Some Notes on the Horningsea Roman Pottery

Some notes on the Homingsea Roman pottery

J eremy Evans

Introduction people of wealth and taste; such as highly decorated This brief note is essentially to present a full type series samian bowls ... bronze cooking pans, fibulae etc.' of the products of the Horningsea kiln site excavated by (Hughes 1902, 186). This may, perhaps, be the origin of Hughes (1902) and Walker (1912), which remain in the a crate of samian in the Cambridge Museum which collections of the Museum of Archaeology and includes some 30 decorated sherds (a brief examination Ethnology, Cambridge. No attempt is made to date of these and the stamps suggests this material represents individual types, for which the full publication of the an occupation from the Flavian period throughout the Arbury Road excavations (Alexander et ai, 1967, 1968 second century (A. C. King pers comm). No ancillary and 1969) will hopefully provide much of the evidence, buildings are known from the site, that excavated by and discussion of fabric distribution is limited to a brief Hughes (1902) has now been demonstrated to be examination of the published sources. medieval (My turn 1977). Horningsea was fairly well located so far as transport was concerned, across the Cam it was some Location 3km to Akeman Street (Margary 23b) running into The Horningsea kiln site (centred T1A97635) lies c 8km Cambridge and northwards into the fens, it was on the north-east of Cambridge on a gravel terrace c 5m OD, Cam, and about 1km from the junction of the Car Dyke just above the River Cam. It would seem to extend over with the Cam (if the latter was at all navigable c 12 to 16 hectares throughout the field excavated in (Simmons 1977). 1912 by Walker (Fig. 1) and covering a similar area to this to the east around Eye Hall Farm. The clay source would appear to be the Gault which outcrops on the site The kiln type (OS Geological Survey sheet 188). Fuel may possibly The Horningsea kilns are well reported by Walker have included peat, the nearest deposits being at (1912), but a brief summary will be given here. Table Waterbeach, within 3km down the Cam (phillips 1971). 1 indicates the major features of the kilns. The seven Walker observed 'in the sooty ash [of a kiln flue] I kilns at Horningsea were all very similarly constructed, noticed fragments of willow twigs and portions of furze being 'basin-shaped holes lined with clay to a thickness stems' (1912, 47) and 'indications of cereals, and of four to six inches [0.10 to 0.15 m], the clay lining probably of reeds, were found in the fragments of being strengthened with pillar-like projections four to cuticle present in the samples of ash' (1912, 50) both eight in number, placed at regular spaces against, and suggesting the use of brushwood and agricultural waste, forming part of, the inside of the kiln' (Walker 1912, but this seems unlikely to have been for more than 17). Kilns 1 and 2 had been dug into undisturbed gravel, kindling. the remainder in the earth resting on gravels. The two The immediate vicinity of the kilns seems to have groups of kilns, numbers 1-4 to the west of the gravel been a fairly prosperous farming area, with a series of pit and 5-7 to the east, show structural differences. ln enclosures and drove ways revealed by air photography the latter group the flue-arch is integral with the body of and Hughes' (1902, 184) observation of high medieval the kiln, but in the former a gap of from 0.20 to 0.46m rents paid by the tenant of Horningsea further suggests in width was left down the whole side of the kiln body, a prime agricultural location. The kilns were certainly this was then fIlled with clay from the top to around not located in an area of marginal land. There is also 0.30m from the bottom to form a flue-arch. Also, whilst evidence of a wealthy settlement in the neighbourhood the width of the flue-arch remained similar between the of the kilns, probably to the north-east of Eye Hall groups (c 0.30m), in the eastern group flue-arches were Farm, where 'Mr Saunders informed me, many Roman generally about twice the height of those to the west (ie remains have been found which indicate a residence of 0.45 to 0.23m).

33 34 J eremy Evans

DUROLlPONS

Eye Hall Farm

I I I I I I I ,I • Kilns excavated by Walker Flue arch visible Ae in bank

Be Burnt earth, probable kiln site

Fig. 1. J eremy Evans 35

The use of pilasters in the Homingsea kilns is The Forms unusual. It would seem likely, as Corder (1958) This catalogue consists of a type series of the suggested, that they helped to create turbulence and Homingsea kiln material which existed in the circulate gasses in the kilns, as well as to support a Cambridge museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in temporary floor. There seems no reason to agree with 1978. It undoubtedly has been somewhat reduced from Corder (ibid) that no central pedestal was used. It would the original excavated collections and consequently no have been very difficult to floor the ovens without one attempt has been made to indicate the frequency of and there is a good level area in the base of the kilns types in the collections. where one might be placed. One of the large storage jars or a pedestal constructed of the ring supports Storage Jars (Walker 1912, figs. 40 and 41) would have sufficed. The decoration on this class generally consists of The use of oval kilns with pilasters and permanent combing, with many of the base sherds having incised vent-holed floors would seem to be a feature of the decoration (see no. 76). The shoulders and rims of the Brampton and many East Anglian kiln sites (Swan vessels are liable to be decorated with bands of 1984,121) and the Homingsea type may well be related burnishing and many vessels have been washed in a to these, though in what way is unclear at present It grey slip. The storage jars are handmade, though wheel does seem more likely to this author that the kilns did finished. have a temporary oven floor. The kiln furniture comprised spacing pieces, ring supports and a vast Everted rim number of organically tempered clay plates which were 1 Rectangular rim and shoulder cordon. Fabric 1. (cf no doubt used to create a temporary dome. It is well Pullinger and White 1991, A84). described by Walker (1912, 49-53 and figs. 36-43). 2 Fabric 1. 3 Shoulder cordon. Fabric 1. (Some similarity to The products Pullinger and White 1991, B49). 4 Heavily undercut rim with shoulder cordon. Fabric The Fabrics 1. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B49). There appear to be four fabric types produced at the kilns, though all may be regarded as variants in a single Triangular cordoned rim continuum. 5 Shoulder cordon. Fabric 1. (cf Pullinger and White Fabric 1 - A fairly hard grey fabric, tempered with 1991, A59). much coarse sand c O.5mm, occasional grog{rronstone 6 Heavily undercut cordoned rim. Fabric 1. and limestone and large inclusions, up to 1cm of 7 Heavily undercut rim with shoulder cordon. Fabric angular quartzite. 1. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, A23). 8 Beaded. Fabric 1. (Some similarity to Pullinger and Fabric 2 - A fairly hard grey fabric, tempered with White 1991, B70). much coarse sand c O.5mm and occasional grog{rronstone and limestone inclusions. Beaded rim 9 Undercut rim with shoulder cordons. Fabric 1. Fabric 3 - A buff fabric, tempered with much coarse 10 Heavily undercut rim with shoulder cordon. Fabric sand c O.5mm, and occasional quartz inclusions up to 1. 3mm, perhaps an underfrred version of fabric 1. 11 Slightly beaded rim with shoulder cordon. Fabric 1. Fabric 4 - A hard grey fabric, tempered with moderate (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B37). sand and occasional limestone inclusions c O.3mm and occasional quartz inclusions up to O.5mm, a better Constricted-Necked Jars levigated and finer version of fabric 2. Rising rim Walker noted the occurrence of 'over 40 different 12 Shoulder cordon, buff-orange slip interior and exterior. vessels having the peculiar metallic glaze usually Fabric 2. associated with the Castor potteries were found; some of 13 Grey slip interior and exterior, rim and neck these, the pinched variety, are clearly 'wasters' from burnished with vertical burnished lines below these Homingsea kilns' (Walker 1912, 63). A box of grooves. Fabric 2. Nene Valley and other sherds still exists in the Cambridge Museum, but there is no evidence of wasters in it. The low quantity of material suggested as local by Undercut beaded rim Walker and the lack of any remaining evidence suggests 14 Grey slip interior and exterior, rim burnished and that fineware production cannot be attributed to the site. burnished lines on neck and cordon. Fabric 2. 36 Jeremy Evans

Carinated Jars Stepped rim small jars 15 Beaded rim and cordoned neck, rim burnished and 36 Lozenge-shaped section, grey slipped exterior. neck decorated with horizontal and sloping Fabric 4. burnished lines. Fabric 2. (cf Pullinger and White 37 Shouldered jar, grey slipped exterior. Fabric 4. 1991, B59 and B121). (Some similarity to Pullinger and White 1991, B56). 16 Beaded rim and vertical neck. Fabric 2. 38 Grooved shoulder, grey slipped exterior. Fabric 4. 17 Undercut rim, purplish brown slip interior and 39 Constricted-necked jar, grey slipped. Fabric 2. exterior, faint combing on the neck. Fabric 2. (Some similarity to Pullinger and White 1991, Triangularly cordoned small jars B112). 40 Grooved shoulder, pink/buff slipped. Fabric 2.

Everted rimmed cordoned jars Beaded shouldered jars 18 Rim burnished and cordons decorated with 41 Cordoned jar with grooved shoulder. Fabric 2. (cf burnished wavy lines, grey slip interior and exterior. Pullinger and White 1991, A53). Fabric 2. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B37 and 42 Hooked with grooved shoulder, grey slipped. Fabric B50). 2. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B19 and B64). 19 Rim burnished and cordon decorated with burnished wavy line, buff slip interior and exterior. Fabric 2. Beaded jars 20 Rim burnished and burnished vertical lines on 43 Small jar, exterior black slipped and burnished. cordon. Fabric 1. Fabric 3. (Some similarity to Pullinger and White 21 Undercut rim. Grey slip interior and exterior. 1991, B20). Fabrics 1 and 2. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, 44 Small jar, black slipped. Fabrics 2 and 4. B62). 22 Rim and shoulder burnished in bands. Fabric 2. Cylindrical jars 23 Body faintly horizontally combed. Fabric 2. (Some 45 Ovoid rimmed rather cylindrical jar, exterior dark similarity to Pullinger and White 1991, BI22). grey slipped and burnished. Fabric 3.

Beaded everted rimmed jars Everted rimmed jar with deeply grooved shoulder 24 Fabric 2. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B116). 46 Grey slipped. Fabric 2. 25 Hooked with shoulder cordons, rim and neck burnished. Fabric 1 and 2. Miniature vessels 26 Shoulder cordon, pink slipped with burnished lines 47 Handmade, upper body and rim black slipped, on rim and shoulder. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, exterior hand-burnished. Fabric 3. B19, B45 and B63). 48 Handmade, upper body and rim black slipped. 27 Fabric 1. (cfPullinger and White 1991, B32 and B78). Fabric 3. 28 Black slipped, only this example has an internal 49 Wastered jar, handmade, upper body black slipped groove. Fabrics 2 and 3. and exterior burnished. Fabric 3. 29 Shouldered jar, rim burnished. Fabric 2. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B33 and B61). Cups 50 Grooved rimmed cup, black slipped. Fabric 2. Internally ledged jars 51 Grooved, cordoned rimmed cup(?), buff/white 30 Black slipped and exterior burnished. Fabric 3. slipped, wastered. Fabric 2. (Some similarity to Pullinger and White 1991, Bl00). Bowls 31 Dark grey slipped, rim burnished and combed lines on shoulder. Fabric 2. Flanged bowls 32 Slightly ledged. Dark grey slipped, rim and exterior 52 Interior and upper exterior black slipped, burnished. burnished. Fabric 4. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, Fabric 3. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B14 and B34). BI26). 33 Shoulder cordon, grey slipped. Fabric 1. 53 Small bead and internal wavy line decoration, burnished interior and exterior. Fabric 2. Small internally ledged jars 54 Dish(?) or lid, burnished interior and exterior. 34 Grey slipped, exterior grooved. Fabric 2. 35 Rim distorted and waster cracked, upper body black slipped, exterior burnished. Fabric 3. (Some Large undercut rimmed bowl similarity to Pullinger and White 1991, B96). 55 Grey slipped. Fabric 1. J eremy Evans 37

Small undercut rimmed bowl Pedestal bases 56 Grey slipped, interior burnished and exterior wall 71 Grooved pedestal base. Fabric 2. has two burnished lines. Fabric 2. (cf Pullinger and 72 Large grooved pedestal base. Fabric 2. White 1991, B55). 73 High pedestal base. Fabric 2. 74 High pedestal base. Fabric 2. Bead rimmed bowls 75 Low pedestal base. Fabric 2. 57 Black slipped, exterior burnished. Fabric 3. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, A49, B26 and B40). Storage jar base 58 Form perhaps copying BB2 Gillam type 225, grey 76 Storage jar base, handmade, with typical gouged slipped, exterior burnished. Fabric 3. (cf Pullinger decoration. Fabric 1. and White 1991, A36, B39 and B55). Other bases Flanged rimmed bowls and dishes 77 Jar base with combed decoration. Fabrics 1,2 and 4. 59 Black slipped, interior decorated with burnished 78 Beaded small jar base. Fabrics 2 and 3. bands. Fabric 3. 60 Dish, grey slipped, interior and exterior burnished. Fabric 2. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B53). Distribution 61 Thick-walled bowVdish, black slipped and There is comparatively little evidence for the distribution burnished. Fabric 2. of Homingsea ware and no published quantified evidence. Some reports identify Homingsea products, but the distribution evidence chiefly comes from the distribution Triangular-sectioned rimmed bowls of the distinctive cordoned rimmed storage jars. The main 62 Rim burnished and exterior decorated with distribution would seem to be throughout the Fenlands, up burnished lattice. Fabric 2. to around 50km from the kiln site at Downham Market and Wisbech (Fowler 1932, 53; Johnson 1980, fig. 12, Bead rimmed. convex-walled bowls 42». The distribution extends south into Essex as far as 63 Exterior black slipped and burnished. Fabric 4. Great Chesterford (Draper 1986, fig. 12, 20-22) and perhaps west as far as Godmanchester (Frend 1968, fig. Bowls with rising rims 9, 1-4 and fig, 13, 42). The wider distribution in the 64 Beaded rim. Burnished interior and exterior (one Fenland argues strongly for the use of the extensive example has an internal groove near the rim). waterways as a means of transport (White 1904; Tebbutt Fabric 2. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, A36 and 1930; Palmer 1924-5; Parsons 1931; Briscoe 1955 and B66). 1958; Hartley 1959; Cra'ster et al 1962; Potter 1976; 65 Everted rim. Undecorated. Fabric 2. Milieu 1980; Miller and Miller 1981).

Dishes Date Simple rimmed dishes Walker (1912) would seem to have regarded the kilns as 66 Outsloping walls, black slipped interior and upper being in use throughout the Roman period from the 1st exterior walls, burnished. Fabric 3. (cf Pullinger and century onwards. He believed production started in the 1st White 1991, AI6-17 and B24). century because of the occurrence of seven pedestal bases 67 Vertical walls, black slipped interior and upper of 'late Celtic type'. Hartley noted that this argument for exterior walls, burnished. Fabric 3. 1st century production could not stand 'it is certain that the dates proposed for the pottery need modifying. This Simple rimmed dishes with external cordon applies particularly to the pedestal-jars that were assigned 68 Internal groove, upper exterior wall black slipped, to the first century. They were found in a 'trench' (pit?) burnished. Fabric 3. near kiln 5 which also contained samian stamps now known to be of late second century date, while another Bead rimmed dishes has recently been found in a late second or third century 69 Upper exterior wall black slipped, burnished. Fabric context at Exning. The Horningsea pedestal jars are, 3. (cf Pullinger and White 1991, B57). therefore, yet another reminder of the conservative 70 Black slipped and burnished. Fabric 4. (cf Pullinger tradition of East Anglian potters like Jesus Lane type 1, and White 1991, BB). above. None of the published pottery from the site is certainly fourth century, and it now seems likely that the Bases kilns were predominantly Antonine and third century' A selection of base types are illustrated here. (Hartley 1960,28). 38 J eremy Evans

Hartley's conclusions must now be modified in the Evans, I forthcoming The 195(r.8 pottery in Wilson light of some of the material published by MilIett from forthcoming. High Fen and Denny Abbey (1980), in particular the Fowler, G. 1932: Notes on a supposed Roman road in the reeded rimmed dish, CAI8, the origin of which lies in Fens, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 32,52-3. Frend, W.C.H. 1954: A Romano-British settlement at Arbury Camulodunum type 44B (Hawkes and Hull 1947) and Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 48, the Gallo-Belgic dish, form CA22. Neither of these types 10-43. is likely to have been produced after the 1st century. Frend, W.C.H. 1968: A Roman Farm settlement at Godman Most of the reported stratified examples of Horningsea chester, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 61, 19-40. material do indeed seem to come from 2nd and 3rd Hartley, B.R. 1959: Pottery from the Exning Well, century contexts (potter 1976, fig. 1, 1; White 1963-4, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 52, 11-20. fig. 6, 3-4; Frend 1954, fig. 5, 7; Evans forthcoming nos Hartley, B.R. 1960: Notes on pottery from some Romano-British kilns in the Cambridge area, SSI and SS2; Sitch 1987, no 146). However, the flanged Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 53, 23-8. bowls (nos 52) are unlikely to precede the later 3rd Hawkes, C.F.C and Hull, M.R. 1947: Camulodunum Res Rep century and might well be 4th century and the material Soc Antiq London 14. from the kiln site from other sources includes Nene Howe, M.D., Perrin, IR. and Mackreth, D.F 1980: Roman Valley (Howe et a11980) types 103,64-5,87, 80(?) and Pottery from the Nene Valley: A Guide, Peterborough 79 most of which date to the 4th century. Similarly the Mus Occ Paper 2. collection from Denny Abbey (Millett 1980) includes Hughes, T. McKenny 1902: On the Potters field at Homingsea, with a comparative notice of the kilns and furnaces found mid-late 4th century shell-tempered ware forms (CG1) in the neighbourhood, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 10, but over 80% of the collection is in Horningsea fabrics, 174-94. suggesting some were still contemporary at least in the Johnson, 1980: Wisbech and West Walton Highway Bypass, earlier 4th century. To this may be added the material and archaeological survey, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc from the site at Hinton Fields, Teversham (Pullinger and 75,43-60. White 1991), immediately adjacent to the kiln site. Here Miller, M. and Miller, T.E. 1981: The M11 Western Bypass: Homingsea types appear to be current in most groups three sites near Cambridge: Edmunsoles, Haslingfield, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 71, 41-72. except in the large group from Site B, Feature 12 which Millett, M.I 1980: Appendix SA: The Romano-British pottery, seems to date after c AD 370. It is probable, therefore, in Christie and Coad 1980. that production at Homingsea continued until the mid-4th Mytum, H.C. 1977: Excavations at Homingsea 1977, century. Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 67, 79-83. Palmer, W.M. 1924-5: Excavations at Great and Little Linton Notes in 1923, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 27,84-5. 1. This paper is based on work done for an Parsons, C.E. 1931: A Romano-British site in Horseheath, undergraduate dissertation at the London Institute of Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 31, 99-104. Archaeology in 1978 (Evans J., 1978, An Pullinger, EJ. and White, P.I 1991: Romano-British sites at examination of some pottery from Cherry Hinton and Hinton Fields. Teversham, Privately published. Phillips, C.W. (ed) 1971: The Fenland in ROfTUln Times, Royal Horningsea, Cambridgeshire.). Geographical Soc Res Series 5, London. Potter, T.W. 1976: Excavations at Stonea, Cambridgeshire: References sites of the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Roman periods, Alexander, I et al 1967: Excavations in Cambridge 1964-7, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 66, 23-54. Cambridge. Simmons, B.B. 1979: The Lincolnshire Car Dyke, Britannia Alexander, I et al 1968: Excavations in Cambridge 1968, 10, 183-96. Cambridge. Sitcll, B. 1987: Faxjleet B: A ROfTUlno-British site near Alexander, I et al 1969: Excavations in Cambridge 1969; a Broomfleet. North Humberside. Unpublished MA preliminary report on excavations at Arbury Road, dissertation, Univ of Durham. Cambridge. Swan, V.G. 1984: The Pottery Kilns of Roman Britain. Royal Briscoe, G. 1955: A Romano-British settlement at Lakenheath, Comm Hist Mon Suppl Series 5, London. Suffolk, Proc Suffolk Inst of Archaeol 26, 69-84. Tebbutt, C.F. 1930: Romano-British village sites in Colne and Briscoe, G. 1958: A Combined Iron Age and Romano-British Somersham, Hunts, Trans Cambridgeshire site at Wangford, West Suffolk, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Huntingdonshire Archaeol Soc 4, 305-12. Proc 51, 19-29. Walker, F.G. 1912: Roman Pottery Kilns at Homingsea, Cam Cra'ster, M.D., Briscoe, G., Tebbutt, C.F. and Renn, D.F. bridgeshire, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 17, 14-69. 1962: Archaeological Notes, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc White, C.H.E. 1904: Earthworks at Cottenham, Proc 55, 65-9. Cambridgeshire, the supposed site of a Roman camp or Christie, P.M. and Co ad, J.G. 1980: Excavations at Denny settlement, Trans Cambridgeshire Huntingdonshire Abbey, Cambridgeshire, Archaeol J 137, 248-52. Archaeol Soc I, 55-76. Corder, P. 1958: The structure of Romano-British pottery kilns, White, D.A. 1963-4: Excavations at the War Ditches, Cherry Archaeol J 114, 10-27. Hinton, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 56-7, 9-29. Draper, J. 1986: Excavations at Great Chesterford, Essex Wilson, P.R. forthcoming Excavations at Catterick 1956-1J8, 1953-5, Cambridgeshire Antiq Soc Proc 75, 3-42. forthcoming Hist Build Mon Comm Eng monograph. Jeremy Evans 39

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Table 1. Horningsea kiln structures.

Kiln Base Max. Max. Max. flue Preservation flue No. of Ht. of State of overlaID pillar Type of pot in form base widlh dep1b form align- pillars flue base by arrangement in filling widlh rim to ment arch base

Circular O.9Om 1.8Om O.8Om insC21ed Almost completed NW 8 O.23m Bumtto 4 oppossed Not stated except E & lOp +/-5Omm red dust pairs few cms,

2 Circular O.38m O.9Om O.6Om insC21ed 'Much less per- NW Uncertain Not stated feet' Ihan I but less Ihan 8

3 Circular O.6Om - O.3Om insC21ed Upper part NW O.23m O.IOm Not stated destryed thick

4 Circular O.6Om - Only part of NW 3 Not stated base & flue remain

5 Ovoid O.45m 2.25m O.9Om integral Complete NW 4 O.45m 4 diame- Storage jars trically oppossed

6i Ovoid 1.88m l.23m integral Complete NW 4 O.45m Bumt 6ii& Storage jars away 6iii

6ii Ovoid 1.88m O.75m integral Complete NW 4 O.45m Burnt 6iii Not stated away

6iii Ovoid 1.58m O.55m integral Complete NW 4 O.45m Many sherds wilh lined & criss-crossed patterns & 2 rnm.u.:-a.

7 Ovoid O.68m 1.95m O.9Om integral Complete NW 4 O.6Om 4 diame- Not stated trically oppossed