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Introduction—Guilty Women? Gendering Appeasement

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Introduction—Guilty Women? Gendering Appeasement Notes Introduction—Guilty Women? Gendering Appeasement 1. Baxter was on a mission to reveal the female powers behind Nazi tyranny and atrocities. He also wrote Women of the Gestapo (London, 1943), as well as sensa- tionalist eye- witness accounts of Nazi atrocities. See Jean de Vos (as Related to Richard Baxter), I was Hitler’s Slave (London, 1942), and Richard Baxter, Hitler’s Darkest Secret: What He Has in Store for Britain (London, 1941). However, despite my efforts, I have not been able to find out much about him, and it is highly likely that this was a nom de plume, and that he was somehow associated with the Vansittartists, those who followed Robert Vansittart’s (Permanent Under- Secretary at the Foreign Office 1930– 1938) line that militarism was innate to the German character. Baxter’s publisher, the Quality Press, was in business from 1937 to 1949. 16,000 copies of Guilty Women had been sold by the summer of 1941. 2. Richard Baxter, Guilty Women (London, 1941), p. 9. 3. See Joanna Alberti, “British Feminists and Anti- Fascism in the 1930s,” in Sybil Oldfield (ed.), This Working- Day World: Women’s Lives and Cultures in Britain, 1914– 1945 (London, 1994), pp. 112– 124; Julie Gottlieb, “Varieties of Feminist Anti- Fascism,” in Nigel Copsey and Andrzej Olechnowicz (eds), Varieties of Anti- Fascism: Britain in the Inter- war Period (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 101– 118, and Julie Gottlieb, “Feminism and Anti- Fascism in Britain between the Wars: Militancy Revived?” in Nigel Copsey and Dave Renton (eds), British Fascism, the Labour Movement and the State (Basingstoke, 2006), pp. 68– 94. 4. See Claudia Koonz, Mothers of the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York, 1987), and Gisela Bock, “Antinatalism, Maternity and Paternity in National Socialist Racism,” in D.F. Crew (ed.) Nazism and German Society, 1933 – 1945 (London, 1994), pp. 110– 140. 5. Baxter, Guilty Women, p. 9. 6. See Jim Wilson, Nazi Princess: Hitler, Lord Rothermere and Princess Stephanie von Holenlohe (London, 2011). 7. The figure of Unity Mitford is as popular as ever, fictionalized in the 2011 remake of Upstairs, Downstairs (BBC One) as Lady Persephone, the sexually wanton Hitler- obsessed traitor passing on secrets to the Germans. See also Kathryn Steinhaus, Valkyrie: Gender, Class, European Relations, & Unity Mitford’s Passion for Fascism (unpublished PhD, McGill University, 2012). 8. Baxter, Guilty Women, p. 9. 9. Ibid., p. 10. 10. Ibid., p. 11. 11. Cato’s Guilty Men was republished as a Penguin Twentieth Century Classic in 1998. 12. See David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings that Shaped the Twentieth Century (London, 2007), p. 37. 13. Graham Stanford, “Cabinet Leads The Crowd in Whoops of Joy,” Daily Mail, 1 October, 1938. 266 Notes 267 14. Even in quite recent studies Norman Rose’s The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Exclusive Fraternity (London, 2001) and David Faber’s Munich: The 1938 Appeasement Crisis (London, 2008), a popular history, there is little divergence from the top- down perspective. 15. “Our London Correspondent,” Manchester Guardian, 19 March, 1938. 16. “Women Can Make Premier Change his Policy,” Daily Mirror, 21 March, 1938. 17. “Issue of ‘Peace or War:’ Appeal to Women of N. Cornwall,” The Western Morning News and Daily Gazette, 8 July, 1939. 18. “Survey Finds British Behind Chamberlain,” New York Times, 19 October, 1938. 19. Oxford by- Election, First Day of Campaign, 18 October [1938], report from Tom Harrisson, Mass- Observation Archive, File 2/G. 20. Stephen Moulton. “News and Views,” The Cornishman, 16 February, 1939. 21. Monday 17 October, 1938, Nicholas J. Crowson (ed.), Fleet Street, Press Barons and Politics: The Journals of Collin Brooks, 1931 – 1940 (London, 1998), p. 227. 22. “MP’s Appeal to Women,” Aberdeen Journal, 28 October, 1938. 23. Scott argues that because “war, diplomacy, and high politics have not been explicitly about [sexual] relationships, gender seems not concerned with issues of politics and power.” Joan W. Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review, 91(5), December, 1986, pp. 1053– 1075. 24. See Helen McCarthy, The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, Citizenship and Internationalism, c. 1918 – 45 (Manchester, 2011). 25. “Pale Cast of Thought,” Manchester Guardian, 4 November, 1938. 26. E.M. Forster, “ Post- Munich” [1939] in Two Cheers for Democracy (London, 1951), p. 36. 27. Britain by Mass- Observation (London, 1939), pp. 24– 25. 28. Blackwell, I 3568, “Comments on the Crisis,” 28 September, 1938, M- OA: Directive Replies 1938, Box 11 of 13, Munich Crisis, September– October— Women, Mass- Observation Archive. 29. Letter from E.A. Russell to Mr Prime Minister, 19 February, 1939, Neville Chamberlain Papers, Cadbury Research Centre, University of Birmingham, NC 13/9/19. 30. Letter from May Yale to Sir and Madame Chamberlain, 30 September, 1938, NC 13/11/517. 31. Tuesday 13 September, 1938, Anne Olivier Bell (ed.), The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Vol. Five, 1936– 1941 (San Diego, 1984), p. 170. 32. Friday 30 September, 1938, Bell (ed.), The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Vol. Five, 1936– 1941, p. 177. 33. Sunday 2 October, 1938, Bell (ed.), The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Vol. Five, 1936– 1941, p. 178. 34. Robert Graves and Alan Hodge, The Long Weekend: The Living Story of the Twenties and Thirties (London, 1940), p. 440. 35. See John Charmley, Chamberlain and the Lost Peace (London, 1991); Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (London, 1963); and A.J.P Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1961). 36. Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, “The History of a Lesson: Versailles, Munich and the Social Construction of the Past,” Review of International Studies 29, 2003, pp. 499– 519. 37. See Sidney Aster, “Appeasement: Before and After Revisionism,” Diplomacy & Statecraft, 19(3), 2008, pp. 443– 480; John Charmley, “‘Reassessments of Winston Churchill:’ A Reply,” International History Review, 18( 2), 1996, pp. 371– 375; Daniel Huckner, “The Unending Debate: Appeasement, Chamberlain and the Origins of 268 Notes the Second World War,” Intelligence and National Security, 23( 4), 2008, pp. 536– 551; Norrin M. Ripsman and Jack S. Levy, “Wishful Thinking or Buying Time? The Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930s,” International Security, 33( 2), Fall, 2008, pp. 148– 181; Paul W. Schroeder, “Munich and the British Tradition,” Historical Journal, 19( 1), March, 1976, pp. 223– 243; G. Bruce Strang, “The Spirit of Ulysses? Ideology and British Appeasement in the 1930s,” Diplomacy & Statecraft, 19(3), 2008, pp. 481- 526; Wesley Wark, “Review Article: Appeasement Revisited,” International History Review, 17( 3), 1995, pp. 545–562; Gerhard L. Weinberg et al. “Essay and Reflection: The Munich Crisis Revisited,” International History Review, 11( 4), 1989, pp. 668- 688; Special Issue: The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 10( 2- 3), 1999. 38. R.J. Q. Adams, British Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of Appeasement, 1935– 39 (Stanford, 1993), p. 160. 39. Sidney Aster, “Appeasement: Before and After Revisionism,” Diplomacy & Statecraft, 19(3), 2008, pp. 443– 480. Aster cites my first book Feminine Fascism: Women in Britain’s Fascist Movement, 1923– 1945 (London, 2000) as one such attempt. 40. Patrick Finney, “The Romance of Decline: The Historiography of Appeasement and British National Identity,” Electronic Journal of International History (June, 2000); Dan Stone, Responses to Nazism in Britain, 1933– 1939 (Basingstoke, 2003); Kate McLouglin, “Voices of the Munich Pact,” Critical Inquiry, 34( 3), Spring, 2008, pp. 543– 562; Daniel Hucker, Public Opinion and the End of Appeasement (Farnham, 2011). 41. Richard Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain and the Crisis of Civilization, 1919– 1939 (London, 2010), p. 361. 42. Juliet Gardiner, The Thirties: An Intimate History (London, 2011), p. 727. 43. See Susan Grayzel, At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz (Cambridge, 2012); Susan Pedersen, Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience (New Haven NJ, 2004); Susan Pennybacker, From Scottsboro to Munich: Race and Political Culture in 1930s Britain (Princeton, 2009). The conceptual cross roads where gender, cultural and the new political history meet have been charted in Nicoletta Gullace, ‘The Blood of Our Sons:’ Men, Women, and the Regeneration of British Citizenship During the Great War (Basingstoke, 2002); Susan Kingsley Kent, Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain (Princeton, 1993) and her Aftershocks: Politics and Trauma in Britain, 1918 – 1931 (Basingstoke, 2009); Sonya Rose, Which People’s War? National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain 1939– 1945 (Oxford, 2003). Guilty Women wedges itself between Grayzel and Rose, both conceptually and in its chronological focus and concentration on the Munich Crisis. 44. Zara Steiner, “On Writing International History: Chaps, Maps and Much More,” International Affairs, 73(3), July, 1997, pp. 531– 546. 45. Susan Pedersen, “The Future of Feminist History,” Perspectives, October, 2000. For a recent collaborative contribution to this sub- field, see Julie V. Gottlieb and Richard Toye (eds), The Aftermath of Suffrage: Women, Gender, and Politics in Britain, 1918– 1945 (Basingstoke, 2013). 46. Stefan Dudnik, Karen Hagemann, and John Tosh (eds) Masculinities in Politics and War (Manchester, 2004) p. xvi. 47. J. Ann Tickner and Laura Sjoberg (eds.), Feminism and International Relations: Conversations About Past, Present and Future (New York, 2011). 48. Robert Gilbert Vansittart, Lessons of My Life (London, 1943), p. 76. 49. “Keep mum— she’s not so dumb!” [1942], NA INF 3/229. Notes 269 1 British Women and the Three Encounters: International, European, and Fascist 1. British Committee of Women’s International Congress, Preliminary Agenda of a Conference to be held at Caxton Hall, Westminster on Thursday 30 September, and Friday, 1 October, 1915, International Women’s Suffrage Alliance Papers, John Rylands Library, University of Manchester.
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