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Data Processing with Unit Record Equipment in Iceland
Data Processing with Unit Record Equipment in Iceland Óttar Kjartansson (Retired) Manager of Data Processing Department at Skýrr, Iceland [email protected] Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the usage of unit record equipment and punched cards in Iceland and introduces some of the pioneers. The usage of punched cards as a media in file processing started 1949 and became the dominant machine readable media in Iceland until 1968. After that punched cards were still used as data entry media for a while but went completely out of use in 1982. Keywords: Data processing, unit record, punched card, Iceland. 1 Hagstofa Íslands Hagstofa Íslands (Statistical Bureau of Iceland) initiated the use of 80 column punched cards and unit record equipment in Iceland in the year 1949. The first ma- chinery consisted of tabulating machine of the type IBM 285 (handled numbers only), the associated key punch machines, verifiers, and a card sorter. See Figures 1 and 2. This equipment was primarily used to account for the import and export for Iceland. Skýrr (Skýrsluvélar ríkisins og Reykjavíkurborgar - The Icelandic State and Munici- pal Data Center) was established three years later by an initiative from Hagstofa Íslands, Rafmagnsveita Reykjavíkur (Reykjavík Electric Power Utility), and the Medical Director of Health of Iceland as was described in an earlier article [3]. Fig. 1. IBM 285 Electric Accounting Machine at Hagstofa Íslands year 1949 J. Impagliazzo, T. Järvi, and P. Paju (Eds.): HiNC 2, IFIP AICT 303, pp. 225–229, 2009. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2009 226 Ó. Kjartansson Fig. 2. Early form of the data registration using a punched card. -
Oct. 5Th IBM 1401
episode “Whither Canada?” The IBM 1403 series would run for forty-five Oct. 5th Oct. 5, 1959 episodes over four series. It was conceived, written, and The IBM 1403 line printer was performed Graham Chapman, IBM 1401 introduced at the same time as John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric the IBM 1401 [previous entry]. Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Oct. 5, 1959 The original could print 600 Palin. lines per minute, but the Model The term “spam” in reference to The IBM 1401 was the first 3 could manage a blazingly fast bulk, unsolicited email [March machine in the highly successful 1400 lines per minute. IBM 1400 series. IBM was 31] is derived from the show’s pleasantly surprised (perhaps It was the first printer to offer a “Spam” sketch which premiered even shocked) to receive 5,200 width of 132 columns, which on Dec. 15, 1970. “Spam” is orders in just five weeks after its was subsequently adapted by uttered at least 132 times. announcement – more than had many others devices, such as the The Python language [Feb 20] is been predicted for the entire Centronics 101 (1970), the named after the troupe, and lifetime of the device. Indeed, DECwriter II ([Sept 24]1975), Monty Python references are the number of installed and the Epson MX-80 ([Oct 00] often found in sample code. For machines peaked at over 10,000 1980). One historian believes instance, many Python coders in the mid-1960s, and accounted this unusual number of columns like to use spam, ham, and eggs for nearly half of all the derives from the spacing used by as variables, instead of the more computer systems in the world IBM’s pre-1928 punch cards traditional foo [March 10], bar, at the time. -
The Profession of IT Multitasking Without Thrashing Lessons from Operating Systems Teach How to Do Multitasking Without Thrashing
viewpoints VDOI:10.1145/3126494 Peter J. Denning The Profession of IT Multitasking Without Thrashing Lessons from operating systems teach how to do multitasking without thrashing. UR INDIVIDUAL ABILITY to The first four destinations basi- mercial world with its OS 360 in 1965. be productive has been cally remove incoming tasks from your Operating systems implement mul- hard stressed by the sheer workspace, the fifth closes quick loops, titasking by cycling a CPU through a load of task requests we and the sixth holds your incomplete list of all incomplete tasks, giving each receive via the Internet. In loops. GTD helps you keep track of one a time slice on the CPU. If the task 2001, David Allen published Getting these unfinished loops. does not complete by the end of its O 1 Things Done, a best-selling book about The idea of tasks being closed loops time slice, the OS interrupts it and puts a system for managing all our tasks to of a conversation between a requester it on the end of the list. To switch the eliminate stress and increase produc- and a perform was first proposed in CPU context, the OS saves all the CPU tivity. Allen claims that a considerable 1979 by Fernando Flores.5 The “condi- registers of the current task and loads amount of stress comes our way when tions of satisfaction” that are produced the registers of the new task. The de- we have too many incomplete tasks. by the performer define loop comple- signers set the time slice length long He views tasks as loops connecting tion and allow tracking the movement enough to keep the total context switch someone making a request and you of the conversation toward completion. -
1St Slide Set Operating Systems
Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems 1st Slide Set Operating Systems Prof. Dr. Christian Baun Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences (1971–2014: Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main) Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering [email protected] Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 1st Slide Set Operating Systems – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS2021 1/24 Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems Organizational Information E-Mail: [email protected] !!! Tell me when problems problems exist at an early stage !!! Homepage: http://www.christianbaun.de !!! Check the course page regularly !!! The homepage contains among others the lecture notes Presentation slides in English and German language Exercise sheets in English and German language Sample solutions of the exercise sheers Old exams and their sample solutions What is the password? There is no password! The content of the English and German slides is identical, but please use the English slides for the exam preparation to become familiar with the technical terms Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 1st Slide Set Operating Systems – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS2021 2/24 Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems Literature My slide sets were the basis for these books The two-column layout (English/German) of the bilingual book is quite useful for this course You can download both books for free via the FRA-UAS library from the intranet Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 1st Slide Set Operating Systems – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS2021 3/24 Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems Learning Objectives of this Slide Set At the end of this slide set You know/understand. -
BCIS 1305 Business Computer Applications
BCIS 1305 Business Computer Applications BCIS 1305 Business Computer Applications San Jacinto College This course was developed from generally available open educational resources (OER) in use at multiple institutions, drawing mostly from a primary work curated by the Extended Learning Institute (ELI) at Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA), but also including additional open works from various sources as noted in attributions on each page of materials. Cover Image: “Keyboard” by John Ward from https://flic.kr/p/tFuRZ licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. BCIS 1305 Business Computer Applications by Extended Learning Institute (ELI) at NOVA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. CONTENTS Module 1: Introduction to Computers ..........................................................................................1 • Reading: File systems ....................................................................................................................................... 1 • Reading: Basic Computer Skills ........................................................................................................................ 1 • Reading: Computer Concepts ........................................................................................................................... 1 • Tutorials: Computer Basics................................................................................................................................ 1 Module 2: Computer -
Virtualization and Security Aspects: an Overview
Rui Filipe Pereira, Rui Miguel Silva & João Pedro Orvalho Virtualization and Security Aspects: An Overview Rui Filipe Pereira [email protected] Lab UbiNET – Computer Science Security and Cybercrime Polytechnic Institute Of Beja Beja, Portugal Rui Miguel Silva [email protected] Lab UbiNET – Computer Science Security and Cybercrime Polytechnic Institute Of Beja Beja, Portugal João Pedro Orvalho [email protected] Lab UbiNET – Computer Science Security and Cybercrime Polytechnic Institute Of Beja Beja, Portugal Abstract Virtualization allows a single system to concurrently run multiple isolated virtual machines, operating systems (OSes) or multiple instances of a single OS. It helps organizations to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, improve the use of hardware, and to allocate resources on- demand. Nevertheless, like most technologies, it has vulnerabilities and threats. Research about security issues related to virtualization has been conducted for several years. However, there are still open challenges related to security in virtualization. This paper looks into some of the differences, issues, challenges, and risks caused by virtualization and aims to classify the various virtualization approaches, along with their goals, advantages and drawbacks from a security perspective. Such classification is expected to help in the identification of virtualization technologies that might be applied in a virtualized infrastructure. This work is intended to be an introduction to the security considerations, concerns, and implications arising from use of virtualized systems. Keywords: Virtualization, Cybersecurity, Hypervisor, Virtual Machine, Virtual Machine Monitor. 1. INTRODUCTION Virtualization is a technology that uses a logical environment to overcome the physical limitations of hardware. Due to its characteristics of encapsulation and isolation, virtualization is the basis for cloud computing paradigm. -
Sistemas Operativos Moviles: Funcionalidades, Efectividad Y Aplicaciones Utiles En Colombia. Sanly Aponte Gomez Carlos Davila Ra
SISTEMAS OPERATIVOS MOVILES: FUNCIONALIDADES, EFECTIVIDAD Y APLICACIONES UTILES EN COLOMBIA. SANLY APONTE GOMEZ CARLOS DAVILA RAMIREZ UNIVERSIDAD EAN FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA DE SISTEMAS TEKHLAR BOGOTA 2011 SISTEMAS OPERATIVOS MOVILES: FUNCIONALIDADES, EFECTIVIDAD Y APLICACIONES UTILES EN COLOMBIA. SANLY APONTE GOMEZ CARLOS DAVILA RAMIREZ Proyecto de Grado Tekhlar II como requisito para optar al título de Ingeniero en Sistemas Asesor ING. JAVIER DUARTE UNIVERSIDAD EAN FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA DE SISTEMAS TEKHLAR BOGOTA 2011 DEDICATORIA SANLY APONTE GOMEZ MIS ESFUERZOS SE LOS DEDICO: A DIOS. Por ser mí guía, fortaleza y protección en cada momento de mi vida, pasando cada día los obstáculos presentados en mis estudios hasta alcanzar mis metas profesionales. A MIS PADRES. Carmen Lucy Gómez Penna y Jaime Aponte Rivillas. Con todo mi amor, les agradezco por confiar en mí, por darme la vida y guiarme por el camino correcto. Es por eso que pude lograr la culminación de mis estudios profesionales, porque sin ustedes no los hubiera finalizado. A MIS HERMANOS. Luis Enrique Aponte y José Alfredo Aponte. Gracias por apoyarme y darme valor en los momentos más difíciles de mis estudios ya que soy un punto de referencia para ustedes. A MI TIA. Yolima Aponte Por ofrecerme todo su apoyo incondicional guiándome en mi vida personal y estudio profesional. A MI COMPAÑERO DE PROYECTO. Carlos Dávila Ramírez. Por su apoyo y acompañamiento en el desarrollo de este Proyecto de Grado que hoy entregamos finalmente. AGRADECIMIENTOS. Agradezco a la UNIVERSIDAD EAN por su buena educación a nivel personal y profesional, dándome buenas prácticas de aprendizaje y oportunidades de desarrollarme como Ingeniera de Sistemas. -
1St Slide Set Operating Systems
Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems 1st Slide Set Operating Systems Prof. Dr. Christian Baun Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences (1971–2014: Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main) Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering [email protected] Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 1st Slide Set Operating Systems – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 1/31 Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems Organizational Information E-Mail: [email protected] !!! Tell me when problems problems exist at an early stage !!! Homepage: http://www.christianbaun.de !!! Check the course page regularly !!! The homepage contains among others the lecture notes Presentation slides in English and German language Exercise sheets in English and German language Sample solutions of the exercise sheers Old exams and their sample solutions Participating in the exercises is not a precondition for exam participation But it is recommended to participate the exercises The content of the English and German slides is identical, but please use the English slides for the exam preparation to become familiar with the technical terms Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 1st Slide Set Operating Systems – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 2/31 Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems The Way a good Course works. Image Source: Google Mr. Miyagi says: „Not only the student learns from his master, also the master learns from his student.“ Active participation please! Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 1st Slide Set Operating Systems – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 3/31 Organizational Information Operating Systems Generations of Computer Systems and Operating Systems Things, which are bad during a Course. -
Operating Systems What Is OS?
Operating Systems What is OS? Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work. It is the software the enables all the programs we use. The OS organizes and controls the hardware. OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware. Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc., What OS does? An operating system performs basic tasks such as, controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking and managing file systems. Structure of Operating System: Application Programs System Programs Software (Operating System) HARDWARE (Contd…) Structure of Operating System (Contd…): The structure of OS consists of 4 layers: 1. Hardware Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc, 2. Software (Operating System) Software includes process management routines, memory management routines, I/O control routines, file management routines. (Contd…) Structure of Operating System (Contd…): 3. System programs This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker etc. 4. Application programs This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway reservation system, Bank database management etc., Evolution of OS: The evolution of operating systems went through seven major phases. Six of them significantly changed the ways in which users accessed computers through the open shop, batch processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal computing, and distributed systems. In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent programming were developed and demonstrated in model operating systems. (Contd…) Evolution of OS (contd..): Major Technical Operating Phases Innovations Systems Open Shop The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop (1954) Batch Tape batching, BKS system (1961) First-in, first-out Processing scheduling. -
Operating Systems What Is OS?
Operating Systems What is OS? • Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work. • It is the software the enables all the programs we use. • The OS organizes and controls the hardware. • OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware. • Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc., What OS does? An operating system performs basic tasks such as, • controlling and allocating memory, • prioritizing system requests, • controlling input and output devices, • facilitating networking and • managing file systems. Structure of Operating System Application Programs System Programs Software (Operating System) HARDWARE (Contd…) Structure of Operating System (Contd…) The structure of OS consists of 4 layers: 1. Hardware Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc, 2. Software (Operating System) Software includes process management routines, memory management routines, I/O control routines, file management routines. (Contd…) Structure of Operating System (Contd…) 3. System programs This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker etc. 4. Application programs This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway reservation system, Bank database management etc., Evolution of OS • The evolution of operating systems went through seven major phases. • Six of them significantly changed the ways in which users accessed computers through the open shop, batch processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal computing, and distributed systems. • In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent programming were developed and demonstrated in model operating systems. (Contd…) Evolution of OS (contd..) Major Phases Technical Innovations Operating Systems Open Shop The idea of OS IBM 701 open shop (1954) Batch Processing Tape batching, BKS system (1961) First-in, first-out scheduling. -
2 9215FQ14 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources
2 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources 21-22 Legal 23-25 Marketing 26 Personal Names (Individuals) 27 Predecessor Companies 28-29 Products & Services 30-89 Public Relations 90 Research 91-97 April 10, 2007 9215FQ14 3 Facilities & Buildings Q. When did IBM first open its offices in my town? A. While it is not possible for us to provide such information for each and every office facility throughout the world, the following listing provides the date IBM offices were established in more than 300 U.S. and international locations: Adelaide, Australia 1914 Akron, Ohio 1917 Albany, New York 1919 Albuquerque, New Mexico 1940 Alexandria, Egypt 1934 Algiers, Algeria 1932 Altoona, Pennsylvania 1915 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1914 Anchorage, Alaska 1947 Ankara, Turkey 1935 Asheville, North Carolina 1946 Asuncion, Paraguay 1941 Athens, Greece 1935 Atlanta, Georgia 1914 Aurora, Illinois 1946 Austin, Texas 1937 Baghdad, Iraq 1947 Baltimore, Maryland 1915 Bangor, Maine 1946 Barcelona, Spain 1923 Barranquilla, Colombia 1946 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1938 Beaumont, Texas 1946 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1926 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 1934 Bergen, Norway 1946 Berlin, Germany 1914 (prior to) Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1938 Beyrouth, Lebanon 1947 Bilbao, Spain 1946 Birmingham, Alabama 1919 Birmingham, England 1930 Bogota, Colombia 1931 Boise, Idaho 1948 Bordeaux, France 1932 Boston, Massachusetts 1914 Brantford, Ontario 1947 Bremen, Germany 1938 9215FQ14 4 Bridgeport, Connecticut 1919 Brisbane, Australia -
IBM 709 MANUFACTU RER IBM 709 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation
IBM 709 MANUFACTU RER IBM 709 Data Processing System International Business Machines Corporation Photo by International Business Machines Corporation at Point Mugu, California and one at Point Arguello, APPLICATIONS California. Land Air is the lessee, and our major Manufacturer committment is for missile test flight data reduction. This is a general purpose computer doing both scien In addition, we provide computing facilities for the tific computing and commercial work. The system is entire installation at Mugu (general scientific and scientifically oriented with fast internal speeds. engineering research and data processing). USA Ballistic Missile Agency Redstone Arsenal U.S.N. Pacific Missile Range Ft. Mugu Located at Computation Laboratory, Redstone Arsenal, Operated by Land Air, Inc. ALabama, the system is used for scientific and commer Located at the Naval Missile Faculty, Point Arguello, cial applications. California, the system is used on the main problem U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground of range safety impact predicition in real time using Located in Greely Hall, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, sys FPS-l6 Radar and Cubic COTAR data. System is also tem is used in support of the tactical field army used for post flight trajectory reduction of FPS-l6 and the technical program of the departments of the radar data and for trajectory integration and analysis, U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground. etc. U.S.N. Pacific Missile Range Ft. Mugu USN OTS China Lake, California Operated by Land Air, Inc. Located at the Data Computation Branch, Assessment Located at the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu, the DiVision, Test Department, the computer is used for system is used for the processing of missile test data reduction and scientific computation as related data (radar, optical, and telemetry), for real time to Naval Ordnance, Test, Development & Research applications, and for the solution of general mathe (l5% of computer time devoted to management data pro m.atical problems.