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University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 72-24,386 WHITEFORD, Gary Thomas, 1941- THE MUNICIPAL ENCLAVES OF OKLAHOMA CITY: AM ANALYSIS OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP TO OKLAHOMA CITY. Tlie University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1972 Geography University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE MUNICIPAL ENCLAVES OF OKLAHOMA CITY: AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP TO OKLAHOMA CITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY GARY THOMAS WHITEFORD Norman, Oklahoma 1972 THE MUNICIPAL ENCLAVES OF OKLAHOMA CITY: AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP TO OKLAHOMA CITY APPROVED BY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have helped me in the preparation of this disserta­ tion; however,I shall never fully be able to acknowledge the apprecia­ tion I owe and feel to my major advisor. I am sincerely grateful to Dr. Ralph E. Olson for his painstaking guidance, direction, and editing of the manuscript. With meticulous patience and unfailing energy, he contributed immensely in stimulating the author towards precision and refinement during all phases of the writing. The author is also greatly indebted to Dr. James R, Bohland for his guidance, fruitful suggestions, and constructive comments, especially concerning the statistical analysis. Further, Dr. Gary L. Thompson indicated some shortcomings of the statistical techniques and gave valuable advice for improvement. The author profited greatly from discussions with Dr. John W. Morris, Chairman of the Department of Geography, especially regarding historical aspects of the writing, I would also like to thank Dr^ Oliver Benson of the Department of Political Science for kindly consenting to read the dissertation and submit very useful comments. I wish further to acknowledge the assistance given to me by Mr. Jim Gurley of the Oklahoma City Planning Department, He was most helpful in tracing developments within the Oklahoma City area. Carlos Droescher and Danny Rimer worked on the maps and cartographic design, iii and Dr, Charles E. Nelson, of West Texas State University, provided the finishing touches to a number of the maps. My colleagues at West Texas, Bob Sawvell and Jack Muthersbough, were very helpful with their suggestions and encouragement. They also gave me assistance when I needed time away from the administrative duties of my teaching. Most of the final typing was done by Ruth Chalmers, and I express deep appreciation for her diligent and conscientious work on my behalf. Other people contributed to the typing of tables and other such burdensome parts of the dissertation and I wish to thank them; Mrs, Phyllis Custer, Anna and Gloria Ontiveros, Mrs, Ann May, Cheryl Vines, and Sue Peters, To my wife, Carole, I extend sincere gratitude for her understanding, patience, and encouragement during the writing of the manuscript. She sacrificed much of her time and commitments to allow me the opportunity to pursue this undertaking. Finally, I want to thank the 815 people who were interviewed during the field survey, and whose answers provided the necessary data for the study. To these people, I humbly express warm appreciation and respect­ fully submit this work in the hopes that they may realize that their cooperation made such a project possible. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ................................................... vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................. ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION............................................. 1 The Initial Political Act.............................. 3 The Political Problem.................................. 5 The Principal Objectives .............................. 10 Selection of the Political Unit........................ 11 The Research Problem .......................... 12 The Hypotheses ............... 13 Data Collection Procedures ............................ 14 The Variables ......................................... 21 II. A REVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCH ........................... 25 III. OKLAHOMA ANNEXATION LAWS AND THE AREAL EXPANSION OF OKLAHOMA C I T Y ........................... 41 Annexation Legislation and Procedures................. 42 Areal Expansion of Oklahoma C i t y ...................... 46 IV. THE MUNICIPAL ENCLAVES OF OKLAHOMA CITY— EFFORTS TOWARDS INCORPORATION AND RESISTANCE TO THESE EFFORTS ....................................... 56 The Older Incorporated Enclaves........................ 56 The Newer Incorporated Enclaves........................ 68 Remaining County Enclaves.............................. 81 V. THE SPATIAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC-POLITICAL CHARACTER OF THE INCORPORATED ENCLAVES ............... 82 VI. SERVICE AVAILABILITY IN THE INCORPORATED ENCLAVES OF OKLAHOMA CITY................................. 102 The Spatially Isolated Enclaves.......................... 112 The Spatially Contiguous Enclaves........................ 116 The High Status, Dormitory Enclaves...................... 120 The Lower Status, Dormitory Enclaves ............... 125 The Functionally Provincialist Enclaves................ 128 chapter Page VII. ACCEPTANCE RESPONSES OF THE INCORPORATED ENCLAVES TOWARDS OKLAHOMA CITY ....................... 137 The Spatial Enclave Groups „ .......................... 140 The Socio-Economic-Politlcal Enclave Groups. , . 144 VIII. POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND FUNCTIONAL ORIENTATION OF THE INCORPORATED ENCLAVES .......... .. 149 The Spatial Enclave Groups .............. 151 The Socio-Econoraic-Political Enclave Groups.......... 155 IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ..... ............ 165 A P P E N D I X E S ............................ c .... 171 Ao The Questionnaire...................................... 172 Bo Socio-Economic-Political Characteristics ........ 176 Co Tabulations of Chi-Square Values for Acceptability Responses............ 183 Do List of Elected Representatives Interviewed. ...... 196 Eo Tabulations of Chi-Square Values for Political Attitude Responses and Political- Functional Orientation Responses .... ............... 199 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .................................................... 230 VI LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Municipal Enclaves of United States Municipalities (1960).................................. 6 II. Numbers of Registered Voters Sampled in the Nine Incorporated E n c l a v e s ....................... 17 III. Distribution of the Sampled Registered Voters by Ward in the Nine Incorporated Enclaves............. 18 IV. Distribution of the Sampled Registered Voters by Sex in the Nine Incorporated Enclaves ............. 18 V. Governmental Characteristics (in 1970) of the Nine Incorporated Enclaves Comprising the Study. 19 VI. Areal Growth of Oklahoma City to 1958................... 49 VII. Oklahoma City Areal Gain 1959-1971 ..................... 49 VIII. The Municipal Enclaves of Oklahoma City, 1970.......... 57 IX. Variables Used in the Factor Analysis Technique........ 86 X. Socio-Economic-Political Data for the Nine Incorporated Enclaves ............................ 89 XI. Matrix Showing Rotated Factor Loadings for Socio-Economic-Political Components................... 90 XII. Loadings on Factor O n e .................................. 94 XIII. Loadings on Factor Two . ........................... 94 XIV. Factor Scores for the Nine Enclave Cities and Towns ...................................... 96 XV. The Enclave Groupings and their Characteristics..........