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Report on Case Studies Main Report Engineering Knowledge and Research Programme (KaR 8332) Water Demand Management in areas of groundwater over- exploitation REPORT ON CASE STUDIES MAIN REPORT January 2005 in association with VRV Consultants (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Jouzy & Partners, Amman, Jordan DFID Engineering Knowledge and Research Programme Project Number R8332 Water Demand Management in Areas of Groundwater Over-Exploitation Report on Case Studies (January 2005) – Main Report ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ REPORT ON CASE STUDIES MAIN REPORT CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 PART I INTRODUCTION 1. THE RESEARCH PROJECT 5 1.1 Background and objectives.............................................................................5 1.2 Research programme.....................................................................................6 1.3 Research organisations and collaborators .....................................................6 2. THE CASE STUDIES 7 2.1 Choice of case study areas ............................................................................7 3. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT 7 PART II WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT AND LIVELIHOODS 1. WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT 9 1.1 General...........................................................................................................9 1.2 Supply augmentation, water quality improvement & demand management ..9 1.3 Water demand management and supporting measures ..............................10 1.4 The wider context .........................................................................................13 1.5 Demand management options......................................................................13 1.6 Potential water savings & the cost of water saved by demand management14 2. LIVELIHOODS AND VULNERABILITY 15 2.1 The sustainable livelihoods approach...........................................................15 2.2 Water-Poverty links.......................................................................................17 2.3 Vulnerability assessment..............................................................................17 2.4 The Poor and Vulnerable in Survey Areas ...................................................19 2.5 Incorporating Vulnerability Assessment in Sector Planning .........................19 PART III TAMIL NADU CASE STUDY 1. THE CASE STUDY AREA 21 1.1 Description of the area..................................................................................21 1.2 Economic background ..................................................................................21 2. WATER RESOURCES – POLICY, INSTITUTIONS & LEGAL FRAMEWORK 22 2.1 Water Policy..................................................................................................22 2.2 Institutions.....................................................................................................23 2.3 Legislation and regulations...........................................................................24 3. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 24 Black & Veatch Consulting Ltd i 107694/ 01 June 2006 DFID Engineering Knowledge and Research Programme Project Number R8332 Water Demand Management in Areas of Groundwater Over-Exploitation Report on Case Studies (January 2005) – Main Report ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.1 Water resource availability............................................................................24 3.2 History of water resource studies .................................................................26 3.3 Development and current use of water resources........................................26 4. THE ABSTRACTION AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER 27 4.1 Historical trends ............................................................................................27 4.2 Current groundwater resource abstractions (2002-3)...................................30 4.3 Groundwater source availability....................................................................30 4.4 Treatment and distribution............................................................................31 5. THE POOR AND VULNERABLE 32 5.1 Surveys undertaken......................................................................................32 5.2 Domestic water use, Chennai.......................................................................35 5.3 Agricultural water use, Chennai....................................................................39 5.4 Vulnerability assessment, target groups identified .......................................42 6. WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT 43 6.1 Current management strategies ...................................................................43 6.2 Demand management options .....................................................................44 7. IMPACT OF DEMAND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 46 7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................46 7.2 Water provision, savings and unit costs of water saved ...............................47 7.3 Impact of water demand management measures on poor and vulnerable ..48 PART IV AL JAFR-SHOUBAK CASE STUDY 1. THE CASE STUDY AREA 49 1.1 Description of the area..................................................................................49 1.2 Economic background ..................................................................................51 1.3 Institutions.....................................................................................................52 1.4 Legislation and regulations...........................................................................53 2. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 53 2.1 Water resource availability............................................................................53 2.2 History of water resource studies .................................................................55 2.3 Development and current use of water resources........................................56 3. THE POOR AND VULNERABLE 60 3.1 Surveys undertaken......................................................................................60 3.2 Poverty in the Survey Areas .........................................................................61 3.3 Domestic water Use......................................................................................63 3.4 Vulnerability assessment, target groups identified .......................................66 3.5 Agricultural Water Use..................................................................................67 4. DEMAND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 70 4.1 Current management strategies ...................................................................70 5. IMPACT OF DEMAND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 71 5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................71 5.2 Water provision, savings and unit costs of water saved ...............................72 5.3 Impact of water demand management measures on poor and vulnerable ..73 Black & Veatch Consulting Ltd ii 107694/ 01 June 2006 DFID Engineering Knowledge and Research Programme Project Number R8332 Water Demand Management in Areas of Groundwater Over-Exploitation Report on Case Studies (January 2005) – Main Report ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Glossary of Terms Abbreviations and acronyms References ANNEX A APPROACH TO THE STUDY ANNEX B WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT ANNEX C SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH ANNEX D FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS – METHODOLOGY & RESULTS ANNEX E WATER RESOURCES ANNEX F ECONOMIC DATA ANNEX G INSTITUTIONS, LEGISLATION AND REGULATION Black & Veatch Consulting Ltd iii 107694/ 01 June 2006 DFID Engineering Knowledge and Research Programme Project Number R8332 Water Demand Management in Areas of Groundwater Over-Exploitation Report on Case Studies (January 2005) – Main Report ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ REPORT ON CASE STUDIES MAIN REPORT S. SUMMARY S1. Background This Report has been prepared in support of Project No R8332, Water Demand Management in Areas of Groundwater Over-exploitation which is being undertaken and funded as part of the UK Department of International Development (DFID)’s Knowledge and Research Programme. The initial concept for the research was developed by Black & Veatch Consulting Ltd in line with the DFID agenda on poverty alleviation and within the context of the UN Millennium Development Goals. The purpose of the research is to: develop water demand management strategies for controlling groundwater abstraction in areas where aquifers are being over-exploited, ensuring the long- term livelihoods of the vulnerable and poor are safeguarded; and to discuss and disseminate the findings with potential end users of the research (Donor agencies, Government and agencies involved in water management) Case studies have been undertaken in Chennai, India and Shoubak - Al Jafr in Jordan. This “Case Study” report presents the findings which have been discussed with stakeholders at a workshop in Chennai and at meetings
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