Tesis Doctoral Preparación De La Pau De Inglés Como Lengua Extranjera

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Tesis Doctoral Preparación De La Pau De Inglés Como Lengua Extranjera TESIS DOCTORAL PREPARACIÓN DE LA PAU DE INGLÉS COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA CON EL APOYO DEL AULA VIRTUAL DE MOODLE ELENA MARÍA MARTÍN MONJE Lda. en Filología Inglesa DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍAS EXTRANJERAS Y SUS LINGÜÍSTICAS FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA 2010 DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍAS EXTRANJERAS Y SUS LINGÜÍSTICAS FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA PREPARACIÓN DE LA PAU DE INGLÉS COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA CON EL APOYO DEL AULA VIRTUAL DE MOODLE Autora ELENA MARÍA MARTÍN MONJE Lda. en Filología Inglesa Directora de la tesis DRA. RAQUEL VARELA MÉNDEZ A mi familia y, por supuesto, a Raquel I II AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar quiero expresar mi profundo agradecimiento a la Dra. Raquel Varela, quien a pesar de sus difíciles circunstancias me ha acompañado en este intenso viaje que ha sido la investigación para mi tesis doctoral. Su generosidad, fortaleza, valentía y acertados consejos han sido fuente de inspiración y guía en todo momento, incluso en los más inciertos y complicados. Ha sido, y es, un ejemplo, no solamente desde el punto de vista profesional, sino también humanamente y sé que sus enseñanzas permanecerán en mí para siempre. También quiero dejar constancia de mi gratitud hacia la UNED, en especial el Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas y más en concreto la Dra. Beatriz Rodríguez, la profesora Pilar Rodríguez, la Dra. Noa Talaván y, cómo no, la Dra. Mª Luz Arroyo, quien antes de ser colega y amiga fue profesora, y a quien le debo el haber acabado realizando la tesis en la UNED. Todas ellas me han orientado y animado en gran medida. Asimismo, deseo agradecer a la Dra. Elena Bárcena sus recomendaciones y su invitación para pasar a formar parte del grupo de investigación ATLAS (Artificial Intelligent Techniques for Linguistic Applications), con nº de referencia 87H31, que ha posibilitado la investigación conjunta con colegas de otras instituciones en el marco de la enseñanza del inglés asistida por ordenador, durante el desarrollo del proyecto I-AGENT (Tutor Genérico de Inglés Ingeligente y Adaptativo), financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (nº de subvención FFI2008-06030), en cuyo seno se ha gestado la presente investigación. III Me gustaría igualmente mencionar a la Dra. Marinela García, de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, que me facilitó amablemente los datos de la PAU, Manuel Mohedano y César Seoane, quienes me asesoraron en todas las cuestiones técnicas e informáticas del experimento y la Dra. Iuliana Botezan y el Dr. Rodrigo Sánchez Rodríguez, de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, que me aclararon dudas relacionadas con la investigación académica. Del mismo modo merecen mi reconocimiento la comunidad de Moodlers de España, en cuyos encuentros he aprendido y disfrutado inmensamente, y el Centro Regional de Innovación y Formación “Las Acacias”, en Madrid, que me brindó la oportunidad de profundizar en la aplicación de Moodle en contextos educativos. Por supuesto, agradezco al Colegio Los Tilos su confianza en mí y el haberme posibilitado la realización del experimento dentro de mi práctica docente, así como a mis alumnas el haberse prestado a formar parte de la investigación. Sus positivos comentarios y su entusiasmo han iluminado el desarrollo de esta tesis. No quiero olvidar a mi familia y amigos, que han mostrado desde el comienzo una ciega confianza en mí y me han infundido ánimo en los momentos de abatimiento. Quiero mencionar en especial a mis padres, que siempre han alentado mis proyectos e ilusiones, y mi hermano Miguel, sin cuya supervisión del análisis estadístico esta investigación no habría llegado a buen puerto. Y por último quiero dar las gracias a Kike, mi marido, por su infinita paciencia, por su apoyo constante e incondicional, por estar siempre ahí. IV Índice ÍNDICE GENERAL LISTADO DE ABREVIATURAS ....................................................................... XI LISTADO DE TABLAS .................................................................................... XV LISTADO DE FIGURAS ................................................................................ XVII CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN........................................................................ 1 1.1. Justificación de la investigación .............................................................. 1 1.2. Objetivos del estudio y desarrollo de la investigación ............................. 3 1.3. Objeto y método de investigación ........................................................... 4 1.3.1. Investigación-acción ......................................................................... 5 1.3.1.1. Características generales .......................................................... 8 1.3.1.2. Etapas en la investigación-acción .............................................. 9 1.3.1.3. Otras cuestiones relacionadas con la investigación-acción...... 11 1.3.1.4. Métodos utilizados en la investigación ..................................... 12 1.4. Sinopsis y estructura de la tesis............................................................ 15 1.5. Comentarios con respecto a la bibliografía y la terminología ................ 17 1.6. Referencias .......................................................................................... 21 CAPÍTULO 2: LA ENSEÑANZA DEL INGLÉS COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.1. La presencia del inglés en el mundo ..................................................... 25 2.2. La evolución de la metodología en la enseñanza del inglés.................. 30 2.2.1. Definición de los términos “enfoque”, “método” y “técnica” ............. 31 2.2.2. Diferentes clasificaciones de la evolución de la metodología ......... 34 2.2.3. Métodos tradicionales .................................................................... 39 2.2.3.1. Método de la gramática y la traducción .................................... 39 2.2.3.2. Método directo ......................................................................... 41 V Preparación de la PAU de inglés como lengua extranjera con el apoyo del aula virtual de Moodle 2.2.4. El siglo XX ...................................................................................... 43 2.2.4.1. Tendencias fundamentales en el siglo XX ............................... 44 2.2.4.2. Enfoques y métodos alternativos en el siglo XX ...................... 51 2.2.4.3. Enfoques y métodos de finales del siglo XX ............................ 58 2.2.5. Siglo XXI: Enfoque orientado a la acción: MCER ........................... 67 2.2.5.1. Introducción: El Consejo de Europa y el plurilingüismo ............ 67 2.2.5.2. Justificación del MCER ............................................................ 69 2.2.5.3. Rasgos generales del MCER ................................................... 71 2.2.5.4. El uso de la lengua y el usuario o alumno ................................ 76 2.2.5.5. El aprendizaje y la enseñanza de la lengua ............................. 79 2.2.5.6. El Portfolio europeo de las lenguas ......................................... 80 2.2.6. Conclusiones ................................................................................. 83 2.3. Referencias .......................................................................................... 86 CAPÍTULO 3: LA ENSEÑANZA ASISTIDA POR ORDENADOR .................... 93 3.1. Introducción .......................................................................................... 93 3.1.1. Las TIC y la competencia digital ..................................................... 96 3.1.2. La sociedad de la información ........................................................ 98 3.1.3. La brecha digital ............................................................................102 3.2. El aprendizaje a distancia asistido por ordenador ................................104 3.2.1. La Web como espacio de aprendizaje ...........................................104 3.2.1.1. La aparición de Internet ..........................................................106 3.2.1.2. La interfaz de Internet y su valor educativo .............................108 3.2.1.3. La Web 2.0 .............................................................................110 3.2.1.4. La Web 3.0 .............................................................................112 3.2.2. Aprendizaje combinado (blended learning) ...................................114 3.3. E-learning: estado de la cuestión .........................................................116 3.3.1. Enfoques psicopedagógicos relevantes ........................................118 3.3.2. Comunidades virtuales y EVA .......................................................120 VI Índice 3.3.3. El software libre (open source) ......................................................124 3.3.4. Licencia pública GNU ....................................................................125 3.3.5. Licencia Creative Commons..........................................................125 3.3.6. Cursos libres .................................................................................126 3.4. Nuevas estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje ...................................128 3.4.1. Aprendizaje multimedia .................................................................128 3.4.2. Creación de materiales multimedia ...............................................130 3.4.3. Cambio de papel del profesor y del alumno ..................................133
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