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New Zealand Marine Mammals and Commercial Fisheries New Zealand marine mammals and commercial fisheries New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 119 K. Berkenbusch, E.R. Abraham, L.G. Torres ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-0-478-42317-4 (online) December 2013 Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries websites at: http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx http://fs.fish.govt.nz go to Document library/Research reports © Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 METHODS 4 3 MARINE MAMMAL POPULATIONS IN NEW ZEALAND 5 3.1 Baleen whales - Mysticetes 7 3.2 Toothed whales - Odontocetes 21 3.3 Beaked whales 42 3.4 Pinnipeds 44 4 MARINE MAMMAL INTERACTIONS WITH COMMERCIAL FISHERIES IN NEW ZEALAND 50 4.1 Baleen whales - Mysticetes 55 4.2 Toothed whales - Odontocetes 64 4.3 Beaked whales 80 4.4 Pinnipeds 81 5 DISCUSSION 85 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 86 REFERENCES 87 A SIGHTINGS BY DATASET 105 B CETACEAN SIGHTINGS BY SPECIES, DATA SET, MONTH, SEASON, AND YEAR 109 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Berkenbusch, K.; Abraham, E.R.; Torres, L.G. (2013). New Zealand marine mammals and commercial fisheries. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 119. 104p. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Incidental captures of marine mammals occur across different fisheries worldwide, affecting a range of cetacean and pinniped species. As bycatch assessments are often hampered by scarcity of data of the number and identity of captured individuals, risk assessments provide a systematic approach to identifying and evaluating potential impacts of fishing-related mortalities, while also accounting for uncertainty. The present study forms the basis for a risk assessment of the interactions between different commercial fisheries and marine mammals in New Zealand waters. Considering the 35 marine mammal (sub)species that inhabit New Zealand waters, population data relevant to the risk assessment process were summarised for each of the 10 mysticetes, 22 odontocetes (including dolphins and beaked whales), and three pinnipeds. Existing bycatch data were used to characterise the different types of interactions between these marine mammals and trawl, longline, setnet, and pot/trap fisheries. There were few bycatch records of baleen whales in New Zealand, with observed entanglements involving Bryde’s, humpback and southern right whales. Data from other regions show that the majority of recorded bycatch incidents were entanglements and injuries in static gear, predominantly involving species and populations that reside in coastal waters. Although the New Zealand Bryde’s whale population is resident in coastal northern North Island waters, the main threat identified for this species was not fisheries-related, but vessel collision, particularly in Hauraki Gulf. For toothed cetaceans, bycatch documentation showed that direct interactions with fishing operations often lead to immediate mortality, particularly for small-sized dolphins, as captured individuals are unable to free themselves and drown in fishing gear. Furthermore, the coastal distributions of many dolphin species and their attraction to fishing vessels expose them to the risk of fisheries bycatch. Consistent with data from elsewhere, almost all toothed cetacean species have featured in bycatch reports in New Zealand, involving trawl, longline and gill/set-net fisheries. In addition to bycatch in trawl and gill/set-net fisheries, there have been documented Hector’s dolphin entanglements in lobster fishing gear. Lobster pot gear has also been implicated in the bycatch of bottlenose dolphin and long-finned pilot whale in other regions. For pinnipeds, trawl fisheries were the most significant source of mortality, with high numbers of New Zealand fur seal and New Zealand sea lion incidentally captured in these fisheries in New Zealand waters. New Zealand fur seal were also frequently bycaught in surface-longline fisheries. Data reviewed here led to the identification of different fisheries-marine mammal interactions, and will inform the next step in the risk assessment process involving marine mammals and commercial fisheries in New Zealand. Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand marine mammals and commercial fisheries • 1 1. INTRODUCTION Incidental captures of marine mammals occur across a wide range of fisheries worldwide, affecting a range of cetacean and pinniped species in coastal and pelagic environments (Read 2008). Interactions between marine mammals and commercial fisheries can be significant, in particularly in inshore waters, with the outcome dependent on the marine mammal species and the type of fishing gear and fishery involved. The latter include gill- and set netting, longlining, trawling, and purse seining, with incidental captures also recorded in pot and trap fisheries (Wickens 1995, Fertl & Leatherwood 1997, Campbell et al. 2008, Hamer et al. 2012, Reeves et al. 2013). As a consequence, most marine mammal species have featured in global bycatch records, including 61 (of 74) recognised species of odontocetes, 13 (of 14) mysticete species, eight (of 14) species of otariid seals and sea lions, and 15 (of 18) phocid seal species (Reeves et al. 2013). For some of these species, bycatch has been identified as a critical source of mortality, limiting population growth and contributing to or causing the decline of (sub)populations (Woodley & Lavigne 1991). Recognising the significant impact of bycatch on a number of cetacean species in passive fishing gear, the International Whaling Commission conducted a symposium and workshop in 1990 on bycatch involving nets and traps, resulting in a summary of global fishery and bycatch data (Perrin et al. 1994). Subsequent reviews have updated this information (Reeves et al. 2013), and also focused on other fisheries, including trawling (Fertl & Leatherwood 1997, Zollett & Rosenberg 2005) and longlining (Hamer et al. 2012), with the bycatch of pinnipeds in active and passive fishing gear also receiving some research attention (Woodley & Lavigne 1991, Wickens 1995, Hamer et al. 2013). A number of studies have attempted to identify the extent of bycatch for individual (sub)species (e.g., common dolphin bycatch - Thompson et al. 2013a) and on regional and global scales (Read et al. 2006, Zollett 2009, Carretta et al. 2012). One of the main limitations of bycatch assessments is the scarcity or lack of data of the number and identity of species involved. In many countries, marine mammal bycatch is not reported or systematically recorded, even though anecdotal and ad hoc observations indicate that it occurs (see examples in Reeves et al. 2013). Some countries (e.g., United States, Australia, New Zealand) place government fisheries observers on-board commercial fishing vessels to obtain reliable records of incidental captures of non- target species such as marine mammals, but few fisheries have 100% observer coverage. Small-vessel fisheries in particular are often characterised by limited capacity to accommodate on-board observers, while contributing a significant proportion to the total fishing effort, including in New Zealand waters. In addition, fisheries interactions are unlikely to be observed when pelagic species are involved, as the latter occur predominantly in offshore waters and are relative rare in coastal areas, such as most baleen whale species (National Marine Fisheries Service 2012). Although these pelagic species are deemed to have few interactions with fishing operations, any offshore entanglement or capture on unobserved fishing vessels is likely to be undetected as the interactions occur too far from shore for individuals to become stranded (Heyning & Lewis 1990). The likelihood of observing fisheries mortalities are further reduced by balaenopterid carcasses sinking initially and only refloating at a later stage if bloating occurs (Cassoff et al. 2011). For these reasons, a proportion of bycatch is likely to be un- or under-reported. Bycatch assessments are further hampered by an unknown proportion of animals that may have been incidentally captured in gear, but went unnoticed as the carcass was lost when gear was hauled, or the animal managed to free itself although with severe injuries or with some gear still attached (Ross & Isaac 2004, Northridge et al. 2010, Kindt-Larsen et al. 2012). The latter interactions may cause subsequent mortality, when entangled or ingested gear causes injuries and systemic infections, interferes with foraging causing starvation, or becomes increasingly constrictive (Moore et al. 2004, Knowlton et al. 2012). As these subsequent mortalities from fisheries interactions are not acute but “cryptic”, they are generally not accounted for in bycatch records. Some of these cryptic mortalities may get recorded in 2 • New Zealand marine mammals and commercial fisheries Ministry for Primary Industries strandings data, when animals wash up with gear still attached. In most cases, however, it is impossible to assign the gear involved to a particular fishery, even when the materials used or the locations of entangled animal sightings or strandings clearly implicate commercial fisheries. This difficulty is exacerbated by derelict gear that continues to entangle or trap marine organisms (known as “ghost fishing”) after it is lost or abandoned (Macfadyen et al. 2009). Fishing gear entanglement has been confirmed as a
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