann from 42 constituencies each returning either three, four or five deputies. PR-STV has been in force in Ireland since 1922; elsewhere, only Malta employs it to elect the lower house of parliament, but it is also used to elect certain other bodies, such as the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Australian Senate. STYdiffers from other forms of PR in that it focuses on the candidate, rather than parties. It operates on the simple logic of voters ranking candidates according to their preference. On the ballot paper, voters indicate their first choice by writing the number '1' next to a candidate's name. This is sufficient to cast a valid vote, but they can also express their lower choices by writing 2,3,4, etc. beside their next preferred candidates' names. The list of preferences functions in the sense that should a voter's first preference be not sufficient or not necessary to get their desired candidate elected, their vote can be transferred to assist their next preferred candidate. This highlights the fact that even though one may award as many preferences as there are candidates, each voter still only has one vote, which may be transferred so as to minimise the number of 'wasted' votes. Allvalid ballot papers are counted to establish the electoral quota. The count revolves around the quota, which is why this measure is employed in chapter 5. Known as the Droop quota, this figure represents the minimum number of votes that absolutely guarantees election. It is calculated by dividing the total valid votes by one more than the number of seats to be filled, and adding one, disregarding any fraction. For example, if there were 40,000 valid votes cast in a four-seat constituency, the quota would be 40,000/(4 + 1) plus 1, i.e. 8,001 votes. No more than four candidates could possibly attain this figure, and thus any candidate doing so is deemed elected. First preferences alone do not determine the outcome of the election. Except in the highly unlikely event of all the seats being filled by the requisite number of candidates attaining the quota on first preferences, the counting process now consists of a series of 'counts' or stages, each involving the elimination of the lowest-placed candidate or the distribution of the 'surplus' votes (those over and above the quota) of a candidate whose total exceeds the quota. In 2002, the shortest counts were in Kerry North, Tipperary South and Westmeath (just three counts each) and the longest was in Galway West (16 counts). If a candidate receives more votes than the quota, their surplus votes are transferred to other candidates in proportion according to the next preference marked on the ballot paper. If the voter does not express a further preference, their vote is discarded, with only transferable votes being examined. It is here that the counting operation becomes complex. The surplus ballot papers examined are those from the last sub• parcel of votes received. On the second count this would comprise the entire batch of votes received on the first count, but at all subsequent counts, only those from the last sub-parcel are examined. For example, if candidate Awas elected on the first count with 9,001 votes, thus being 1,000 votes over the quota, all of the 9,001 votes would be examined for their next available preference. If 20 per cent of the transferable vote in the original 9,001 contained a second preference for candidate B, 20 per cent of the surplus 1,000 (Le. 200) would be distributed to candidate B. Ballot papers are physically

260 Appendix 4 261 transferred, being those last filed in the sub-parcel, a method that is quasi-random rather than truly random and hence has the potential to affect the results. (For this reason, the counting of votes in the Seanad panel elections, where the number of votes is much smaller, is slightly different: all the ballot papers are transferred according to the calculated fraction of their value to avoid any risk of selection bias. This is known as the Gregory method.) For any candidate who reaches the surplus on the second or a later count, only the parcel of votes that took them above the quota is examined; the distribution of the surplus takes place according to the same rules. At the end of each count, if no candidate has reached the quota and there are no surpluses to distribute, the candidate with the lowest vote is eliminated, their votes being transferred to the next available preference stated on their ballot paper. Next available means that when the next preferred candidate cannot receive a vote because they have already been elected or eliminated, the vote is transferred to the next candidate. The returning officer can quicken the counting process - at the cost of transparency - by eliminating more than one candidate at a time if their combined vote is less than the vote of the next lowest candidate. This ensures that multiple elimination cannot alter the result of the election. For example, in the constituency of Mayo at the 2002 general election, the candidates with the four lowest votes after the first count were (reading the lowest first) King, Crowley, Heffron, and Holmes. King, Crowley, and Heffron were all eliminated after this count, because even if all of King and Crowley's transfers went to Heffron, he would still trail behind Holmes, and would thus be the next to be eliminated. Counting continues until all the seats have been filled. This occurs when a sufficient number of candidates have reached the quota, or if the number of candidates left is one greater than the number of seats to be filled and there are no further surpluses to distribute, at which stage all bar the candidate with the fewest votes are deemed elected.

Further reading

Richard Sinnott, 'The electoral system', pp. 99-127 in John Coakley and Michael Gallagher (eds), Politics in theRepublic o(Ireland, 3rd edn (London: Routledge and PSAI Press, 1999). Appendix 5: Regulation of Campaign Spending

The 2002 general election was the first at which candidates were subject to campaign finance regulation. Following the revelations and allegations of corruption in political life that sparked off the McCracken, Moriarty, Flood and other tribunals (see chapter 1), a series of laws was introduced to ensure transparency and accountability in the rela• tionships between politicians, parties and individuals who support them, financially or otherwise. The legislation also sought to limit expenditure at elections so as to lessen the role of monies in influencing electoral outcomes and to ensure a level of equity between competing groups and parties. The Electoral Act 1997, and the Electoral (Amendment) Acts of 1998, 2001, and 2002 provided the necessary legislation. The 1997 Act did not come into force until January 1998, so none of the acts had applied to the previous (1997) election. The Standards in Public Office Commission (hereafter referred to as the Commission) is responsible for the enforcement and monitoring of the legislation. Established in December 2001 by the Standards in Public Office Act, it replaced the Public Offices Commission which had been in place since the Ethics in Public Office Act 1995. The current Commission of six members comprises a judge (its chairman), the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Ombudsman, the Clerks of the Dail and Seanad, and a former TD. They scrutinise election spending in a variety of ways, including making visits to constituencies, inspecting campaign premises, and collecting samples of election material. The electoral legislation has significant implications for the electoral process. Once a candidate receives a monetary donation in excess of €126.97 they must open and maintain an account solely for donations (the legislation usually stipulated round figures in Irish pounds, which were subsequently converted into ). All donations (this refers to any contribution given for political purposes by any person) in excess of €634.87 must be disclosed. The maximum donation that a candidate may accept from any donor is an aggregate sum of €2,539.48 during a calendar year. The limit for parties is €6,348.69 from one person in a year. Anonymous donations in excess of €126.97 and donations of any value from non-Irish citizens resident outside the island of Ireland must be refused. Unsuccessful candidates must disclose all election donations received in excess of €634.87 within 56 days after polling day. Successful candidates must include their election donations in an annual disclosure of donations not later than 31 January the following year. In terms of expenditure, candidates are limited to spending €25,394.76 in a three• seat constituency, €31, 743.45 in a four-seater, and €38,092.14 in a five-seat constituency. Parties are not authorised to incur any expenses, but candidates may assign a proportion of their spending limit to their party for its election campaign. Candidates are under no legal obligation to assign any of their entitlement to their party, and it could thus be possible for a party to be unable to incur any expenses if all of its candidates refused to assign any of their spending limits to the party. Such a scenario does not occur in practice, given the conventions of party discipline and loyalty. Based on the number of candidates each party ran in each constituency, it is possible to calculate the maximum a party and its candidates could spend during the 2002 election period. Fianna Fail's limit (rounding to the nearest ) was €3,428,293,

262 Appendix 5 263

Fine Gael €2,755,331, Labour €1,479,245, Progressive Democrats €666,612, the €1,022, 139, and Sinn Fein €1, 187,205. These limits include spending by bodies connected to, or even just associated with, a party, as well as expenditure by ad hoc bodies promoting a party during the election. These requirements oblige national agents and candidates' own election agents to monitor strictly all forms of spending designed to promote their party or candidate. An important factor to bear in mind is that such expenditure limits refer only to expenses incurred for political purposes during the election period. This period is from when the Dail is dissolved to polling day, inclusive of both days. Expenditure before or after this period (provided it is not in relation to goods or services used during the election period) is not subject to the limits imposed by the electoral legislation, thus benefiting larger parties (who typically have greater financial resources) who can afford to spend extra monies before the election is called. There are severe restrictions on the capability of anyone wishing to incur expenditure on behalf of a party or a candidate. Expenditure during the election period for a candidate may be made only by an appointed election agent. Similarly, only a national agent may incur expenditure on behalf of a party. It is an offence for anyone other than these agents, even a candidate, to incur expenses or even to receive donations on behalf of a candidate or party, other than for living expenses. However, the election agents and national agents can authorise persons to spend on their behalf. Similarly, a third party with no connections to a party or candidate may incur expenditure promoting a party or candidate provided they have gained authorisation from the Commission. Each election agent and national agent is required to return within 56 days after polling day an Election Expenses Statement and Statutory Declaration Form, detailing all expenses incurred and payments made on behalf of the candidate. They must also confirm the portion of the candidate's spending limit assigned to the party and the persons authorised to spend on the agent's behalf, and they must include all invoices or receipts for expenses in excess of €126.97. Election expenses refer only to expenses or donations for electoral purposes incurred in the provision of property, goods or services used during the election period. The Electoral Act 1997 stipulates that such expenses are only those listed under the following eight categories: advertising, publicity, election posters, other election material, office and stationery, transport and travel, market research, and for campaign workers. An exception to the general rule is that the costs of an opinion poll or other form of survey conducted within 60 days of polling day must be included as an election expense. However, some items are not listed as election expenses or donations, thus not being subject to the provisions of the electoral legislation. These include a spending of up to €20 per person per day for living expenses for the candidates and their volunteers, free postal service for candidates, any service paid for by public funds by virtue of the candidate being a public repre• sentative (e.g. TD, senator, MEP, councillor, etc.), and the transmission of political broadcasts on the television and radio. The exemption from the list of expenses of free facilities available to TDs and Senators led to a High Court challenge by Des Kelly, a Fianna Fail candidate in Dublin Mid-West, that the legislation provided an unfair and unconstitutional advantage to incumbents. The court ruled in Kelly's favour, and the deadline for submitting details of expenditure was extended until late December 2002. An appeal by the government against the High Court judgment was turned down by the Supreme Court on 29 November, and there was speculation that some defeated candidates who were not Oireachtas members at the time of the election might mount a challenge to the validity of their constituency result. 264 How Ireland Voted 2002

Candidates are entitled to apply for reimbursement of a portion of their election expenses, provided they have been elected or their vote at any stage of the count exceeded one-quarter of the quota necessary for election - 25 per cent of the quota is approximately 4.2 per cent of the vote in a five-seat constituency, 5 per cent in a four• seat constituency, and 6.2 per cent in a three-seat constituency. The maximum amount with which candidates can be reimbursed is the lesser of €6,348.60 or their total election expenditure. Finally, there are penalties for those in breach of the legislation. Candidates failing to provide a Donation Statement or Statutory Declaration within the deadline, knowingly accepting a prohibited donation, or failing to notify the Commission of such donations can be fined up to €1,269.74. Knowingly providing a false or misleading Donation Statement or Statutory Declaration carries a fine of up to €25,394.67 and/or up to three years' imprisonment. National and election agents exceeding their expenditure limits are liable for a fine of up to €1,269. 74. Those who knowingly provide false or misleading Election Expenses Statements are liable for a fine of up to €25,394.76 and/or up to three years' imprisonment. Anyone who incurs expenses for political purposes without authorisation from an election agent, national agent, and/or the Commission can be subject to a fine of up to €1,269.74.

Reference

Standards in Public Office Commission, Guidelines (or the General Election to the Twenty Ninth Dail to be held in 2002 (Dublin: Standards in Public Office Commission, 2002); available at www.irlgov.ie/poc Appendix 6: Electronic Voting

At the 2002 general election, electronic voting (e-voting) was used for the first time at Irish public elections. In February 2000 the Irish government decided upon the introduction of electronic voting and counting at elections. Following an invitation for tenders to run e-voting, the Nedap/Powervote system, which had already been used in the Netherlands and Germany, was selected. Three constituencies - Dublin North, Dublin West and Meath - were chosen to pilot e-voting at the 2002 general election; the declared aim was to have it in widespread use for the 2004 local and European Parliament elections. Three main benefits of e-voting were outlined by the government: improvements in electoral administration, earlier and more accurate results, and easier voting for the public. The main practical change accruing is the end of the marathon counts: final results can be provided within hours of the end of polling, with the need for recounts resulting from human error being eliminated. At present the counting process can take a long time; counting does not begin until the morning of the day after voting, and several constituencies do not complete their counting until the afternoon of the day after that. If there is a close finish and recounts are called for, it may be a week before a definitive result is reached. Spoilt votes will also be a thing of the past, with voters being unable to tamper with their vote. In addition, it was argued that the new system would bring the electoral process into the twenty-first century and would enhance the positive image of Ireland in relation to the information society. Critics argued that e-voting would lead to a loss of transparency in the electoral process; that the existing lengthy counting process, which receives blanket coverage on radio and television, serves the function of capturing the public's attention and humanising the political process, a benefit that should not be jettisoned at a time of declining turnout and general interest in the conventional political process; that the saving of a couple of days in obtaining the results, in the context of a Dail that would run for five years, was inconsequential; and that since hardly anyone outside Ireland knew or cared how the votes were counted in the country the arguments about the country's international image were irrelevant. There were initial fears that some, especially the computer illiterate, might experience confusion when attempting to vote, but these proved to be largely unfounded. The government provided an information leaflet to every elector in the three constituen• cies, and a travelling roadshow was also conducted to familiarise voters with the new voting machines. The actual procedure of voting changed very little, with the pencil simply being replaced by one's finger. The notion of ballot boxes was retained, with each one being replaced by a voting machine; voters faced a large screen on the machine similar to a ballot sheet, expressing their preferences by pressing a button beside each candidate. There were very few complaints about the new system, with most people impressed by the new facility. Each voting machine - which is entirely 'stand-alone', so there is no system into which anyone could hack - contained a module, and at the close of voting the modules were brought to the central counting centre in the constituency. Here the software package was able to provide a detailed final result. This emerged soon after the last module had been inserted into the central computer, but it took longer to bring all the modules to the centre than expected. Consequently, with voting having ended at 10.30 p.m. on 17 May, final results had been expected by midnight, but in the event

265 266 How Ireland Voted 2002 they were not available until after 2 a.m. There were many complaints about the way the results were announced, with some defeated candidates being, in effect, publicly humiliated; the incoming Minister for the Environment, Martin Cullen, stated three months later that this aspect had been 'pretty disastrous'. The method of making known the results will undoubtedly be considered more carefully in future. Because e-voting was employed in 2002 alongside the operation of manual counts in the other 39 constituencies, it had to operate according to the same rules, with the same quasi-random selection of specific ballot papers to transfer when a surplus is distributed. When e-voting is introduced on a nationwide scale, the benefits of technology can be used to eliminate the random element in transferring surplus votes by means of the Gregory method (see Appendix 5 above). To maintain the secrecy of the ballot, there is no link between the votes recorded in each machine and the register of electors in each respective electoral area. Each vote is given a computer number, but these are recorded randomly by the ballot module. When the votes are fed into the computer at the count centre, they are randomised again. To further protect the secrecy of the ballot, no information for units below constituency level is provided. This was introduced to reassure the fears of the electorate that the government would be unable to access information regarding their vote, but it is a setback to political parties who can access this information for manually counted elections. Hitherto, 'tallymen' from all parties have been able, while watching the votes being checked and counted, to record the strength of each candidate in each polling area of the constituency, information that is valued by the parties as it tells them where their organisation needs strengthening. However, if the full voting data are made available, as in 2002, it will be possible to analyse the preference orderings of all voters (see chapter 5 for a brief outline). In practice, e-voting worked smoothly and efficiently at the 2002 election. The results were not challenged nor a recount demanded (as is possible - the High Court can rule that the central computer provide a print-out of every vote cast, which can then be manually recounted - a scenario that would defeat the entire purpose of e-voting). If the system is introduced nationwide, the government estimates that the cost will be €32 million, most of which will be recouped within 20 years through savings on administration. E-voting worked in practice in Ireland because the system adopted was not one of the more advanced schemes tested in other countries. For example, in the 2002 local elections in the UK, voters at council elections in Liverpool and Sheffield had the option of voting via a fixed line phone, the internet, text messaging via a mobile phone, digital television and postal voting. It is interesting that an official British government report placed the use of electronic machines similar to Ireland's system last in a list of e-voting options, to be adopted for cautious voters who still wished to retain the tradition of polling stations and ballot boxes. Indeed such machines were considered only as a supplement to a more technologically advanced mainstream system of e-voting. The e-voting system in Ireland was adopted because it did not pose the threats to voter registration and secrecy which have proven to be the major fears regarding sophis• ticated e-systems, especially internet voting. However, it has failed in many ways to simplify the process of voting: voting queues, falling turnout, necessity to travel to polling stations were all still facts of electoral life at the three constituencies in 2002. Such problems can be overcome only by replacing voting at supervised locations with 'mobile' methods of e-voting, for example via the internet or mobile phones. However, no country practising e-voting at national elections has yet risked doing so outside Appendix 6 267 supervised venues. Until protection of voter identity and registration can be 100 per cent ensured, e-voting in Ireland will remain a limited system that cannot yet take advantage of the enormous advances made by information technology.

Reference

Department of Environment and Local Government, Making it Easier to Vote: electronic votingand counting, www.environ.ie/elections/vote/html Index

abortion 16, 24, 90, 112 Belton, Louis J. 171 Adams, Gerry xxix, 33, 34, 81, 129, 179 Bertie Bowl 18, 187, 218 age, of TDs 115; and vote choice 130-1; Bhreathnach, Niamh 66, 73 and turnout 148, 151, 152, 154, 155, Blais, Andre 157, 176 156; of ministers 223 Blaney, Harry 16 Agnew, Paddy 101 Blaneyite organisation 201, 206 Ahern, Bertie, calls 2002 election 1, 16, Blondel, Jean 158 21, 24, 183, 184; and inter-election Boland, Cathal10, 51-2 developments 3,4, 7,9, 11, 12,22, Borooah, Vani 246 120, 122-3; in campaign xx, xxiii, 17, Bowman, John 195 18-19, 24, 25, 27, 33, 61, 128-9, Boyhan,Vktor39, 71 134-6, 139, 140, 179, 184, 187, 191, Boyle, Dan 74-9, 99, 107 192, 218; and candidate selection 43, Bradford, Paul 61-5, 96 51; and vote management 110; re• Brady, Henry E. 158 elected Taoiseach xxxiv, 221; and Breen, James 48, 91, 102 government formation 214-17, Breen, Pat 40, 47 220-1, 222-4, 227, 228 Brennan, Seamus xxxi, 218, 222, 223 Ahern, Dermot 223, 224 Bresnihan, Valerie 209 Ahern, Michael 63, 64, 224 Briscoe, Ben 79 Ahern, Noel 224 Browne, Fergal 40 Allen, Mike xxi Browne, John (FF) 109 Amsterdam Treaty 8 Browne, John (FG) 40 Andrews, Annette 73 Bruton, John 3, 4, 9, 10, 14, 28, 33, 95, Andrews, Barry 72, 74 120,122,123,219,226,229 Andrews, David 3, 72 Bruton, Richard 117 Ansbacher accounts 11 Ansolabehere, Stephen 195 Burke, Paddy 208 Any, Andjar 166 Burke, Ray xvi, 3, 9 Arkins, Audrey 19 Burton, Joan xxxi, 65-70, 97 Attorney General 222 Business Men's Party 235 Austria 238, 239, 240, 241 by-elections 3, 8, 12, 14, 16, 75, 79, 91, 103, 158 Bacik, Ivana 209 Byrne, Eric 79 Bailey, John 51 Byrne, Hugh 107, 109 Banotti, Mary 4 Barnes, Monica 72 Caffrey, Ernie 48, 109 Barrett, Sean, economist, 209 Callely, Ivor xxiv, 117 Barrett, Sean, politician, 10, 51, 72 campaign spending limits 34-5, 262-4 Barry, Anthony 75 Campbell, Angus 157 Barry, Gerry 66 Canada 116 Behr, Roy 195 candidates, as election factor 125, 134, Belfast Agreement, seeGood Friday 163, 174 Agreement candidate selection 22-3, 25-6, 35, Belgium 238,239,241 37-56, 58, 66, 71, 100, 199-203

268 Index 269 canvassing 59,60, 62, 68, 69, 76, 77,81, Crowe, Sean xxix, 82, 101 82,85,178 Cuffe, Ciaran 100, 107 Carey, Donal 47, 49, 55 Cullen, Martin 222,223,266 Carney, Gemma 116 Cullen, Paul 20, 177 Ceann Comhairle 99, 111, 116 Cumann na nGaedheal 234 Celtic Snail 28, 29 Curtice, John 173, 174 5, 23, 28, 34 Charvet shirts 11 nan (28th), dissolution 1, 21, 24, 184; Childs, Robert 83 background of members 114; (29th) Christian Solidarity Party 102 background of members 113-15; Chubb, Basil 212 fragmentation 220, 234-5 church attendance 68, 136, 153, 154 Daly, Clare 102 Clann na Poblachta 217,237 D'Arcy, Michael 171 Clann na Talmhan 217 Davern, Noel 47, 48, 229 Clare Island xxvii Deasy, Austin 14, 40 class, and vote choice 130-2; and Deasy, John 40 turnout 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 155, death penalty 15, 20 156 de Burca, Deirdre 100 Clinton, Bill 177 Deenihan, Jimmy 107 Clune, Deirdre 75, 76, 78,96,208 Democratic Left 2,206,219; and merger Coakley, John 211, 212, 213, 245, 246 with Labour 4,8-9,31,39,44,45, 79, Coghlan, Paul 208 97,106,213,239,243 Collins, Stephen 66 Dempsey, Noel xxvii, 114,223 communism 239 Dempsey, Tony 109 Connolly, James xxi Denmark 163, 238, 241 Connolly, Paudge 102 Dennehy, John 75, 78 constitution 3, 8, 22, 88-9, 116, 198, deposit (electoral) 88-9, 90, 100, 116 209, 228 De Rossa, Proinsias 8,9, 13,31, 113 Converse, Philip E. 157, 174 de Valera, Eamon 100, 231, 243 Cooper-Flynn, Beverley 12,51, 109, de Valera, SHe 15, 222 187 Devins, Jimmy 49 corporatism 104, 209 Devitt, Anne 10 corruption 5, 10-11,262; as election disproportionality 110-11, 215, 233, issue 23, 29-30, 71-2, 127, 130, 245 133-6, 138, 139, 140, 186, 187, Donnelly, Sean 66 191-2,216,230; and turnout 145, Donsbach, Wolfgang 173, 176 147, 153, 154, 156; and Seanad Downs, Anthony 158 elections 212 Doyle, Avril 109 Cosgrave, Liam T. 10,51,55, 107 Droop quota 89-91, 108, 112, 116, Cosgrave, Michael Joe 10 263-4 Costello, Joe 97 drugs 34, 80,101,126,127,133,134, Costello, John A. 96 136, 141, 151, 152 Coughlan, Mary 48,222,223 dual mandate 74, 114 Coveney, Hugh 75 Dublin County Council 10, 11 Coveney, Simon 75, 78 Dukes, Alan xix, 95, 96, 237 Cowen, Brian 58, 61, 223 Dunlop, Frank 9, 10, 11, 67 Cowley, Jerry 102 Dunphy, Richard 10 Cox, Margaret 107 Durand, Claire 176 Creed, Michael 96, 110 Durkan, Bernard 110 Crosby, Tom 48, 171 Dwan, Bill 41 270 How Ireland Voted 2002 economy 4-7, 15, 17,23-4,35-6, 124-41 passim, 166; and opinion 119-20, 126-8, 133-4, 136, 137-8, polls 159-174 passim, 214, 226; and 186-7, 219, 230 Seanad election 200-13; and effective number of parties 220, 227, government formation 214-28,236; 234-5, 240, 241 meaning of name 238; in European Eircom 5, 17,29,230 Parliament 244 electoral system 96, 105, 110-13, 116, , history 2,231-3,239,240, 125, 145, 146, 194,201,211,215, 243, 245; in 1997-2002 period 10, 233, 260-1, 266 12-16, 120-1; leadership change 2001 electronic voting xxvii, 64, 70, 103, 106, 14; in election campaign 17, 18, 26, 158, 265-7 28-30, 31, 35, 36, 61-5, 86, 126, 192, Ellis, Des 101, 107 193, 263; selection of candidates Ellis, John 11, 49 38-55 passim, 72, 202; members' email 204, 209 attitudes 42-3, 50; election results, English, Damien 113 88-97, 105-8, 111-13, 115, 119, Enright, Olwyn xxxiii, 40, 45, 61, 114 155-6, 224-6, 233, 244; composition Enright, Tom 40 of support for 95, 124-41 passim; environment as election issue 126, 127, membership level 95; background of 133, 134, 138-41 deputies 114-15; and turnout 145; Esser, Frank 195, 196 and opinion polls 159-174 passim, European Investment Bank 12, 120 226; and Seanad election 200-13; and European Parliament 244; elections 13, government formation 219,220,221, 33,102,104,144,152,265 227,236,237; meaning of name 238; European Union 3, 8, 15, 33, 80, 104 in European Parliament 244 Evening Herald 179, 182, 184, 185, 188, Finland 238, 241 191, 192 Fitzgerald, Eithne 66, 107 Fitzgerald, Frances 96, 97, 107 Faeroe Islands 241 FitzGerald, Garret 29, 96, 192, 226 Fahey, Frank 222 Fitzgerald, Seamus 107 Fan, David 195 Fitzpatrick, Dermot 107, 108 farmers 1, 27, 40, 45, 114, 115, 131, 132, Flanagan, Charles 45,59,61,96 135, 194, 223 Fleming, Sean 57-61, 117, 172 Farmers' Party 235 Fleming, Tom 107 Farrant, Graham 173 Flood, Feargus 9 Farrell, Brian 118, 178, 195,226 Flood tribunal xvi, 3, 9-11,18,67,70 Farrell, David M. 56, 185-6, 195 Flynn, Padraig 12, 187 Ferris, Martin 82, 101 Foley, Denis 11-12 Fianna Fail, history 1-2, 100, 117, Foley, Norma 49 231-4,236,239-40, 243, 245; in Fox, Mildred xxiv, 16, 107, 110 government 1997-20022-16, 120-1; France 50, 163,238,241 in election campaign 16-17, 18, 19, 22-6, 34-5, 57-61, 177, 178, 193, Gallagher, Michael 20, 38, 42, 55, 56, 194, 262; and overall majority 25, 27, 117,118,142,212,226,227 28, 107, 115-16, 129, 139, 142, Gallagher, Pat the Cope 48 215-16, 227; selection of candidates Galligan, Yvonne 55, 56, 116, 118 22-3, 25-6, 38-55 passim, 58, 202; garda violence 183 election results 88-94, 105-8, 111, Garland, Roger 99 113, 115, 155-6, 224-5, 233; and dual Garry, John 19, 142 mandate 114; background of deputies Garvin, Thomas 212 114-15; composition of support for gender quotas 50, 199 Index 271 geographical factors within constituen• Harney, Mary, in campaign xxii, 26-8, cies 38,43,45,47,48-9,57-8,59-60, 179, 184,217,218; after election 62-3, 108, 109, 110, 170-1 xxix, 221; as Tanaiste xxxiv, 222; and Geraghty, Des 203 honesty 18, 187; and O'Flaherty affair Germany 238,239,240,241,265 120; popularity of 129; and ghost members 38, 53 government formation 227; selection Gildea, Tom 16, 48 of ministers 228 Gilland, Karin 20 Harrington, Tom 46,47,55 Gilmartin, Tom 12 Haughe~CharlesJ.~11, 12~21~21~ Gilmore, Eamon 73,117 218,222,227 Girvin, Brian 19, 20 Hayes, Brian 96 Gleeson, Michael 41 Hayes, Maurice 210 Glennon, Jim xxx H-Block campaign 101 globalism 242 health service 18, 23, 29, 32, 83-7, 102, Good Friday Agreement 7, 22, 120, 187, 126, 127, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138-41, 230, 236, 243 151, 152, 186, 187 Gordon, Ray 26 Healy, Seamus 12, 102 Gormley, John 99,220 Healy-Rae, Jackie 16, 107, 110, 113 government formation 17, 25, 26, 27, Heath, Anthony 158, 173, 174 30-1,32-3,62,64, 115, 129-30, Hedges, Barry 173 Heney, Deirdre xxiv, 40, 107, 117 134-5, 142, 151, 152, 181, 191, Henry, Mary 210 214-29, 234-8, 240-2 hepatitis CIS, 28 government satisfaction 12, 119-21 Hickey, Gerry 23 graduates 114-15, 198, 208-9 Higgins, Jim 96, 109, 170 Grealish, Noel 107 Higgins, Joe 66,69, 102 Greece 71, 110,240,241 Highton, Benjamin 158 Greenland 241 Hoctor, Maire 40, 46, 47 Green Party, in 1997-2002 period 13, Hogan, Phil 117 14, 15, 16; in election campaign xix, Holmes, Sherlock 98 xxii, 18, 33, 35, 64, 74-9, 186, 239, honesty, see corruption 263; selection of candidates 39, 41, Howlin, Brendan 41, 117 43, 44, 50, 100; election results xv, 90,92-4,99-100, 101, 107-8, 111, Iceland 241 119, 149, 155-6,233; composition of Immigration Control Platform 78 support for 99, 101, 124-41 passim; incinerators 33, 76, 85 membership level 100; background of independent candidates, as defectors deputies 113; and opinion polls 164, from a party 48; campaigning 169; and Seanad election 203, 204, methods 83-7; number of 89,90; 206,211; and government formation electoral support for 90, 102-3, 119, 219,220,221; in European 122, 124, 125, 131, 134, 140, 141, Parliament 244 155-6; and opinion polls 164, 165, Gregory, Tony 102 166,168,169,171,175; atSeanad group in nan 234, 235 election 201, 210, 211; historical Gueret, Maurice 209 record 233 Independent Fianna Fail 201 Hanlon, Tom 78 independent TDs 1, 2, 16, 102-3, 108, Hansen, John Mark 158 116,220,221,223-4,235 Hardiman, Niamh 19 individualisation 14, 28, 29 Harkin, Marian 102-3 inflation 6, 128 272 How Ireland Voted 2002

Institute for Democracy and Electoral formation 17, 30-1, 32-3, 62, 64, 97, Assistance (IDEA) 157 217, 219, 220, 221, 227, 237; in interest groups 15, 147, 199-201, 223 election campaign 17, 18,23,30-3, International Criminal Court 15, 20 35, 36, 65-70, 86-7, 186, 192, 243, internet 68-9, 106 263; selection of candidates 39-55 IRA (Irish Republican Army) 100 passim, 66, 203; election results 89, Irish Broadcasting Authority 189 90,92-4,97-8, 106-7, 111, 113, Irish Business and Employers' 155-6,224-5,228; background of Confederation 200 TDs 113-15; composition of support Irish Conference of Professional and for 124-41 passim; and opinion polls Service Associations 200 164, 165, 166, 169, 226; and Seanad Irish Congress of Trade Unions 200 election 200-13; in European Irish Election Study 140 Parliament 244 Irish Examiner 178, 179, 184, 188, 191, (Britain) 17, 23, 24, 25, 32, 192 177, 194 Irish Georgian Society 199, 200 land rezoning 3, 9-11, 67 Irish Independentxxv, 159, 178, 179, 184, late swing 164, 165, 171, 172-3 186,188,189,191,192,214 Laver, Michael 19, 116, 117, 118,212 Irish Sunday People 190, 191, 195 Lawlor, Liam 11 Irish Times 178, 179, 184, 185, 186, 189, Leahy, Angela 85 191, 192 Leahy, Pat 194, 195, 196 issues in election 17-19, 21-34 passim, Liberal Democrats (UK) 32 61, 69, 76, 80-1, 125-8, 133-41, 151 Licensed Vintners' Association 199 Italy 238, 239, 241 Lipset, Seymour Martin 158, 246 Iyengar, Shanto 195 Little, Mark 86 lobbying 223 Jackman, Mary 107 local government, elections 13-14, 31, Jones, Jack 162 33, 66, 101, 104, 143, 144, 152, 206, jowell, Roger 173 265; as route to Dail 40, 66, 71, 90, 113-14; and Seanad elections 198, Kehoe, Nicky 101, 107, 108 204 Kehoe, Paul 109 Loughnane, Ger 41 Kelly, Des 263 LovenduskLJoni56 Kelly, Greg 107 Lowry, Michael 10, 11,20 Kelly, Nicky 40, 45, 107, 203 Luxembourg 241 Kelly, Peter 42 Lynch, Kathleen 97 Kennedy, Fiachra 142 Lynn, Peter 173 Kennedy, Pat 48 Kenny, Enda xxx, xxxiv, 14,97, 109, McAleese, Mary xxxiv, xxxv, 1, 4, 24 208,226,229 McCarthy, Mick xvi, 228 Keogh, Helen 12, 51 McCole, Brigid 15, 28 Kiely, Dan 55 McCracken tribunal 11 Killaly, Gerard 58 McCreevy, Charlie 4, 14, 15,32,83, 192, King, Gary 142 223 Knight, Kathleen 56 McDaid, Jim 187, 192,222 McDonagh, Peter 23, 24 Laakso, Markku 227, 234, 235, 246 McDonagh, Rosaleen 209 Labour Party, history 2,88, 115,231-3, McDowell, Derek 98, 107,212-13 239, 245; in 1997-2002 period 3, 4, 8, McDowell, Michael, and European 9, 13, 16, 120-1; and government Union 15; and Bertie Bowl 18, 187, Index 273

218; and single-party government 21, Mitchell, Olivia 10 27-8, 3~ 73, 184, 21~ 22~r~oins Mitchell, Paul 19, 225, 226, 228 PDs 26, 72; loses seat 1997 99; Moffatt, Tom 109 becomes minister 222,223,228 Molloy, Bobby 17,27, 72,98 McDowell, Moore 191 Moloney, John 58, 59, 60, 61 McEllistrim, Tom 49 Monetary Reform 235 McGennis, Marian 202 money and politics 3,34-5,50-1,80, McGrath, Finian 102, 107 116,262-4 McGuinness, Martin 34 Montague, Pat 190, 195 McHugh, Declan 48 moratorium on media coverage 181 McHugh, Paddy 102 Morgan, Arthur 101, 107 McKenna, Patricia 77 Moriarty tribunal 10, 11-12, 70 Mackie, Thomas T. 228 Moynihan-Cronin, Breeda 107 Mackin, Martin 17, 23, 24, 194, 196,212 Mulherin, Michelle 48 McManus, Liz 46 Muller, Wolfgang C. 246 MacManus, Sean 101 Mulvihill, John 63, 64 MacSharry, Ray 22, 43 Murphy, Anna 71 Magill 18, 187 Murphy, Gary 19,20,213,227 Maguire, Alan 84 Murphy, Gerard 110 Mair, Peter 19, 118, 246 Mussolini, Benito 218, 227 Malone, Bernie 13 Malta 105 Nationalist Party 243 manifestos 17, 18, 19,24,27,29,32, National Lottery 60 186, 188, 191, 218 National University of Ireland 208-9 Manning, Maurice 202,211,212,213 Naughten, Denis xxi Mansergh, Lucy 19 Netherlands 238, 241, 265 Mansergh, Martin 48 News ofthe World 190, 191, 195 Mara, P.J. 17,22,23-4,25,35,36,193, Nice Treaty xvii, 15-16,20,24,33,80, 227 230 marginal constituencies 93, 96, 98, 111, Nic Giolla Choille, Una 56 116, 167 nominating bodies (Seanad election) Marsh, Michael 19, 20, 38, 42, 55, 56, 198-201, 207-8, 212 117, 141, 142, 158 nomination of candidates 89; see also Martin, Micheal 75, 76, 77, 78,83, 110, candidate selection 223 Noonan, Michael, becomes FG leader Maskey, Alex 81 14,28, 120; as FG leader xix, xx, xxi, Meaney, Brian 100 15,17,28-30,45,47,96,122,123, media and election 22, 30, 31, 32, 69, 128-9, 134-6, 139, 140, 179, 184, 71, 76-7, 80, 85, 86, 141, 145, 153, 187, 188, 189, 191, 226; resigns 154, 156, 157, 167, 171-2, 177-96; leadership 96-7 nature of media 178-9; pattern of Norris, David 210 campaign coverage 180-4, 188-9; Northern Ireland 3, 7-8, 101, 126, 127, agenda 184-8; treatment of parties 134, 136, 138, 139, 141,210,211, 189-92; and Seanad 211 230,236,242 metacommunication 177, 192-4 Northern Ireland Labour Party 243 Millbank 17,24, 194 Norway 238, 239, 240, 241, 246 Miller, Warren E. 157 Nugent, James 10, 51 ministers of state 228 Mitchell, Gay 117 O'Brien, Ronan 36 Mitchell, Jim xxiii, 14, 29, 31, 96 6 Brolchain, Niall 100 274 How Ireland Voted 2002

O'Byrnes, Stephen 26, 36 passports 3 O'Callaghan, Owen 11 Pattison, Seamus 116, 229 6 Caolain, Caoimhghin 100 Pedersen, Mogens 104, 117 O'Connell, Con 78 Penrose, Willie 97 O'Connor, Charlie xxxii personal campaigning 58, 105 6 Cuiv, Eamon 15, 16, 222, 223 planning tribunal, see Flood tribunal O'Dea, Willie 15, 224 Pokusa 166 6 Domnhaill, Brian 48 political culture 242-3 O'Donnell, Liz 12, 218-19, 227, 228 Portugal 240, 241 O'Donoghue, John 12, 223 presidential elections 143, 144; 1997 O'Flaherty, Hugh 12, 120 election 4; 1990 election 4 O'Halpin, Eunan 20, 226 programme for government xvi, 18, 228 O'Hanlon, Rory 10 Progressive Democrats (PDs), history 2, O'Keeffe, Batt 75 88, 233; inter-election developments O'Keeffe, Ned 12, 63, 64 4, 9, 12, 13, 16; in election campaign O'Kennedy, Michael 47 17-18, 21, 26-8, 35, 70-4, 129, 186, O'Mahony, Jane 20 187, 239, 263; selection of candidates O'Malley, Des xxxii, 27, 70, 71, 74, 113 39,40-1,42,44,45, 50, 71; election O'Malley, Eoin 157 results 88, 90, 92-5, 98-9, 101, 106-8, O'Malley, Fiona xxxii, 39, 70-4,99 111, 155-6, 225; composition of opinion polls, role of 22, 23, 25, 30, 36, support for 95, 124-41 passim; 58-9, 65, 171-2, 184, 186, 187, 191, background of deputies 114-15; and 214,217; accuracy of 159-76,215, opinion polls 164, 169,217; and 226, 227-8; local polls 58-9, 159, Seanad election 203,204,206,210; 166-73, 175 and government formation 216, O'Regan, Michael 73, 213 217-19,220,221,222,227,238,242; O'Rourke, Mary 65, 212, 222 in European Parliament 244 O'Shaughnessy, Jimmy 46 Prone, Terry 194 O'Shea, Mary 20 public finances 24, 29, 30, 186, 187-8, 6 Snodaigh, Aengus 79-83, 101, 107 191, 192, 194 O'Sullivan, Bernardine 209 Putnam, Robert D. 158 O'Sullivan, Jan 107 O'Sullivan, Mary-Clare 118 quality of life issues 17, 28-9, 126, 128, O'Sullivan, Toddy 75, 76 133, 135, 137, 138 O'Toole, Fintan 219 Queen's University Belfast 208 O'Toole, Joe 209 Quinn, Eamonn 173 Owen, Nora xxx, 10, 13, 52, 64 Quinn, Feargal 209 Quinn, Ruairi xxi, 4, 8, 9, 30, 33, 67-8, Parlon, Tom xxii, 27, 40, 45, 46, 58, 59, 69,97,107,129,219,227,228 61,71 Quirke, Sean 41 Partnership for Peace 15 quota; see Droop quota, gender quotas party leaders, and voting choice 122, quota sampling 160, 170, 174 123, 125, 128-9, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 153 Rabbitte, Pat xxxiii, 32, 117 party loyalists 122, 124-5 Rafter, Kevin 193, 195 party system, history 1, 2, 94-5, 115-16, rainbow coalition government 14, 141, 220,230-38; at 2002 election 115-16, 189,217,219,229 220, 230; future prospects 115-16, Ranney, Austin 37,55 226, 230, 242-5; comparative context Rawson, Stephen 36 238-42; cleavage structure 238 recounting of votes 74, 79-80,265 Index 275

Redmond, Thomas 89,116 149, 155-6, 233; composition of referendums 8, 15-16,20,22,24, 104, support for 101, 124-41 passim; and 144, 230 opinion polls 164, 166, 169; and Reilly, Joe 101 Seanad election 203, 204, 206, 211; Reinemann, Carsten 195 and government formation 220, 221; Reynolds, Albert 4, 113, 214, 216 role in party system 243 Reynolds, Gerry xix, 96 Sinnott, Kathy 74, 75-6, 78, 107,203, Ridge, Therese 10 206 Ring, Michael xxiii, 109-10, 170 Sinnott, Richard 117, 141, 142, 157, Robinson, Mary 4 158,245,246,261 Roche, Adi 4 sleaze, see corruption Rokkan, Stein 158, 246 Smith, Michael 46, 47, 223 Rose, Richard 228 Smyth, John McG 212 Rosenstone, Steven J. 158 Smyth, Sam 216, 228 Ross, Shane 210 Social and Political Attitudes survey 175 Royal Dublin Society 200 social capital 147, 153, 156, 157 Royal Irish Academy 200 Socialist Party 102 RTE(Radio Telefis Eireann) 28, 179, Socialist Workers Party 78, 102 180-1, 182, 183, 187-8, 189-90 social welfare 5 Ryan, Brendan 75, 78, 209 Spain 71, 240, 241 Ryan, Eamon 100, 107 Sparrow, Nick 174 Ryan, Sean xxx Spring, Dick xxxiii, 4, 65, 89, 98, 101, 107 Sadleir, Dick 9 Stanton, David 63, 64 sampling error 142, 160-1, 166, 168, Smr178, 179, 181, 184, 188, 191, 192 173 Stewart, Dave 85 Sargent, Trevor xix, xxx, 33, 77,99, 100, Stokes, Donald 157 117, 129, 179 Storey, Martin 41 Scallon, Dana Rosemary 13, 102 Strom, Kaare 246 Scanlon, Eamon 49,208 Sunday Mirror 191, 195 Scarrow, Susan 56 Supreme Court 12, 51 Schlozman, Kay Lehman 158 Svensson, Palle 158 Schuessler, Alexander A. 158 Swaddle, Keith 158, 174 SDLP (Social Democratic and Labour Sweden 238 Party) 101 Switzerland xvi, 238, 240, 241, 242, 246 Seanad Eireann, election of 197-213; powers 197; incentives to Taagepera, Rein 117, 227, 234, 235, 246 membership of 197; composition Tallaght strategy 237-8 197-8,211 tallying votes xxviii, 64, 70, 73, 74, 78, Sexton, Mae 98, 107, 114 266 Shatter, Alan 96, 107 Tanzania 65 Shepherd-Robinson, Laura 56 Taoiseach, as election factor 125, 128-9, Sherlock, Joe 63, 64, 97 133-6, 138, 139; and Seanad election Shortall, Raisin 107, 117 19~ 20~ 203, 210-11, 21~seea~o Sinn Fein, history 1, 2, 100, 233, 238, Bertie Ahern 242,243; in 1997-2002 period 13, 14, taxation 4-5, 6, 14, 18-19, 26, 27, 28, 15, 16; in election campaign 18, 33-4, 29,32,69,126,127 35, 79-83, 89, 239, 263; selection of taxi industry 17, 29 candidates 35,41; election results xv, Taylor-Quinn, Madeleine 47 90,92-4, 100-2, 106-8, 110-11, 119, teachers 209 276 How Ireland Voted 2002

Telecom Eireann, see Eircom Vachon, Sebastian 176 Terry, Sheila 208 Verba, Sidney 158 Tomz, Michael 142 vocationalism 198, 203, 204 trade unions 2, 200, 203 volatility 92, 104 Travelling community 209-10 vote management 75, 94, 98, 108-10, Treacy, Noel 13 194 tribunals 9-12, 50-1, 71-2, 130, 145, vote transfers 17, 25, 31, 34, 70, 73, 75, 216, 219, 230, 262; see also Flood 78,93-4,97,99, 105-8, 111, 117, tribunal, McCracken tribunal, 129, 187, 201, 207, 215, 217, 219, Moriarty tribunal 226, 227, 239 Trinity College Dublin 208-10 Tuffy, Joanna 207 Walsh, Dick 190-1 turnout xv, 81, 82, 92, 93,103-4, Walsh, Joe 223 143-58, 164, 165, 166, 174, 188, 245, Webb, Paul 56 246 Westminster model 243 turnover 113, 211, 266 White, Mary 33, 99, 100, 203 TV3 179, 180-1, 182, 183, 189 Wilford, Rick 19 Twomey, Liam xxix, 83-7, 102, 107, Wittenberg, Jason 142 109, 171 Wolfinger, Raymond E. 158 Twomey, William 84 women, as election candidates 42, 49-50, 54-5; and votes won 90, 91; in unemployment 5-6, 120, 126, 127, 151, nan 99, 114; in Seanad 210, 211 156 Wood, Tom 48 Unionist Party 243 Woods, Michael 222 United Kingdom 50, 163,238,239,240, Workers' Party 102, 115,239,243 241, 242-3, 266 World Cup xvi, 228 United States of America 246 Wright, G. V. xxx, 11 urban-rural differences 99, 131, 132, 147, 148, 152, 156 Yates, Ivan 86, 109, 117