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Some Practical Aspects of Radioactivity Well Logging

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Some Practical Aspects of Radioactivity Well Logging Some Practical Aspects of Radioactivity Well Logging By WARREN J. JACKSON,· MEMBER A.I.M.E. AND JOHN L. P. CAMPBELL­ (Chicago Meeting. February (946) ABSTRACT references that describe in detail the theory, AUTOMATIC recording of the radioactivity development, and application of radio­ of the earth's formations provides a log of activity well logging, a brief discussion of relative intensities that, if properly interpreted, the technique may be helpful to those who can be applied to oil-field engineering. Produc­ are investigating the subject for the first tion, engineering, and geological departments time. regard the radioactivity log as a forward step All rocks contain radioactive material in the securing of more conclusive information in varying concentrations. In general, for successful well completions. Explanations shales contain relatively more radioactive of the technique, together with some of the problems to which radioactivity logging have material than sandstones or limestones. been applied, are presented in this paper. These radioactive materials disintegrate with time into other materials of lower INTRODUCTION atomic weight, and in that process of Those responsible for the completion of disintegration the rocks are emitting many Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/trans/article-pdf/165/01/241/2178936/spe-946241-g.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 new oil and gas wells, or with planning rays, the most penetrating of which is the workover operations on old wells, have gamma ray. The intensity of emission of followed closely the development of radio­ the gamma ray is proportional to the quan­ activity well logging because they are tities of radioactive materials present- A interested in reducing the number of un­ higher rate of emission would be observed, knowns that usually are present in such therefore, opposite a shale than opposite a work. Many operators have made use of sandstone or limestone. the log, or are acquainted with at least Since measurable intensities of gamma one of the applications, but it is unlikely rays are capable of penetrating as many that anyone operator is familiar with all as five concentric strings of casing, and as of the many applications that are possible. the gamma-ray intensity is relative to the The purpose of this paper is to present a formations, the measurements of varia­ representative example of each of the tions in gamma-ray intensities offer a many applications, wherever the informa­ means of identifying cased-off formations tion has been released by an operator, and in their proper stratigraphic sequence. to illustrate by hypothetical examples other THE GAmtA-RAY CURVE applications, releases for which have not been given. In this way, it is hoped that a The measurement of gamma-ray intensi. better understanding of the scope of this ties is accomplished by means of an ionn.­ new engineering tool may be obtained. tion chamber that consists ofa heavy Although the literature contains many cylinder, about 3 ft. long, that contains two insulated electrodes and is filled with Manuscript received at the office of the an inert gas under high pressure. Under Institute April 23. 1945. Issued as T.P. 1923 in P.ETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY. September 1945. normal conditions no current will flow LIsted for the New York Meeting. February 1915. which was canceled. through the gas when an electrical potential The Lane-Wells Company, Dallas. Texas. is set up between the electrodes, but when 241 242 SOM~ PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING the chamber is exposed to gamma-ray Thus, when a minimum value on the radiation the gas becomes partly ionized gamma-ray curve is interpreted as either and permits the flow of a very small current sandstone or limestone, a minimum value between the electrodes. The amount of on the neutron curve would indicate sand­ this current varies directly as the ioniza­ stone, and a maximum value would indi­ tion, which, in turn, is proportional to the cate a dense limestone. This responsiveness intensity of the gamma rays acting upon of the neutron curve to the presence of the gas. fluid also makes it possible to identify zones An amplifier in the instrument case with of porosity in limestone or chalk sections. the ionization chamber amplifies these It should be explained that, although the small variations in current, and transmits neutron curve is responsive to well fluids, them, through the logging cable of the it cannot distinguish between them, and hoist truck, to the instrument truck. The therefore cannot be used to determine the instrument truck contains additional am­ type of fluid in a subsurface rock. plifiers, sensitivity controls, and an auto­ BOTTOM-WATER SHUTOFF matic pen-type recorder that translate Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/trans/article-pdf/165/01/241/2178936/spe-946241-g.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 down-the-hole signals into variations in Fig. I illustrates a typical "bottom­ amplitude of a curve that is developed on water" plug-back operation in the Conroe a strip chart moving in synchronization field, Montgomery County, Texas. The with the instrument. The curve that original completion was based on coring records the variation in intensity of the information, and the casing was set above gamma-ray emissions of earth material the producing stratum, with a liner set with depth is called a gamma-ray curve. through the pay zone. Water production Because both sandstones and limestones had increased to 30 per cent when plugging are recorded as minimum values on the back operations began. gamma-ray curve, it is almost impossible A gamma-ray log was run to select a to distinguish between the two by inspec­ more favorable zone, and the results are tion of the curve alone. To enable positive shown in Fig. I. The casing seat is indi­ identification of sandstone and limestone, cated clearly on the log by a shift to the the neutron curve was developed to left. The top of the liner also is shown by complement the gamma-ray curve. contrast, in the dampening eff.ect of two strings, versus one string, of pipe, indicated THE NEUTRON CURVE by a shift to the right at the point where The neutron curve is obtained through only one string of pipe was set. the use of an instrument identical to that The liner was perforated opposite the previously described, but with the addition shale at a depth of 5058 to 5064 ft., and a of a neutron source appropriately shielded satisfactory squeeze job was obtained, fol­ from the ionization chamber. Neutrons lowing which the well was perforated for from this source bombard the earth mate­ production from 5043 to 5048 feet. rial immediately surrounding the well bore, On a production test the well flowed at and the effect of this bombardment is a daily rate of 100.06 bbl. of pipe-line oil measured by the ionization chamber. The on ~-in. choke, with a tubing pressure of character of the recorded measurement is 500 lb. and a gas-oil ratio of 538 cu. ft. per such that if the formation contains hydro­ barrel. gen, which is commonly associated with PLUGGING BACK TO UPPER PAY well fluids, the intensity of the recorded curve is considerably less than if the for­ Before the introduction of electric log­ mation were dense and devoid of fluid. ging, a log of a well usually consisted of a WARREN J. JACKSON AND JOHN L. P. CAMPBELL 243 composite record constructed from cores, the lower Christmas-tree flange. The core cuttings, and the driller's interpretation record, corrected to the same measurements of the formations. The accuracy of such a of the lower Christmas-tree flange, showed log was affected by lost cores, careless good correlation agreement. The gamma- 4900 49S0 Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/trans/article-pdf/165/01/241/2178936/spe-946241-g.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 5000 BLANK "', 5050 G/P" SQUEEZE 110 SACKS SCREEN FIG. I.-TYPICAL APPLICATION OF GAMMA-RAY LOG IN BOTTOM-WATER SHUTOFF, CONROE FIELD, TExAS. sampling and measurements, and fre­ ray curve logged a sandstone stratum at a quently by weather conditions. Fig. 2 depth of 6050 ft., a point at which no cores illustrates sucli a log. This well recently were reported. became depleted to a point where abandon­ It should be noted, also, that although ment or recompletion had to be considered. the zone from 6035 to 6068 was cored, the From an analysis of the condition of the reported recovery of only the bottom 2 ft. well it appeared advisable to run a gamma­ was actually below the stratum found by ray log because subsequent wells had cored, the gamma-ray log. The sandstones and and logged, a gas sand that was not re­ shale of the section are so unconsolidated ported on the log of this well. Because that the cores probably were washed out gas was needed for local operations, the before reaching the surface. gamma-ray log was run upward from 6150 The well was completed in 1935, and to 5000 ft. with a permanent zero point at since that time it has been produced from 244 SOME PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING the gun perforations shown on the graph operators discontinued the well on produc­ to the right of the core record. With the tion and converted it to an injection well gamma-ray log information at hand, the for the disposal of salt water in the upper operator squeezed off the old perforations nonproductive zones. A gamma-ray log COR!: NEW G/P GAMMA RAY 5900 RECORD 6000 P. B. Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/trans/article-pdf/165/01/241/2178936/spe-946241-g.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 6100 V FIG.
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