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ED039892.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 039 892 LI 001 945 AUTHOR Stevens, Mary Elizabeth TITLE Research and Development in the Computer and Information Sciences. Volume 2, Processing, Storage, and Output Requirements in Information Processing Systems: A Selective Literature Review. INSTITUTION National Bureau of Standards (DOC), Washington, D.C. Center for Computer Sciences and Technology. REPORT NO NBS-Monogr-113-Vo1 -2 PUB DATE May 70 NOTE 129p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (C13.44:113/Vol.2, $1.25) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.75 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Automation, *Computers, *Information Processing, *Information Science, *Information Storage, Literature Reviews, Microforms, Research IDtNTIFIERS *On Line Systems ABSTRACT Areas of concern with respect to processing, storage, and output requirements of a generalized information processing system are considered. Special emphasis is placed on multiple-access systems. Problems of system management and control are discussed, including hierarchies of storage levels. Facsimile, digital, and mass random access storage media and techniques are considered. A variety of output mode requirements are also considered, including direct recording to microforms; on-line display systems; printing, photocomposition, and automatic character generation; and three-dimensional, color, and other special-purpose display systems. Problems of system use and evaluation are also briefly noted. A bibliography of approximately 480 cited references is included, together with supplemental notes and quotations from the literature.(Author) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Maurice H. Stans, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Lewis :Zvi. Branscomb, Dirtaor Research and Development in the Computer C1 and Information Sciences or co 2. Processing, Storage, and Output Requirements ciN reN in Information Processing Systems: CD -- CD A Selective Literature Review UJ Mary Elizabeth Stevens Center for Computer Sciences and Technology National Bureau of Standards "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY- Washington, D.C. 20234 RIGHTED MATERIAL BY MICROFICHEONLY HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO ERIC AND ORGANIZA ONS RATING UNOER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S.OFFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PER- MISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER" U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR -ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES- SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 113, Vol. 2 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monogr. 113 Vol. 2, 125 pages (May 1970) CODEN: NBS1ViA Issued May 1970 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.44:113/Vol. 2), Price $1.25. Foreword The Center for Computer Sciences and Technology of the National Bureau of Standards has responsibility under the authority of Public Law 89-306 (the Brooks Bill) for automatic data processing standards development, for consultation and technical assistance to Federal agencies, and for supporting research in matters relating to the use of computers in the Federal Government. This selective literature review is the second in a series intended to improve interchange of information among those engaged in research and development in the fields of the computer and information sciences. Considered in this volume are the specific areas of information processing, storage, and output. Names and descriptions of specific proprietary devices and equipment have been included for the convenience of the reader, but completencsb in this respect is recognized to be impossible. Certain important developments have remained proprietary or have not been reported in the open literature; thus major contributors to key developments in the field may have been omitted. The omission of any method or device does not necessarily imply that it is considered unsuitable or unsatisfactory, nor does inclusion of descriptive material on commercially available instruments, products, programs, or processes constitute endorsement. LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB, Director k Contents Page Foreword Hi 1. Introduction 1 2. Processor system considerations 3 2.1. General considerations 3 2.2. Management of multiple-access systems 4 2.2.1. General considerations and examples 4 2.2.2. Scheduling, queuing, and priorities in multiple-access systems 5 2.2.3. "Swapping," dynamic memory allocation, and pagination 7 2.2.4. Client and system protection 8 2.3. System control and performance evaluation 9 3. Storage, file organization, and associative memory requirements 10 3.1. Hierarchies of storage, data compression, and data consolidation 11 3.1.1. Hierarchical memory structure.. 11 3.1.2. Data compression and consolidation 11 3.2. Problems of file organization and structure 12 3.3. Associative memory considerations 14 4. Mass Storage Considerations 16 4.1. Digital vs. facsimile storage 16 4.1.1. Facsimile storage 16 4.1.2. Document store compacting by digital storage techniques 18 4.1.3. Combined facsimile-digital storage 19 4.2. Examples of relatively direct access file storage and retrieval systems 19 4.2.1. Retrieval and reproduction of microforms 19 4.2.2. Digital data storage techniques 20 5. Output and post-processing requirements 20 5.1. Direct output and display applications 21 5.1.1. Graphic outputs and displays. 22 5.1.2. Machine-aided design 23 5.1.3. Computer-assisted instruction and problem - solving... 26 5.2. Multiple output modes 26 5.2.1. Audio outputs, speech synthesis and speech compression... 27 5.2.2. Three-dimensional, color, and motion picture outputs 28 5.2.3. Multi-media and special purpose outputs 29 6. System output to microform and hard copy 30 6.1. Microform recording and direct output transmission 30 6.2. Printing, photocomposition and computer-controlled character and symbol generation 31 6.2.1. Line printers 33 6.2.2. Photocomposition and electronic character generation technique. 33 6.2.3. Computer-controlled typographic composition 34 6.3. Hard copy reproduction 35 6.4. Post-processing operations and special forms of output.. 35 7. System use and evaluation 36 8. Conclusion 37 Appendix A. Background notes on research and development requirements in information processing, storage, and output.. 39 Appendix B. Bibliography 114 Additional references 114 Figures Page Figure 1.Functional diagram of a generalized information processing system 2 Figure 2.Information processing system management functions 3 Figure 3.Aging blemishes on microfilm 17 Figure 4.Iicrocite equipment 17 Figure 5.Output and post-processing functions 21 Figure 6.The "co-planner" outputs 24 Figure 7.Proposed microform reader... 32 Figure 8.Schematic diagram of Bush rapid selector 72 NI Is VI 7+ .7." WAI-c77/ V. "'"- Research and Development inthe Computer andInformation Sciences 2. Processing, Storage, andOutput Requirements inInformation Processing Systems: A Selective LiteratureReview Mary Elizabeth Stevens Areas of concern with respect to processing, storage,and output requirements of a generalized information processing system are considered.Special emphasis is placed on multiple-access systems. Problems of system management and control arediscussed, including hierarchies of storagelevels. Facsimile, digital, and mass random access storagemedia and techniques are considered. A variety of output mode requirements are alsoconsidered, including direct recording tomicroforms; on-line display- systems; printing, photocomposition,and automatic character generation;and three- dimensional, color, and other special-purposedisplay systems. Problems of system use andevaluation references is included, together with are also briefly noted.A bibliography of approximately 480 cited supplemental notes and quotations from theliterature. machine- Key words: Computer-assisted-instruction;information display; information recording; aided design; memory allocation;microforms; multiple-access systems;on-line systems; output modes;photocomposition and typesetting; storagehierarchies; time sharing. 1. Introduction This is the second in a series of reports concerned operationsthemselves(especiallyintermsof with research and development requirements and multiple-access systems), with efficient and eco- areas of continuing concernin the computer and nomical storage, with output considerations, and information sciences and technologies. In thefirst with post-processing operations on output. report of thisseries, "Information Acquisition, Many hardware, design, and theoretical consider- Sensing, and Input: A Selective Literature Review," ations necessarily arise with respect tothe develop- background considerations and general purposes ment of processing specifications,matching and intended to be served by the series are discussed. processing operations, search and selection,and In addition, the general plan of attack and certain retrieval. We shall defer most of the aspects of caveats are outlined.*1.1 information storage, selection and retrieval systems In general, we shall attempt to consider first the for discussion in later reports in this series.In this areas of research anddevelopment concern in the report, we will concentrate first oncertain aspects computer sciences and technologies withreference of processor system planning and management to a schematic diagram of ageneralized information
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