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Vocabulary of the Commons Vocabulary of commons Foundation for Ecological Security PB No. 29, Anand, Gujarat, INDIA–388001 p: +91 (2692) 261239; f: +91 (2692) 262087 e: [email protected] w: fes.org.in Vocabulary of commons Vocabulary of commons is a socio-linguistic enquiry into the legal and livelihood consequences the term ‘commons’~a search for a vocabulary that reflects a commons approach to a life with dignity in harmony with Gaia and communitarian aspirations. It is to strengthen community articulation and make their voices heard in the ongoing efforts of dialogue between communities, academics, practitioners and decision makers. It was coordinated by OpenSpace (openSpace.org.in). First edition January 2011 Illustrations K P Sasi. e: [email protected] w: visualsearch.org CAPRi (CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights). 2010. Cover design Mumtaz Gonsalves, IMAGINE (Ideas & Execution) Printed at WQ Judge Press, Bangalore, India. e: [email protected] This book is not for sale. Suggested contribution Rs 450; USD 45; Euro 35 General licensing This book is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Disclaimer The views expressed in this document are solely that of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of FES. Initiative on commons The Initiative on Commons, currently anchored by FES, aims to bring together practitioners, policy makers and academia, working on various domains of commons— physical commons such as such as forests, grazing resources, protected areas, water, fisheries, coasts, lagoons, irrigation systems as well as ‘new commons’ such as knowledge, digital and cultural commons, genetic resources, patents, climate, etc. It is an evolving platform to advance understanding, research and advocacy on the commons. The initiative ultimately aims to influence public perception, policy environment and programmatic action in favour of the commons. Foundation for Ecological Security (FES) Registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI 1860, the Foundation for Ecological Security was set up in 2001 to reinforce the massive and critical task of ecological restoration in the country. The crux of our efforts lie in locating forests and other natural resources within the prevailing economic, social and ecological dynamics in rural landscapes and in intertwining principles of conservation and local self governance for the protection of the natural surroundings and improvement in the living conditions of the poor. By working on systemic issues that can bring about a multiplier change, we strive for a future where the local communities determine and move towards desirable land-use that is based on principles of conservation and social justice. ii Inside Preface Authorspeak Glossary 1. Perspective 11 Towards a vocabulary of commons Anita and Edwin 1 12 Primitive accumulation of capital and de–commoning Ritajyothi Bandyopadhyay 27 2. Natural commons 21 Commons to capital: With special reference to the Mundas of Jharkhand S Bosu Mallick 43 22 Commons, communities and state appropriation Ashok Chowdhury, Roma 65 23 Common resources, community management Walter Fernandes, Gita Bharali and Melvil Pereira 83 24 Rural commons: A source of livelihood and sustainability Prafulla Samantara 107 25 Water as commons C R Neelakandan 127 26 Coastal commons Gomathy Balasubramanian 143 3. People and commons 31 Women and commons: Engaging with gender justice Anungla Aier 167 32 Children and the right to commons Enakshi Ganguly Thukral 181 33 Dalits and the commons Yashoda 199 34 The transgender and commons Anita and Edwin 217 35 Worker or fisher? K P Sasi 237 4. Urban commons 41 Streets as commons: What’s happening to our streets? Vinay Sreenivasa 249 42 Property in urban commons: Contested spaces and embedded claims Bhuvaneswari Raman 267 43 Commoning contests the ‘Urban Commons’: Some thoughts on the de–commoning of Bengaluru Solomon Benjamin 295 44 Water for commons~disparity in Chennai Geeta Lakshmi 313 iii 5. Social commons 51 Resisting erosion: Dissent and the commons Kinjal Sampat and Deepak Srinivasan 331 52 Vocabulary of humanitarian commons Mihir R Bhatt 349 53 Social exclusion and the commons Sukhadeo Thorat and Nidhi Sadana Sabharwal 359 54 Public infrastructure: Building socially inclusive commons Anita and Edwin 387 55 Health, nutrition and the commons Mira Shiva 397 6. Knowledge commons 61 The agro–biodiversity commons Suman Sahai 417 62 Knowledge and science as commons Prabir Purkayasthsa 445 63 The commons and IT: A paradigm shift in knowledge creation Venkatesh Hariharan 465 7. The spiritual and sacred commons 71 The sacred commons: The use, misuse and abuse of religion and spirituality Anita and Hrangthan Chhungi 475 72 Cosmosity~Dalits and the spirituality of the commons MC Raj 493 8. Summing up 81 Challenges of modernity and commons Anita and Edwin 515 82 Lets talk commons Anita and Edwin 535 Contributors 539 iv Preface There is now incontrovertible evidence from many studies that most people depend on the commons most of the time—and the smaller the per capita resource base, the greater this reliance. It is also seen that communities who live in marginal lands and whose livelihoods are highly dependent on natural resources are among the most vulnerable to climate change. Many indigenous and traditional communities, pushed to the least fertile and fragile lands as a consequence of historical, social, political and economic exclusion, are among those who are at a greater risk. Concern Worldwide works with such marginalised communities in different parts of the globe. For these communities, the commons are their lifeline—the bedrock of their survival and their only dependable security net. For commons to be recognised and acknowledged as a legitimate space is the first step in legitimising the existence, survival and dignity of such communities. Only after acknowledgement can we move towards a better understanding systems as they exist, and strengthen the effort to restore, revive and rejuvenate the commons. With the increasing rush towards privatisation and industrial development, their voices are being drowned out as a prelude to being pushed out and then erased. The lesson of globalisation is that there is no ‘one solution’ much less ‘one size fits all’. It is for this reason that Concern Worldwide believes that all voices must be heard and that the symphony of the commons should not be replaced by groupthink. In partnering with the Foundation for Ecological Security in bring out this volume, we hope that these voices from the commons will be one of many steps to consolidate the uncommon wisdom of the commons. It can then be tested and socialised. It is our hope that this work is a stepping stone in that direction. Dipankar Datta Country Director Concern Worldwide India v Authorspeak This book is the collaborative effort of many… a collective effort in the knowledge commons. When we set out to write the book, a process was designed that would help a collaborative creative effort. The authors met twice. In the first meeting, it was decided that the book would be co–authored, and not be a collection of papers with a couple of editors. The framework would be agreed upon collectively, and then each author would write chapters on the area of expertise. Some other authors were also identified, and the framework shared with them, requesting contributions. Some did, though it took considerable effort to look at our work through the commons lens. Then the authors met again, presented the chapters and got comments. Following this, the chapters were finalised with the discussions and comments incorporated. Not all who attended the authors’ meeting could contribute chapters, either due to reasons of time or because the effort of looking at the work through the lens of the commons was simply too much. But all contributed to the process in various ways from helping to develop the framework to critiquing the chapters. It is a practitioner perspective, of those who work with some of the most marginalised and excluded sections of society. As we moved further, we realised the truth of the saying ‘commons need commons’ and the need to thoroughly de–romanticise the commons while affirming that the commons are the source of life. It became obvious that the ‘commons’ could be as inaccessible as property. The discrimination and exclusion are too stark to wish away, and too blatant not to be visible but to the most blinkered. So we took a long hard look at the mechanisms of exclusion… the power which makes it possible—as Alvin Toffler put it in Powershift: the material, muscle and mind— which brought the state, culture and religion firmly in our sights. Since the entire superstructure of ideology determined this exclusion, we needed to look at the knowledge commons, including culture and religion, in its role of socio– economic control. The book therefore has a lot to do with social justice and exclusion, from the perspective of those who are excluded from the commons… for whom the commons were never their commons. The non–physical and the new commons figured prominently in our discussions, since the concept of ‘control over the commons’ is fundamentally changed with development of new commons. However, there was a clear understanding of the role of power, and power relations, with respect to commons. Forcible vi commoning—internal colonisation—is a potent and ever present threat, whether by ethnic swamping or by slow strangulation or through religion and patriotic nationalism. The objective of both sides—property and commons—is the maximum territory, and is akin to what Sun Tzu warns us of in his classic The Art of War. It was recognised that the institutions of property—of which the state, as the only instrument of legal violence, was key—was the greatest threat to the commons. Control of the state by corporations adds a disturbing new dimension to the threat.
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