General Introduction to Well Logging

Home , Petrophysics, Resistivity logging, Well logging

1 International School on Geothermal Exploration General Introductionto Well Logging

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Schlumberger Confidential Courtesy: Courtesy: Global Map of EpithermalNeutronsGlobal Map onMars NASA/JPL/Caltech

Schlumberger Confidential Gamma Ray Spectrometer Measurements Spectrometer Gamma Ray 2001Mission Odyssey Mars Courtesy: Courtesy: NASA/JPL/Caltech

Schlumberger Confidential    For Example Estimate the Quantities Must Use Available Techniques to the Quantity we Want Usually Cannot Directly Measure ─ ─ ─ ─ Permeability Fluid Saturations Porosities Lithology Types) (Rock

ChallengeEarth on Here

Schlumberger Confidential Well PetrophysicsLogging and • • • Goals describe the occurrenceand behavior ofrocks,soils andfluids. Petrophysics is thestudy the of physicaland chemicalproperties that To describe evaluate To identify

fluid& rock and quantify and predict properties hydrocarbon reservoir

behavior content

Schlumberger Confidential Sw RelatesPorosity, Conductivity, Brineand ButFormations Only Cleanin Archie’s Equation (SPE942054) Archie’sEquation n Saturation ofRocks   aRw

Schlumberger Confidential Sw Hydrocarbon Saturation Hydrocarbon Rt

Summaryof ResistivityBased  f ( Rt 

 Sw

)

Schlumberger Confidential    Dual WaterDual Simandoux ( Indonesian Other Popular Water Saturation Methods Water Saturation Other Popular

Poupon - Leveaux )

Schlumberger Confidential Logging Response ExampleSedimentaryMinerals of Logging Response

Schlumberger Confidential Inventors of Well Logging: Conrad and Marcel Schlumbergerof WellInventorsand Logging: Conrad

Schlumberger Confidential First Well Log Sept 5, 1927, FirstWell LogSept5, Pechelbronn

France

Schlumberger Confidential ChallengesLog “Header” a by Explained

Schlumberger Confidential Early Days1920’s

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 1920 Pechelbronn 1929: first 1929: electrical first 1927: electrical resistivity in welllog resistivity welllog Kern County

California , France 1930

1940

1950

Timeline 1920’s 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history the the principles well "Electrical of logging Coring: A Bottom of Determining Method present present the first comprehensive description of 1920 1930: 1930: continuous 1932: 1932: 1931: 1931: enabling enabling of of continuous log plotting

Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger Marcel Schlumberger and Conrad Electrical Electrical Measurements." 1936: 1936: Spontaneous Potential (SP) log log (SP) Potential Spontaneous 1930 information Sample Sample Taker tool - recording recording recorder,hand

- Hole Data by by Data Hole 1940

1950

Timeline 1930’s 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 1920 1942: 1942: 1947: 1947: 1949: 1949: 1946: 1946: 1941: 1941: SP thickness thickness resistivityand the borehole near underpinning underpinning “Archie’s Law,” key to log

magnetic magnetic the collar’s flux location at Gus Gus Archie Oilof Shell publishes research First offshore rigs the Gulf deployed in of formation formation dip 1942 in borehole Microlog collar locator to measure changes collar changes in locator to measure Dipmeter 1930 interpretation

tool for for measuring tool Mexico

tool for finding angle for of angle finding tool

1940 mudcake

1950

Timeline 1940’s multiple multiple curves logging Begins producing nine conduct not electricity contains fluid does when the borehole that 1947: first induction first to induction help distinguish log oil 1960

- galvanometer galvanometer recorder R9for simultaneously displaying

1970

1980 -

from water from

- 1990 bearing rock bearing layers

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 1920 1950: 1950: 1957: 1957: bulk ray bulk using gamma density measurement 1951:

Laterolog 1956: 1956: first density log, enabling first log, density enabling realization of resistivity the near borehole

Microlaterolog 1954: 1954: first induction

1930 system for focusing system focusing for currents into thin thin rock layers attenuation attenuation Microlog

tool for measuring measuring tool for - - electrical electrical log caliper

1940

1950

Timeline 1950’s 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 1920 1966: 1966: marking marking first successful processing computer of 11/16 1961: 1961: first digitized 1965: two

- - Develops smallDevelops detector through tool detector for neutron in TDT through tool for

CNL Compensated Neutron Log tool, a Log CNLNeutron Compensated porosity porosity measurement 1930 logs logs from tape dipmeter logging logging

minitron

- logs logs by computer, tubing tubing production

and constructed constructed and 1

1940

casing casing 1950

Timeline 1960’s 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000 (

n  (

2010

(

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 1972: uphole induction, induction, Spherically Focused Resistivity, sonic, caliper and 1920 electromagnetic waves to determine the amount of water in water of amount the electromagnetic determine waves to 1977: 1977: of shallow region invaded by borehole fluids and the deep of shallow deep invaded fluids by the and borehole region 1971: first logging system that combined gamma ray, 1971: gamma combined first system logging that SP, 1978: 1978: travel time and attenuation of microwavetravel attenuation time and

DLL Dual

processing processing speeds of compressional shear sound and EPT Electromagnetic Propagation Propagation EPTTool, Electromagnetic which uses SDT first the tool, Laterolog 1930 logs logs undamaged formation undamaged – in formations

the the “triple combo” rock pores

tool for simultaneous measurement for measurement simultaneous tool -

generation digital generation sonic tool for

1940

- frequency frequency 1950

Timeline 1970’s 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 1920 1982: 1980: 1980: first measurement 1957: 1957: 1985:

Crystal graphical log interpretation Crystal graphical workstation interpretation log basis for

first density log, enabling first log, density enabling realization bulk density of measurement using gamma ray attenuation ray attenuation using gamma measurement CET Cement Evaluation Evaluation CETTool Cement adding for 1988: 1988: information to cement bond analysis bond information cement to 1930 Formation Formation first logging GeoFrame

- while

MicroScanner Mexico - while - drilling job Gulf in of (MWD)the

software software 1940 -

drilling (LWD) tool

tool

azimuthal 1950

Timeline 1980’s

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 1920 RST Reservoir Saturation Tool Express logging MAXIS unit 1995: CMR Combinable Magnetic Resonance tool Resonance Magnetic Combinable CMR 1990: Dynamics Formation 1990: Modular Tester commercialized

Platform Express Express technology,,Platform LWD ARC5 tools, and 1992: 1991: with with Optical Fluid Analyzer tool 1930

the RST Reservoir Saturation RST Reservoir the Saturation Tool

the FMI Formation FMIFormation the 1998: 1998:

PS PLATFORMPS

1940 MicroImager

1950

Timeline 1990’s 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential http://www.slb.com/about/history 2006: characterization characterization services: 1920 triaxial MR Scanner MRnew Scanner 2005:

Quicksilver Quicksilver Probe 2002: 2002: ABC Analysis Casing Behind

induction, Sonic Scanner acoustic, acoustic, induction, Sonic Scanner and 2007: 2007:

Scanner Scanner InSitu 1930 downhole - generation NMR tools tools NMR generation

Density Density sensor

Scanner Scanner

rock and fluid fluid rock and 1940 multiarray

1950

Timeline 2000’s 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Schlumberger Confidential 1 International School on Geothermal Exploration Well Logging

6397 633 72 +40 Petrophysics Domain Champion Jason Gendur st

Dec Dec 2011

Schlumberger Confidential Picture Courtesy: http://childrenstorytales.com/millie Device that Device automatically drills the pay a well finds and The Intelligent“Mole” - the (Does (Does not exist) - tar - heel - mole/

Schlumberger Confidential    Getting as harder the easy targets exploited have already been Fluids We must use acombination of measurements to interpret Rocks and Nothing Exactly WhatWeWant Measures to Find

What’s the Problem?the What’s

Schlumberger Confidential Land Setup

Schlumberger Confidential Logging Acquisition System Logging Acquisition

Schlumberger Confidential Offshore Environment

Schlumberger Confidential Heli - Transportable Equipment Transportable

Schlumberger Confidential Logging Cable

Schlumberger Confidential Logging Depth and Tension and Logging Depth

Schlumberger Confidential Unit and Rig Up EquipmentRig Up Unit and cableunder istension Cat - linebe should just slack when logging Sheave abletobeshould swivel freely Two Two knots, hooktaped

Safety Sling

structure Main beam ofrig

Use Sheave Hanger Adapter Safety pinsinstalled

Safety guard foruppersheave

Schlumberger Confidential   Electrokinetic Electrochemical ─ ─ ─ Electrokinetic Liquid Junction Potential Membrane Potential

potential

Spontaneous Potential Spontaneous -

Em -

E -

Schlumberger Confidential - - -

Liquid JunctionLiquid - - - - Cl

+ + + +

Cl Na

Rm >Rw

Schlumberger Confidential Membrane PotentialMembrane + + + + + + - - -

NA NA + + - -

Cl Na

- - -

- - +

Rmf > Rw

Schlumberger Confidential SSP

SSP

CleanSS Shale Shale

Schlumberger Confidential SPshale Percentage of Shale SPlog

–

- SPsand

SPsand Shaliness indicatorShaliness

Schlumberger Confidential Induction Theory Induction

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityMeasurements: Induction Logging Tools Induction

Schlumberger Confidential Laterolog

Principals

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityMeasurements: Laterolog

Logging Tools

Schlumberger Confidential • • • Plus Plus HMIN and HMNO 3 inch depth of investigation Cylindrically Focused Measurement Microlog A1 Micro Spherically Focused Measurement Focused Micro Spherically

B0 A0 B1 B2

N s l a i t n e t o p i u q E Equipotential Current

A1 M Front Front view Top view B1 B2 B0

A1 A0 M B0 B2 A0 B1 Side view Bucking Bucking current Survey Survey current

Schlumberger Confidential Microresistivity Microresistivity

Measurements:

Tools

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityExample Log

Schlumberger Confidential

SHALE RESPONSE WET RESPONSE HYDROCARBON RESPO WET RESPONSE SHALE RESPONSE ResistivityLogs

NSE

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityLogs Overlay Overlay in

Shales

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityLogs

Separate Separate in Permeable Permeable Zones

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityLogs

Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Resistivity in Resistivity Zone High High

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityLogging – Water - Filled Sand Filled

Schlumberger Confidential ResistivityLogging – Hydrocarbon Zone Hydrocarbon

Schlumberger Confidential Induction in a Water a in Induction ResistivityLogging - FilledSand

Schlumberger Confidential  Two ─ ─ - Electron convertedobservable signal* to Gamma interact rays withmaterial detector Step Process Step *    

For gross counting orgross For SPECTROSCOPYcounting Conversion common(to light): Scintillator/photomultipliermost signal withDirect gaseous electricalor solid chosen Material for high probability of absorption production  - rays energy viato transfer Photoelectric, Compton electron(s) or Pair

Radiation Radiation Detectors

state detector state

Schlumberger Confidential Detectors

Schlumberger Confidential These electronsare multipliedin the dynodes, producing a This lightelectrons ejects from photo by PE effect. energy ( < than 200 NaI proportional to energy of gamma ray  -

Ray DetectionProcess negative pulse at anode gamma ray to light ( Thallium - activated iodide) sodium

crystalconverts energy from Kev

)

cathode of PM tube

Schlumberger Confidential Nuclear Measurements: Gamma RayTools

Schlumberger Confidential Gamma Ray Log Example Gamma RayLog

Schlumberger Confidential • • • Principal employed neutron bytools formation indicates neutron This proton). Neutrons the mostenergy lose when they interact elastically with hydrogen nuclei (H)(a billiard interaction down slowing • • • Elastic Neutron Scattering accelerator porosity (HGNS)the of Platform Express, Neutron Energy Loses Nucleus excitedis Neutron it interacts but nucleus, with a both reappear particles after the interaction. compensated neutron (CNT),tool

occurs - ball collisionbetween fasta

Consequently, the

fluids

because

abundance

and sonde

the therefore

(APS)

how hydrogen

efficiently - hydrogen, moving moving neutron and stationarya nucleus

indicative ;

nucleus

an of

formation has

porosity element

a Neutron Theory Neutron

mass .

slows present

equal

down

primarily

that

neutrons

the

Schlumberger Confidential Chemical Source

Source and Detector Source and He+3Detector

Schlumberger Confidential Standard (12 Vertical Resolution • • • • High (8 Tool Telemetry Speed Correction Deviation Z - Axis Accelerometer -

12 12 in) -

in)

HTNP, DLIS Output NPHI,TNPH HNPO,EHGR ,

NPOR, GR,ECGR NPOR,

HGNS

Schlumberger Confidential Neutron Porosity MeasurementsPorosityNeutron

Schlumberger Confidential PEX Density Principals of Measurement PrincipalsPEX Density • • causing of an orbital ejection the electron • Photoelectric Absorption • is ejected from its orbit. • • Holly Compton, • • Compton Scattering • • pair production. gamma ray enters the strong field electric near an atom'scallednucleus is The conversiongammaa of ray into an electron and positron when the Pair Production: predominates atenergies below 75 energies 100 below The disappearance low a of Compton scattering predominates in the 75 scattering gammaof a ray by an orbital electron. This phenomenon, discovered by the in Americanphysicist1923 Arthur GRSources are selected togenerate in rangethis GRs Followse=mc GREnergies 10 > As a result a interaction,As this of gammathe ray energy loses and an electron 2

MeV

keV .

- energy gammaray it collides with an atom,as keV .

keV

to 10

MeV

energy range.

Schlumberger Confidential Density Energy SpectrumDensity     

Recorded Energy Spectrum Effect of Lithology

Effect Effect of Density

Schlumberger Confidential • • • • • • • • handles handles pad articulated better better sections laminated in 2 backscatter detector database a toin count signatures being compared rates 3 detectors: of 4”investigation Depth - in vertical resolution rugosity

much better much

is closest source to : better contact contact formation : with better

PEX Density MeasurementPEX Density

Schlumberger Confidential Formation Density MeasurementsDensityFormation

Schlumberger Confidential Density Log ExampleDensity

Schlumberger Confidential Expected Responses Formation 12/1/2011 68

and thesettings matrix are limestone. • • • • • • • • Effect JG

gas in the porespace differing In this example,replaceNPOR canNPHI anhydrite,etc… saltformations shaleformations washouts oilthe in pore space

on NPOR and DPHZ Lithologies

Schlumberger Confidential Most Common Logging Suite Common Most The TripleCombo

Schlumberger Confidential Monopole Acoustic Wave AcousticMonopole

Schlumberger Confidential Monopole Acoustic Logging Tools AcousticMonopole Acoustic Measurements Acoustic

Schlumberger Confidential Varying moveout Varying time

Slowness Processing Principle + Dispersiveprocessing ST Plane at depth Z1 ft Z1 depth at ST Plane (Semblance Contour (Semblance time Arrival Plot)

Slowness

Depth

STC plane proj + dot logs + proj dot STCplane

Schlumberger Confidential 12/1/2011 73 segments/receiver 8 azimuthal Sonic

Comp.&Stoneley

Scanner Shear

1 MonopoleFar 2 Dipoles

13receivers UpperMono Tx LowerMono Tx 300hzto 9,000 hz

ChirpFiring

Bhc, Cbl

6/14

Schlumberger Confidential Sonic Scanner Anisotropy

Schlumberger Confidential Anisotropy: Shear Splitting Shear Anisotropy: Shear Shear Splitting

Schlumberger Confidential • • • Anisotropy mayby caused be stress direction along the fastest shear Case of fractureanisotropy: speeds along the formation the speeds along anisotropy anisotropic formationdifferentwith Shear

deposition (thin beds) (thin deposition stress anisotropy fractures,micro - waves travelsplit and in fracturestrike - wave componentispolarized

- FormationShear Anisotropy cracks

or maximum

Schlumberger Confidential Slowness This is criticalto evaluate anisotropy the classification Sonic

0 Scannerisfully

Flexural Dispersion and Tool PresenceTool and Flexural Dispersion toof dispersion thispart use curve The effectthe toolpresence of must known be characterizedfor tool the borehole presencein

Frequency

Schlumberger Confidential Anisotropy - Intrinsic

Fractures Failure -

from Shales Far

Slowness Slowness Homogeneous Anisotropic Vs(q) Homogeneous Isotropic Vs

Frequency Frequency Shear

Shear

Dispersion CurvesDispersion

Slowness Slowness Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Isotropic Vs(r) Vs(r,q) :

Frequency Frequency

Shear Shear

Anisotropy Induced Stress

Formation, Damaged Failure Near

Schlumberger Confidential Standard Standard Anisotropy Log & slow shear slownesses & max cross Difference between fast Difference between min

Fast Fast Shear Azimuth - line energy

Schlumberger Confidential Dispersion Plot PlotDispersion Xd MF, St Yd

Schlumberger Confidential Acoustic Measurements Acoustic Sonic Scanner

Schlumberger Confidential Note: Note: coefficient a = 1.34 x10 C K E G v

b b

(with porosity) Bulk Compressibility Bulk Modulus Young’s Modulus Shear Modulus Poisson’s Ratio

DynamicElastic Properties

if if p b in g/cm Volumetric deformation Hydrostatic pressure Applied uniaxial stress Longitudinal strain Hydrostatic pressure Volumetric strain Lateral strain Applied stress Shear strain Normal strain 3

and DT in µs/ft.

p 1/2 (DTS / DTC) b (DTS / DTC)

[

DTC2 1 DTS 2G (1 +

p b

K 2 1

b 2

2 v – 3DTS2

)

1 – 4

]

Schlumberger Confidential What Do We Measure? What Do ElementalSpectroscopy Capture ( N t S ( I w 4 h n m m l i e r e M o LogScale t u o u h u 1 l w 0 a 0 e l u l 1 t t t 0 f 0 1 r i s V i i 0 g o 0 n 0 0 1 p p o . t . . 0 . . 0 h 0 m 1 0 g i n l l 0 0 0 c n 0 0 e e m a e d C I 0 g g n t u o u a i a a t o t w e l p r m m H t n o i n r t p : a I u m m n n G l 5 o r c e 0 e

e a a i f t n l i a s - - a o n t r r c e s m n a a e I a t r 5 y y n u i a 0 c t G s s m t t e c r e ) ) E d o t l r s a a n n i n s e - 1 g 0 r t R 0 g i C c y a a S

1 [ y p i M 0 0 t S e u V r p C e ] e l 1 5 c 0 t r 1 u 5 0 m F e 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 2 5 0

Schlumberger Confidential ElementalSpectroscopy Capture Geochemical Measurement:

Schlumberger Confidential Elemental Standards Elemental S Capture Spectra Capture



Capture Gamma

Relative

Yields

Closure Oxides - Ray Spectroscopy Ray Elemental Concentrations Elemental

0 120 0 100 0 80 0 60 0 40 0 20

0 on Silic 5 0 um Calci 2 4 0 +.14Al Iron 1 2 0 1 ur Sulf 2 3 0 um Titani 5 0 ium Gadolin 1

3 SpectroLith

Lithology

Schlumberger Confidential Sigma, Inelastic and Capture Spectroscopy CaptureSigma, and Inelastic Reservoir Saturation Tool Reservoir Saturation

Schlumberger Confidential NMR Measurement

Schlumberger Confidential NMR Measurement NMR

Schlumberger Confidential 0.3 Decay T2 Rate ( 0.3 T2 DISTRIBUTION NMR mSec

) 3000 )

Schlumberger Confidential 0.3 Decay T2 Rate ( 0.3 AREA POROSITYCURVEIS UNDERTHE NMR mSec

) 3000 )

Schlumberger Confidential 0.3 Decay T2 Rate ( 0.3 T2 CUTOFF Separates Bound and Free Fluid Free and T2 Bound CUTOFF Separates NMR mSec

) 3000 )

Schlumberger Confidential 0.3 Decay T2 Rate ( 0.3 T2 CUTOFF Separates Bound and Free Fluid Free and T2 Bound CUTOFF Separates BOUND BOUND FLUID NMR

mSec FREE FLUID ) 3000 )

Schlumberger Confidential NMRPorosity

Schlumberger Confidential Value of Magnetic Resonance    Sensitive to Sensitive Fluids Porosity Independent Lithology Sensitive to Sensitive Pores – – – – – – – – – Bound / Bound Fluid Free Permeability, K WaterIrreducible Saturation Diffusion Molecular Viscosity Hydrogen Index  Sourceless Matrix is invisible m ,  f

not required

(no radioactivity) (no

Schlumberger Confidential T2 DistributionsT2

Schlumberger Confidential CMR Cross Sectional View CMR Cross

Schlumberger Confidential NMR Log ExampleLog NMR

Schlumberger Confidential Combinable Magnetic Resonance Tool CombinableMagnetic Resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Logging Resonance Nuclear Magnetic

Schlumberger Confidential Physics medium, medium, is affected by a how an Permittivity response to the field, of a material to and is determined by the ability a ability to transmit (or "permit") an electric field. material. Thus, permittivity relates to a material's and thereby reduce the total electric inside the field physical quantity electric electric field

–

Dielectric PermittivityDielectric

is:

dielectric polarize

that describes

affects, and

M a t r i x E = 0

O i l W a t e r E S a l t ’ s

i o n s

Schlumberger Confidential 1 e

Electronic polarization Molecular orientation Interfacial polarization DielectricPolarization

1 e

Mechanism Mechanism 6

1 e

 +

1 e

( Hz

)  Medium Characteristic 

 Dielectric Dielectric as functionoffrequency Water ~50 salinity from hydrocarbons, whateverits Hence, we can discriminatewater Oil, Rock ~2, 5 Textural Effect ? ─ ─ Formation matrixanalysis Pore fluid analysis

  r r

Schlumberger Confidential Transmitter frequency - -

Vacuum

Principleof DielectricMeasurement   Medium formation The Dielectric scanner tool measures the dielectric dispersion of the frequency Dielectric dispersion is thevariation of permittivity as afunction of

Phase Amplitude

 A Spacing  * r  

r f  i  w 1  0 Electromagnetic

  Conductivity Permittivity

properties Physical Receiver V

*   Ae f

( w

i  parameters Reservoir ,  ,  ,

r )

Schlumberger Confidential om SlznvN SPWLA 2004

Measurement Measurement of complex permittivity : relative permittivity & conductivity Pore Fluid Analysis : CRIM : AnalysisPore Fluid

Measured conductivity Measured permittivity At the highest frequency of thetool, the M odel is anaccurate mixing law



With With * 

(  1 w * 





T   fct )   ppk  m *

  ,  T   T , T

P r ( &   S

i  w water modeldielectric w m   0 w * C Electromagnetic  omplex   S 1  w w S water conductivity water saturation w 

R properties Physical M a t r

i efractive  x E = oil 0 ) O i l

W a t e r I E ndex parameters Reservoir S a l t ’ s

i o n s

Schlumberger Confidential Dielectric Dispersion LoggingDielectricDispersion DielectricScanner

Schlumberger Confidential Heavy oil resitivity Invasion from shallow porosity high and resistivity High deep Moved Oil? Standardlogs Water zone 12/1/2011 105 VariableWater Salinity Formation

0 6 0

Caliper GR SP

150 100

X800 X700 X600 X500 X400 X300 X200 X100

1 1

Micro Deep Deep Resistivity - Resistivity

1000 1000

50 50 50

Neutron Porosity Density Density Porosity X - plot plot Porosity

0 0 0

Schlumberger Confidential Water zone Heavy oil total porosity porosity overlayswith Dielectric waterfilled Fresh Water real time answer Dielectric 12/1/2011 106 VariableWater Salinity Formation

- Scanner

0 Salinity

0 6 0

Caliper GR SP

150 100

Oil Sw

X800 X700 X600 X500 X400 X300 X200 X100

1 1

Micro Deep Deep Resistivity - Resistivity

1000 1000

50 50

DS DS Water Porosity X Hydrocarbon - plot plot Porosity

0 0

Schlumberger Confidential Geological Imaging Measurements Formation MicroImager

Schlumberger Confidential FMI Current Path FMI Current

Schlumberger Confidential FMI Structure DifferentiationFMI Structure

Schlumberger Confidential FMI Fracture Aperature

Schlumberger Confidential Fracture Aperature

Schlumberger Confidential Borehole SeismicMeasurements

Schlumberger Confidential Reservoir Formation Testing and Samplingand ReservoirTesting Formation Modular Formation Dynamics Tester DynamicsFormation Modular

Schlumberger Confidential Reservoir Formation Testing and Samplingand ReservoirTesting Formation InSitu

Fluid AnalysisFluid

Schlumberger Confidential Reservoir Formation Testing and Samplingand ReservoirTesting Formation Mechanical SidewallMechanical Tool Coring

Schlumberger Confidential CBL - VDL Applications Oil Zone Water Zone Cement

Client Needs        Where is Top of Cement? Is a Squeeze Possible? Repair? Channels? Cement Strength Verify Zone Isolation Check Cement Integrity

Schlumberger Confidential    Tool mustbe Centralized Compression Wave Reaches Receivers Transmittersends Omni directional Pulse – – 5 ft Receiverfor VDL 3 ft Receiverfor CBL CBL - VDL SonicFundamentals

Schlumberger Confidential     Function Function of the Casing Measured at 3 the Amplitude of the FirstArrival in mV Like Ringing a Bell What is the“CBL”

- ft Receiver - Cement Bond Low Amplitude=Good Bond High Amplitude=Poor Bond

Schlumberger Confidential     Formation Signals Allows for Easy Differentiationbetween Casing and Dark High isAmplitude Imagine Looking at itfrom thetop 5 - Ft ReceiverWaveform What is the“VDL”

Schlumberger Confidential Standard CBL Standard - VDL Log VDL

Schlumberger Confidential “Good” and “Bad” Cement“Good” and Jobs

Schlumberger Confidential Additional Measurements Often Needed Qualitative Interpretation

Schlumberger Confidential Measurements Full casing coverage at using rotating 200 and 700 kHz Ultrasonic tool operating between Objective: azimuthal evaluation transducer   Casing corrosion and wear Cement evaluation

Ultrasonic Imager Imager Ultrasonic (USIT)

second and fired is 72times (every 5 deg) per revolution The transducer rotates at approximately 7.5revs per Transducer Mud

Casing Cement

Schlumberger Confidential USIT USIT Measurements Transducer (Internalcasing condition) Echo amplitude

1 st

Interface

Internalradius Mud Transit time

Casing

2 nd

Interface

Cement Thickness

3 rd

Interface

Formation CementImpedance

Schlumberger Confidential Eccentering, GR CCL, QC Processing flags

Amplitude

Casing Casing cross USIT USIT DisplayLog Casing - section Internal radius

Channel Thickness

Cement raw Cement Bond Bond index

Cement interpreted

Schlumberger Confidential Cement Bond Log and Ultrasonic Imager Imager Tool Ultrasonic Log and Cement Bond Cement Evaluation

Schlumberger Confidential Cement Example with Isolation Scanner CementIsolation Example with

Schlumberger Confidential Production logging MeasurementsProduction

Schlumberger Confidential Geothermal Production Logging Tool Geothermal Production

Schlumberger Confidential Production Log Example Production

Schlumberger Confidential Perforating Gun SystemsPerforating Gun

Schlumberger Confidential 1 International School on Geothermal Exploration Case StudiesExamplesand

6397 633 72 +40 Petrophysics Domain Champion Jason Gendur st

Dec Dec 2011

Schlumberger Confidential Case study: Accurately Detect PermeableLayers Detect Accurately Case study:

Schlumberger Confidential Case Study: Light Oil Resistivity LightinReservoirsLow Case Study:

Schlumberger Confidential Case Study: FMI to Identify Thin Beds to IdentifyThin FMI Case Study:

Schlumberger Confidential Case Study: Isolation scanner in Light Cementin scannerIsolation Case Study:

Schlumberger Confidential Case study: Isolation Scanner Isolation Case study: