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Occurrence and Harmful Effects of Gymnosporangium Sabinae

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Occurrence and Harmful Effects of Gymnosporangium Sabinae Plant Protection Science – 2002 Vol. 38, No. 3: 89–93 Occurrence and Harmful Ef fects of Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) Winter in Slovak Republic 1 2 G ABRIELA JUHÁSOVÁ and JÁN PRASLIÈKA 1 Depar tment of Woody Plant Biology – Institute of For est Ecology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Nitra; 2Zoology and Anthropology Depar tment – Faculty of Natural Science, University of Constantine Philosopher, Nitra, Slovak Republic Abstract JUHÁSOVÁ G., PRASLIÈKA J. (2002): Occurrence and harmful ef fects of Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) W inter in Slo- vak Republic . Plant Protect. Sci., 38 : 89–93. The fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) Winter was found only at three locations during the years 1965 to 1990 in Slovakia, they were the Arboretum at Mlyòany, Topo¾èianky and Gbely (JUHÁSOVÁ 1973, 1975, 1998). We noticed a more frequent occurrence of this fungus during recent years. The life cycle, range of woody host plants and degree of damage on pear leaves at selected locations in Slovakia are described. Keywords: Gymnosporangium; Pyrus; Juniperus; woody host plants As part of the project “Biological-ecological bases for Besides by G. sabinae, species of the genus Juniperus the creation and preservation of greenery in urban and are also parasitized by the fungi G. tremelloides (A. production landscape” we evaluated the external factors Braun) Hartig, G. clavariaeforme (Jacqueuin) De Can- that influence quality and quantity of greenery at select- dolle (J. communis L.), G. juniperi-virginianae Schw. ed locations in Slovakia. These included the important (J. virginiana L.), G. sabinae (J. sabina, J. communis and dendrological facilities (arboreta, botanical gardens and J. virginiana) (UBRIZSYI 1952; PØÍHODA 1959; PARME- parks), public and private greenery in towns, gardening LEE 1965; PADY et al. 1968, K UPREVIÈ & U LJANIŠÈEV plots and private gardens. Part of the task was to deter- 1975; B ÁNHEGYI et al. 1985). Reviews of species of the mine the parasitic mycoflora on selected woody plant genus Gymnosporangium have been prepared by PAR- species, with members of the genus Juniperus amongst MELEE (1965) and KERN (1973). them. According to a number of authors the heteroaecious M ATERIAL AND METHODS fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae parasitizes woody plants. It must unconditionally alternate hosts during its Up to the present we evaluated the occurrence and dis- development. The spring (aecial) stage appears on pear tribution of the fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae at 136 (Pyrus communis L.), the winter spores (teliospores) are locations in Slovakia such as botanical gardens, arboreta produced on Juniperus sabina L. The latter is considered and towns greenery (BENÈA• 1982). Various taxa of the in the literature as the main host plant, and the fungus genus Juniperus were represented, with most of them in was named after it. the Arboretum Mlyòany. TÁBOR and TOMAŠKO (1992) The objective of this work was to obtain reliable data mentioned 42 taxa of Juniperus genus grown there in the on whether G. sabinae occurs in Slovakia on J. sabina collection of exotic woody plants. We paid special atten- and on which woody host plants it produces the tion to the group of junipers, in which occurred J. sabi- teliospores. At the same time we wanted to find out if na, J. chinensis Pfitzeriana Mast. and J. communis, on urediospores are in fact missing from the life cycle of which we presupposed the occurrence of fungi of the this fungus as mentioned in available literature. genus Gymnosporangium. 89 Vol. 38, No. 3: 89–93 Plant Protection Science – 2002 We determined the developmental stages of this fun- We determined the fungi G. sabinae and G. tremelloides gus at the Arboretum Mlyòany and Nitra. Samples were as mentioned by K UPREVIÈ and U LJANIŠÈEV (1975), taken from branches of J. chinensis Pfitzeriana at inter- BRANDENBURGER (1985) and BÁNHEGYI et al. (1985). vals of 7 d (April to October) and 14 d (November to March) during the years 1994, 1995 and 2000. The pres- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ence of vegetative and reproductive organs of G. sabi- nae was evaluated visually and microscopically. We noticed Gymnosporangium sabinae at the Arbore- The presence of the fungus on leaves of pear, Pyrus tum Mlyòany already for the first time in 1965. We eval- communis, was determined during the phenological phas- uated specimens of 42 taxa of the species of the genus es from budding to complete fall of leaves. Juniperus at the Arboretum Mlyòany and a number of We evaluated the degree of damage on leaves of P. com- various taxa from 136 locations in Slovakia (botanic gar- munis during the months July, August and September. dens, arboreta and town greenery). We found G. sabinae Samples were taken at the Arboretum Mlyòany, Nitra and at 57 locations and only on branches of J. chinensis Pfitze- Modra Harmónia. The degree of damage on pear leaves riana. It was not found on J. sabina which grew close to was calculated by the formula by TOWNSENDO and HEU- infected J. chinensis Pfitzeriana and Pyrus communis. BERGER (1948): Likewise, we found G. sabinae neither on J. sabina S(n × v) ×100 nor in plantings where different species of the genera P = Juniperus and Pyrus were growing together and which 5N we examined in Greece, France, Hungary, Poland, the where: P = degree of damage Ukraine, Austria, Germany and North Korea during the n = number of leaves in each category (5) years 1965–2001. v = numerical values of category The symptoms of infection on J. chinensis Pfitzeriana N = total number of evaluated leaves match those on J. sabina described by a number of au- S = sum thors in our country and abroad (UBRIZSYI 1952; PEACE We evaluated 100 leaves from each locality. The af- 1962; K UPREVIÈ & U LJANIŠÈEV 1975; P INTÉR 1997). fected leaves were evaluated according to the number of The first symptoms of the disease occur on junipers at created aecial clusters and rated on a scale of 1 to 5. the end of the second year after the penetration of the 1st degree from 1 to 5 aecial clusters parasite into the tissues of the host plant. The needles 2nd degree from 6 to 10 aecial clusters turn yellow, then brown and fall from the damaged 3rd degree from 11 to 15 aecial clusters branches, thinner branches die off. The infected branch 4th degree from 16 to 20 aecial clusters swells in a spindle-like manner. On the swollen tumors 5th degree from 21 to 25 and more lilac-red telial horns of 3–5 × 6–8 mm in size are formed. Fig. 1. Gymnosporangium sabinae on the branches of Juniperus Fig. 2. The size of individual tongue-shaped telia is 5–10 × chinensis Pfitzeriana. Black, horn-shaped formation of india- 12–15 cm (photographed at the Arboretum Mlyòany on 10 th rubber hard consistence and 3–5 × 6–8 mm in size formed in M a y , 1994) winter . They were covered by a gelatinous substance of tongue- shaped form in spring, during optimal temperature and relative humidity (photographed at the Arboretum Mlyòany on 10 th May, 1994) 90 Plant Protection Science – 2002 Vol. 38, No. 3: 89–93 Fig. 3. T elia of the fungus Gymnosporangium tremelloides on Fig. 4. Smooth, yellow, later on crimson red spots with marked branches of Juniperus communis at the location Prša – Modrý orange red mar gin, concentrically arranged pycnidia, are formed Kameò. Gelatinous swellings are more narrow, 2–3 × 4–7 mm on the upper surface of leaves in size, than those of the previous fungus (photographed on 4th May , 2000) The spindle-like swollen tumor grows during the follow- The spindle-shaped swellings and bare branches de- ing years. The size of these swellings range from a few crease the esthetical, horticultural as well as market val- millimetres up to 70–80 cm. In the spring of the third year ue of J. chinensis Pfitzeriana. after infection, depending on optimum temperature and Sporulation of Gymnosporangium sabinae was noticed humidity conditions, the black horn-like formations are only on Juniperus chinensis Pfitzeriana at the Arbore- covered with a gelatinous substance in form of tongues. tum Mlyòany since 1965. We did not find the fungus on The size of individual columns of teliospores are 5–10 × other species of the genus Juniperus, not even at one of 12–15 cm (Figs. 1 and 2). We found that teliospores formed the locations in Slovakia. The similar results from abroad in huge numbers at the end of April to the beginning of are mentioned by PEACE (1962), PARMELEE (1965), May. The gelatinous swollen protuberances were found PADY et al. (1968), K UPREVIÈ and ULJANIŠÈEV (1975), most often from 5th to 15th May. The teliospores are thin at BRANDENBURGER (1985) and others. both ends, their size being 39–49 × 22–28 µm. They may We also found teliospores of G. tremelloides on J. com- have a thick or thin wall; the walls of thick-walled spores munis. This fungus creates 1–4 mm long, black horn- are dark brown, those of thin-walled ones are colourless shaped formations on spindle-like swollen branches. The (syn. G. fuscum de Candolle, Tremella sabinae Dickson, gelatinous swellings are narrower than with G. sabinae, Aecidium cancellatum Persoon). they reach the size 2–3 × 4–7 mm (Fig. 3). Fig. 5. Small tumors are covered with protuberances in the Fig. 6. Aeciospores of Gymnosporangium sabinae shape of small thick bristles; under our conditions from 20 th to 25 th August to 10 th–15 th September. There is roestelia formation typical for the genus Gymnosporangium 91 Vol. 38, No. 3: 89–93 Plant Protection Science – 2002 40 Nitra Modra Harmónia 35 Gbely Hliník a./Hronom 30 25 20 15 Number of damaged leaves 10 5 0 Degree 1 Degree 2 Degree 3 Degree 4 Degree 5 Healthy Fig.
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