Transcriptome Analysis of Apple Leaves Infected by the Rust
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Pear Trellis Rust, a New Disease
Natter’s Notes summer. By mid-summer, Pear Trellis Rust, a tiny black dots (pycnia) appear in the center of the new disease leaf spots.” [Fig 3] By late Jean R. Natter summer, brown, blister-like swellings form on the lower Recently, Pear Trellis Rust leaf surface just beneath (Gymnosporangium the leaf spots. This is sabinae) became the followed by the newest contributor to this development of acorn- hodge-podge-let’s-try- shaped structures (aecia) everything year. During with open, trellis-like sides 2016, the first case of pear Fig 1: Pear trellis rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) on the top that give this disease its trellis rust was reported in leaf surface of edible pear tree; Multnomah County, OR. (Client common name. (Fig 4) the northern section of the image; 2017-09) Aeciospores produced within Willamette Valley, that on a Bartlett pear growing in the aecia are wind-blown to susceptible juniper Milwaukie, Clackamas County. (See “Pear Trellis hosts where they can cause infections on young Rust: First Report in Oregon” Metro MG Newsletter, shoots. These spores are released from late summer January 2016; until leaf drop.” (“Pear Trellis Rust, http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/metro/sites/d Gymnosporangium sabinae” efault/files/dec_2016_mg_newsletter_12116.pdf. (http://www.ladybug.uconn.edu/FactSheets/pear- Then, in mid-September 2017, an inquiry about a trellis-rust_6_2329861430.pdf) pear leaf problem in Multnomah County was submitted to Ask an Expert. [Fig 1; Fig 2] Yes, it’s Signs on affected alternate host junipers are difficult another fruiting pear tree infected with trellis rust. It to detect. -
Pear Trellis Rust
Dr. Yonghao Li Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 Huntington Street, P. O. Box 1106 New Haven, CT 06504 Phone: (203) 974-8601 Fax: (203) 974-8502 Founded in 1875 Email: [email protected] Putting science to work for society Website: www.ct.gov/caes PEAR TRELLIS RUST Pear trellis rust (European pear rust) is one premature defoliation, significant diebacks, of most devastating diseases on fruit and and reduced tree vigour (Figure 1). ornamental pear trees in Europe. In the United States, since the disease was first SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSTICS reported in the Bellingham, WA in 1997, it The disease affects pear and juniper plants, has moved from the west coast to east coast. which is the alternate host of the fungal In Connecticut, pear trellis rust was first pathogen Gymnosporangium sabinae. On reported in 2012. Although the disease is pear trees, the disease mainly damages considered cosmetic on pear trees, heavy and leaves although twigs and fruit can also be repeated infections due to wet spring infected. The initial symptom appears as weather conditions may result in severe yellow spots on the upper side of young leaves in the spring. Lesions become reddish orange in color and expand up to 3/4 inch in diameter (Figure 2). By mid summer, small black dots (spermagonia) form in the center of the spot on the upper side of leaves. And then, light brown, Figure 1. Browning of leaves and early Figure 2. Reddish-brown lesions on the defoliation of heavily infected pear trees in upper- (left) and lower-side (right) of the early summer leaf acorn-shaped structures (aecia) form on the differences in susceptibility between under side of the leaf directly below the varieties. -
Pear Tree Trellis Rust.Pdf
www.landscape.org The Plant Doctor’s CONCOLOR FIR & RHIZOSPHAERALANDSCAPE NEEDLECAST TIPS By David L. Roberts, Ph.D., Senior Academic Specialist, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University TRELLIS RUST: A MANAGEMENT UPDATE Photo 2 Photo 2: This photo of the same three trees was taken Photo 1 approximately one year later in 2016. It shows that the trees have rebounded somewhat. These three trees were injected Photo 1: This photo of TR was taken in July of 2015. The with Shepherd by Arborsystems Wedgle in the early spring of severe debilitating effects of the disease are readily visible 2016. While this may be anecdotal, there is evidence that se- and have resulted in apparent decline of the trees. verely declined trees may exhibit some recovery. Obviously, it would be better to prevent severe decline from happening in the first place if we want to maintain relatively healthy pear INTRODUCTION: trees in the landscape; we might be able to accomplish this Trellis Rust (aka European Pear Rust), caused by the fungus with reasonable management steps. Gymnosporangium sabinae (=Gymnosprangium fuscan), has spread throughout Southeast Michigan. Originally from Europe, the disease may represent a serious health threat to Pyrus species, both ornamental and fruit pear types. Symptoms and the disease cycle were summarized in two previous Landsculptor articles: September 2014 and September 2015 issues. The disease will likely advance across Michigan in the next few years. We have little experience with the control of Trellis Rust, but through observations over the last couple of years combined with our knowledge of similar diseases, I believe I can provide some practical measures that arborists/ landscapers may consider in their management plans. -
Differences in Leaf Morphological Parameters of Pear
plants Article Differences in Leaf Morphological Parameters of Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Based on Their Susceptibility to European Pear Rust Caused by Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) Oerst. Katrına¯ Karklin¯ , a , Gunars¯ Lacis¯ and Baiba Lace¯ * Institute of Horticulture, Graudu 1, LV-3701 Dobele, Latvia; [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (G.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: European pear rust is an important disease; however, the relationship between its causal pathogen Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) Oerst. and host Pyrus communis L. is poorly understood. In this study, disease severity was measured, and leaf samples were collected over three years, and their leaf water content; leaf area; leaf mass per area; and epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular tissue width and stomatal density were measured and compared between susceptible and resistant genotypes for each year. Most genotypes either showed consistent disease symptoms or showed no symptoms during the study in terms of their susceptibility. A correlation between disease severity and mesophyll tissue thickness, and stomatal density and differences between several morphological parameters were found depending on the genotype’s susceptibility. The study showed that the following pear morphological traits were stable between the years: water content, leaf mass per area, spongy mesophyll thickness, phloem thickness, and stomatal density. When selecting for breeding, Citation: Karklin¯ , a, K.; Lacis,¯ G.; Lace,¯ B. Differences in Leaf we found that candidates for traits that discern susceptible genotypes from resistant were mesophyll Morphological Parameters of Pear layer width, stomatal density, epidermis width, and xylem tissue width. (Pyrus communis L.) Based on Their Susceptibility to European Pear Rust Keywords: European pear rust; Gymnosporangium sabinae; leaf anatomy Caused by Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) Oerst. -
Biotrophic Fungi Infection and Plant Defense Mechanism Solomon Abera Gebrie* Plant Biotechnology Research, P.O
atholog P y & nt a M Gebrie, J Plant Pathol Microbiol 2016, 7:9 l i P c f r o o b DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000378 l i Journal of a o l n o r g u y o J ISSN: 2157-7471 Plant Pathology & Microbiology Review Article Open Access Biotrophic Fungi Infection and Plant Defense Mechanism Solomon Abera Gebrie* Plant Biotechnology Research, P.O. Box 31, Holeta, Ethiopia Abstract Biotrophic pathogens derive nutrients from living cells by maintaining host viability. This host Maintenance sustain through highly specialized structural and biochemical relations. For valuable virulence activity biotrophic fungi have: highly developed infection structures; limited secretory activity, carbohydrate rich and protein-containing interfacial layers; long-term suppression of host defense; haustoria that used for nutrient absorption and metabolism. Plant defenses biotrophic fungal pathogen by penetration resistance and program cell death (PCD). Plant strengthens cell wall and membrane to halt spore germination and prevent the formation of the haustorium by Penetration resistance. The second resistance mechanism applied inside the penetrated epidermal cell that terminates nutrient supply to fungi for further development by induction of invaded program cell death. Plant innate immune responses occur through two basic interconnected forms: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to activate defense signal molecules. However, Biotrophic fungi have several mechanisms to defend their effectors from plant receptor molecules. Once the fungal effector passes plant defense mechanism the plant will not resist. Subsequently the plant reduces production of defense signaling molecule like salicylic acid. This review overviews recent knowledge of biotrophic fungi infection and plant defense strategies. -
ISSN 1941- 4943 Volume 6 - No.3 Fall 2013 Fungimag.Com $9.00
ISSN 1941- 4943 Volume 6 - No.3 Fall 2013 fungimag.com $9.00 ISSN 1941-4943 01> 9 771941 494005 Calendar Contents 11th International Fungal 8th International Congress on Biology Conference the Systematics and Ecology of 2 Editor’s Letter Karlsruhe, Germany Myxomycetes (ICSEM8) September 29 - October 3, 2013 Changchun, Jilin Province, China 3 Letters to the Editor The meeting will be combined with August 11 - 15, 2014 the biannual German Molecular For details visit www.jlau.edu.cn. 6 Filamentous Foes and Mycology meeting. For details visit Mycological Maladies, www.iab.kit.edu/conference/. Alan R. Biggs Annual Fall Foray at Mingo Maitake, Paul Stamets Wildlife Refuge 12 Lake Wappapello, Missouri The Periodic Cicada, October 3 – 6, 2013 15 Hosted by Missouri Mycological Tovi Lehmann Society (MOMS). For details visit www.MoMyco.org. 18 Aquatic Myxomycetes, Mitsunori Tamayama 28th Annual Breitenbush and Harold W. Keller Mushroom Gathering Detroit, Oregon Ascocoryne turficola October 17 - 20, 2013 26 For information, contact Teddy (Boud.) Korf Records Bazladynski at [email protected] from West Siberia, or visit www.mushroominc.org. Nina Filippova, Elena North American Mycological Bulyonkova Association (NAMA) Annual Foray Shepherd of the Ozarks, Arkansas 31 Industrial Mycology October 24 - 27, 2013 101, Britt A. Bunyard Mushroom collecting in the heart of the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. Editor’s Picks, Hosted by the Arkansas Mycological 34 Society. For details visit Britt A. Bunyard www.namyco.org. The Woodwide Web, On The Cover: Teliospores of the 42 10th International Mycological cedar apple rust Gymnosporangium Susan Goldhor Congress (IMC10) juniperi-virginianae. This fungus is Bangkok, Thailand commonly seen around the home but 45 Foray in Thailand, August 3 - 8, 2014 most people have no idea what it is. -
Gymnosporangium Sabinae) in Austria and Implications for Possible Control Strategies 1 1 2 M
Reviewed Papers 65 Monitoring of pear rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) in Austria and implications for possible control strategies 1 1 2 M. Filipp , A. Spornberger and B. Schildberger Abstract In recent years pear rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) caused serious damages in organically managed pear orchards, on different sites in Eastern Austria, especially in the surroundings of St. Pölten. Therefore the appearance and development of the fungus was monitored over three years 2009-2011 in this area. The infection period and phase of spore discharge were estimated with a spore trap and with observations of symptoms on potted pear seedlings. The results of this monitoring campaign showed a moderate infestation level in pear orchards over the three years with low damage on fruits. In all three years, the main infection period was found to be from end of April to early May. Light infections were observed also from mid of April until the end of May. Later spores were flying until mid of June but did not lead to infections. In an organically managed orchard a reduction of the infestation dependent on the distance to an infected host plant and on treatments with fungicides used in organic growing could be found. Keywords: pear rust, Gymnosporangium sabinae, organic farming. Introduction In 2007 and especially in 2008, pear rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) caused severe damage on leaves, fruits and twigs of pears in many orchards in the area of St. Pölten. In this area most of the organically managed pear orchards in Austria were planted during the last 8 years. G. sabinae is a host changing fungus which is overwintering on twigs of some cedar species (Juniperus sabina, J. -
Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) Feeding with an Exotic Gymnosporangium Sabinae (Basidiomycota: Pucciniaceae) in Latvia
Environmental and Experimental Biology (2019) 17: 5–8 Brief Communication DOI: 10.22364/eeb.17.02 Notes on records of Trochulus hispidus (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) feeding with an exotic Gymnosporangium sabinae (Basidiomycota: Pucciniaceae) in Latvia Arturs Stalažs*, Baiba Lāce Institute of Horticulture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Graudu 1, Ceriņi, Krimūnu pagasts, Dobeles novads LV–3701, Latvia *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Feeding with the telia structures of an exotic fungus species Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) G. Winter (1884) (Basidiomycota: Pucciniaceae) by the native snail species, Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae), was documented in spring of 2015 and 2016 in Latvia. In both years snails fed with G. sabinae in field conditions at a home garden at Dobele (Latvia). T. hispidus generally preferred initial structures of G. sabinae telia before these structures developed as orange gelatinous mass, when fungus lost its attraction as potential food for T. hispidus snails. Key words: common hairy snail, feeding behaviour; exotic fungus. Introduction dead leaves of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus and Tilia cordata (Proćków et al. 2013). The common hairy snail, Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, Unfortunately, during later studies food preference of T. 1758), is highly variable and is the most widely distributed hispidus was not analysed in field conditions. Although T. Trochulus species in Europe. Snails mainly live in different hispidus seems to be often studied, nevertheless most of the types of damp habitats and in summers climb on specific studies have been focused on its life-cycle and reproductive plants (Proćków 2009). These snails are very common in biology, not feeding behaviour. -
Pear Rust (Gymnosporangium Sabinae) Luke E Hailey, Bsc & Jon M Banks, Phd Identification, Biology & Management
RESEARCH LABORATORY TECHNICAL REPORT Pear Rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae) Luke E Hailey, BSc & Jon M Banks, PhD Identification, Biology & Management Pear Rust (Gymnosporangium sabinae, aka pear trellis rust) is a rust fungus which attacks both pears and junipers; both hosts are required for different stages of its lifecycle. It is especially damaging to pears. Recorded cases of pear rust have been increasing in the past decade. Symptoms UK. With time, repeated outbreaks may On pears, from summer to early autumn, the weaken trees and predispose them to other fungus causes orange spots on the upper pests, however, death rarely, if ever, results surface of the leaf, often with a black centre from infection by these fungi. (Figure 1). Later on in the season the corresponding lower surface of the leaf Figure 2. Symptoms of pear rust on leaf underside showing fruiting bodies of various ages. swells into gall-like mound with light- coloured fruiting bodies blistering out (Figure 2). They can also form on petioles. Spores produced on pears can only infect junipers. Figure 1. Upper leaf symptoms of pear rust. On junipers it causes canker-like swellings year-round (Figure 3), in spring these sprout horn-shaped orange-yellow fruiting bodies (Figure 4). These become gelatinous when wet. Spores released from these fruiting bodies can infect pear trees. Junipers provide On Pears, the fruit of the tree is sometimes a winter host while pear trees are dormant. affected by the disease. Bark/twig lesions may also occur on but are uncommon in the Page 1 of 2 Biology clearing of fallen or infected pear leaves may Spores from either host may travel significant not have a significant effect. -
Chrysomyxa Pirolata
Czech University of Agriculture Prague Faculty of Forestry And Wood Sciences Department of Forest Protection And Entomology F O R E S T P A T H O L O G Y F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos What is Plant Pathology (Phytopathology)? Plant pathology is the study of the biotic and abiotic agents that cause disease in plants; of the mechanisms by which these causal agents induce disease in plants and of the methods of preventing or controlling disease and reducing the damage caused. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos What is Plant Disease? A plant disease is usually defined as abnormal growth and/or dysfunction of a plant. Diseases are the result of some disturbance in the normal life process of the plant. F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Diseases of the forest-tree species F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos Causal agents Diseases induce organisms called a pathogens. Pathogen can be only living organism such as a virus bacterium or fungus. According to the way of nourishment, we can divide them into three groups: saprophytic parasitic symbiotic F o r H e a l Forestry Higher Education Advancement in Laos • Obligate saprophyte - decays dead organic matter • Facultative saprophyte - an organism that is usually parasitic but may also lives as a saprophyte • Obligate parasite - a parasite that can only feed on the living tissues of the host - does not grow on artificial culture medium • Facultative parasite - an organism that is usually saprophytic but which under certain conditions may become parasitic e.g. -
Analyse Moléculaire De L'interaction Entre Peupliers Et Melampsora Spp
Analyse moléculaire de l’interaction entre peupliers et Melampsora spp. par des approches génomiques et fonctionnelles Cecile Lorrain To cite this version: Cecile Lorrain. Analyse moléculaire de l’interaction entre peupliers et Melampsora spp. par des approches génomiques et fonctionnelles. Biologie végétale. Université de Lorraine, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018LORR0016. tel-01920199 HAL Id: tel-01920199 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01920199 Submitted on 13 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm Université de Lorraine, Collegium Sciences et Technologies Ecole Doctorale «Ressources, Procédés, Produits, Environnement» Thèse Présentée et soutenue publiquement pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université de Lorraine spécialité Biologie Végétale et Forestière par Cécile Lorrain Analyse moléculaire de l’interaction entre peupliers et Melampsora spp. -
Gymnosporangium Globosum (Farl.) Farl
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD & AGRICULTURE California Pest Rating Proposal for Gymnosporangium globosum (Farl.) Farl. 1886 American hawthorn rust Current Pest Rating: Q Proposed Pest Rating: A Comment Period: 11/15/2019 through 12/30/2019 Initiating Event: On September 4, 2015, CDFA agricultural inspectors at the Needles border inspection station intercepted 10 lbs. of “hand-picked pears” with a traveler from Louisburg, Kansas, heading for Santa Cruz, California. The pears were sent to CDFA plant pathologist Cheryl Blomquist at the diagnostics laboratory in Meadowview. On September 24, 2015, she identified Gymnosporangium globosom, American hawthorn rust, from the pears. This pathogen is not known to occur in California and was assigned a temporary Q rating. The risk to California from this pathogen is assessed herein and a permanent rating is proposed. History & Status: Background: Rust diseases are caused by fungi that are obligate parasites: They develop only on living hosts. To complete their life cycles, Gymnosporangium rusts must alternate between a juniper host and a rosaceous host, such as apple, pear, hawthorn, mountain ash, or quince. The biggest impacts from these rusts are on the rosaceous hosts and damages include growth loss and degraded fruit quantity and quality. Numerous infections, which can be common in wet years, can reduce host vigor and increase secondary attacks by other diseases or insects. The Gymnosporangium rusts cause stem swelling and occasionally the ones that cause branch knots can kill their juniper hosts. Although the strange appearance and bright orange color of the telial horns on the junipers can be alarming, damage is usually minor.