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AUTHOR Niels, Gary J. TITLE Is The Honor Code A Solution to the Cheating Epidemic? INSTITUTION Columbia Univ., New York, NY. Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Center for Independent School Education. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 86p.; Some pages contain filled-in or dark print. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Antisocial Behavior; *Cheating; *Codes of Ethics; Discipline Problems; Elementary Secondary Education; *Ethics; Moral Development; *Moral Values

ABSTRACT This research paper critiques the philosophical basis, developmental appropriateness, and effectiveness of a school honor system and questions whether a school honor system is still an appropriate tool for character instruction in the twenty-first century. Characteristics which induce a subculture of academic deceit, as well as attributes which can promote academic integrity are discussed. Sections of the paper include: (1) "Preface"; (2) "Social Factors Influencing Cheating"; (3) "Curricular Factors Influencing Cheating Behavior"; (4) "Defining Academic Integrity"; (5) "Peer Influences in Establishing Community Values"; (6) "The Teacher and Academic Integrity"; (7) "The School Ethos and Academic Integrity"; (8) "Revisiting Moral Education"; and (9)"Illustrations of (Possible) Cheating Behavior." Newspaper articles on high school cheating and school honor codes are appended. (Contains a 37-item bibliography.) (EH)

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NEST COPY AVAILABLE Table of Contents Acknowledgements

Klingenstein Proposal 3

Preface 5

Social Factors Influencing Cheating

Curricular Factors Influencing Cheating Behavior 12

Defining Academic Integrity 20

Peer Influences in Establishing Community Values 26

The Teacher and Academic Integrity 30

The Schbol Ethos and Academic Integrity 38

Revisiting Moral Education 40

Illustrations of (Possible) Cheating Behavior 45

Bibliography 46

Newspaper Articles: High School Cheating Appendix I Newspaper Articles: School Honor Codes Appendix Il -2-

Acknowledgements

My 1995 1996 Klingenstein Fellowshipyear at Teachers College Columbia University has been the most refreshingand stimulating professional experience of my career.I am deeply grateful to SaintAndrew's School for supporting me in this venture.The Reverend George Andrews,the Head of Saint Andrew's School, in particular,.was an advocate and I am professionally

indebted to him for enablingme to pursue this endeavor. My thanks alsogoes to the Klingenstein Foundation for theirgenerous support.I hope that in the future I will prove myself worthy of theirinvestment. Professor Pearl Kane, theDirector of the Klingenstein Center, has beenan inspiration. Professor Kane is a tireless teacher/educator who deeplycares about the issues of education;moreover, I am grateful for her backing throughout thisyear.

Finally, the one person above all otherswho enabled the Klingenstein Fellowship year to happenwas my wife, Susan. Susan encouraged this adventure from day one and optimisticallymade the very best ofa year in cramped "married family housing,"as well as the Teachers College schedule of classes which broughtme out of the home during the most challengingtime of a family's day dinner time and bedtime. Susan has been the UnsungHero of my Klingenstein Fellowship

4 THE JOSEPH.KLINGENSTEINFELLOWS APPLICANT'S PROGRAM PLAN

Applicant's Name GARY JOHN NIELS

my Proposed Project And Courseof Study: To critique the philosophicalbasis, developmental effectiveness of a school Honor appropriateness,and System. Is it stillan appropriate tool for character instruction in thetwenty-first century?.

Six years ago,I announced toour school community that I were the Headmaster and supporting theinitiativesof twostudents student-led Honor System. andinstituting a In my firstfew monthsas Students, I had been the new Dean of deeply dismayed bythe numberof unconscionableepisodes blatant and of. forged "parental notes," copied assignments, disguisedphone homework calls (allegedly fromparents) granting weekend permissions , and even episodes ofstudents (and telling bald-faced lies. rumors of parents) I had recently moved to Saint Andrew'sSchool from a reputable school, where well-heeled Virginian boys instinctively reported _violations, occasionally even thosecommitted by their best had never previously friends and roommates. I known of such obedienceto honor. frightened by the severity Frankly, I was of it,but this fearwas suppressed by the constant rhetoric aboutthe Code's sacrednessand by the realization trust the fruit of the Code that permeated thecampus . school's proximity to Moreover, my old reputable universitieswith prominent HonorCodes of their own fueled thecampus-wide devotionto honor. Saint Andrew'swas not blessed with such natural resources. Boca Raton, settled by some realestate speculators and paradise and pleasure, developed upon principlesof had recently beendubbed the "white collar of crime." Saint Andrew's School capital had been founded withan Honor System; an early school publicationread: We expect all boys to be gentlemen, livingup to their word of honor and observingthe common amenities high standards. expected of youngmen of Every boy is on hishonor always to tellthe truth,to avoid cheating andstealing and to be these principles on.guard that are observed throughout thelife of the School. Nevertheless, what may have begun asa "system" had, by neglect, meldedintotheassumptions simply of the community. Morerecently, Andrew's had beenthrough some difficult Saint had grown administrative years, andstudents accustomed to the factthat there was little aberrant behavior. Such was the setting accountability for System. in which we institutedour Honor

Today, six years later,after the publicationof an Honor Handbook, integration ofour Code into the School's the "Pledge" literature, easilyidentifiable reminders posted inallclassrooms, a more effective student orientationto the Code, a well-developedHonorBoard trainingprocess, the publication selectionand of Episcopal of an article in theNational Association Schools Handbook,a workshop offered at the Independent Schools Florida Council of Convention, some local publicity in with the aid ofsome respected newspapers,and community of colleagues who sharemy passion for a truthfulness andtrust,I struggle with questions Code's ability toadapt to modern about the embrace dilemmas and our student'spotential to BEST (NNYPNV U LAB LE , 5 Students today are under more pressure than evei- to succeed. College olacement is no longer a means .to an end, but is an end initself. Old virtues now sound empty, hollowand other worldlY-. Can an "Honor System" adapt itself to thisnew world order? survival in a complex and threatening world isa legitimate and worthy consideration. How can young people be persuaded of thetheological, psychological, and sociological benefits of truthfulness? What are :hese theological, psychologicaland sociological benefits? The outcomes of recently publicized legal battleshave revealed anew peculiarity to our thinking the "no-fault" societyor "the abuse- excuse" culture. These clichés describean apparent unwillingness to accept responsibility forpersonal wrong. How can schools be effective at communicating more the responsibilities ofattending a school with an Honor System?

Since friendship, howeverfleeting, is the strongestpriority of most teenagers, should/can a code of conductfor teenagers callupon them to go against these instincts andreport or judge apeer for cheating? what happens when school ethics clash with the valuesof students from families who do not sharethese values?Which values win out?

.7-_re Honor Systems effectiveonly where long traditionsof their existence and the culturalmores of the school support their continuation? In my coursework I wish topursue issues of character adolescence. formation in Recent writings on adolescent charactereducation Thomas Lickona, William (i.e., Kilpatrick, Grant P. Wiggins,etc.) will enable to confront the realities me of modern ethics education. Character formation frc7. a theological perspectivewould also be beneficial. study in Ethics (possibly This would mean at Union) . Sociology plays an importantrole in the study and implementationof Honor Sytems,as well. above, are Honor Codes As mentioned most effective in-regions ofthe country or places where cultural mores strongly endorse honesty? Finally, there are psychologicalissues. "Trust"is one qfthe chief goals of Sys7.em. Yet, an Honor given the adolescentpropensity to questionauthority and experiment, how can trustbe nurtured in young people? New York City provides an ideal backdrop for this studysince it is highly pluralistic and viewed bysome as at least amoral,if not immoral. are local schools (public and What private) doing to teach honesty,and how is trust nurtured in sucha challenging urban environment? I would consult with local school leadersand describe to them the System. workings of an Honor Would a student-initiatedand student-led systemwork in their school culture?What might students think?

I feel this isa timely study. Historically, many schools haverelied upon an Honor System asa formal expression of character the shifting sands development. However, of our cultural assumptionsand attitudes have placed enormous stress on theformal Honor System. This proposal enables study, digest and integrate me to the latest thinkingon character education and to test theassumptions, structure against these and implementation ofan Honor System new theories and findings. I hope to draw conclusions the effectivenessof an Honor System about suggestions for for character educationand to offer adaptations to thetraditional Honor System.I appreciate your consideration of thisproposal. tamr en pv AVM BLE -5-

Preface

In recent years, studies have indicated that there isan alarming increase in cheating behavior among students.In the past, it would have been easy to dismiss these reports as isolated or to look with condescensionon a school which had permitted cheating to get so out of control, but notanymore. Newspaper headlines attest to the extensiveness of the problem:

"Students Make The Grade When Subject Is Cheating" Detroit News, January 23, 1996

"Rise In Cheating Called Response To Fall In Values" USA Today, August 2, 1995

"Plagiarism Is Rampant, A Survey Finds" New York Times, April 1, 1990

"4 of 5 Students Admit Cheating" Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, October 23, 1993

"Study Says Cheating Has Replaced the 3R's" Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1992

"Cheating Isn't New, But Now It's A Way Of Life" Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1992

"Cheating by Police Alleged on Police Exams" - Boston Globe, April 22, 1989

"Cheating Shocks Pop Warner Nationally" - Boston Globe, October 28, 1990

This study was motivated by my belief that cheating inour schools (and in our society) threatens our social fabric and consequently, educators must seek to understand the determining factors, and the possible solutions. As well, itwas my impression that school honor codes were not deterring cheating -among

7 students. Although honor codes oftenencompass more extensive behavior, my research became limited to academic cheating, andplagiarism. The wider the definition of honor the more difficult it is to considerthe factors which cause and

deter the behavior._ Consequently, I specifically chose to limitmy research to issues of academic integrity.

Initially,I assumed that the decline in student valueswas the sole reason for the reported rise in cheating behavior.My goal was to contribute to the dialogue on values education, particularlyin the private secondary school

community. As I set out to understand thecauses of cheating and the role which school honor codes playedindeterring _academic dishonesty,it became apparent from my studies that even though most studentsbelieved that cheating

was wrong, cheating behavior was often induced by contextualfactors.Robert Wicklund, a social psychologist from the Universityof Texas at Austin, explains that in contrast to my initial assumption, behavioris not always motivated by ethical beliefs:

Psychologists are fond of thinking that humans haveinternalized a great many of their values and thatour behaviors, especially in the moralspherearedictated bytheseinternalizedvalues. Psychologists are sometimes right, but at thesame time it is easy to point to instances in which valuesseem to have no bearing on behavior.1

One of the most compelling studies whichinfluenced my growing perspective was the comprehensive studyon cheating behavior among children, conducted by two Yale psychologists, HughHartshorne and Mark May. The Character Education Inquirygave approximately 10,000 children opportunities to

I S. G. West and R.A. Wicklund,"Self-Awareness Theory," in A Primer of Social Psychological Theories (California:Brooks/Cole, 1980), 176.

8 -7- lie, cheat and steal in activities as varied as classroom work, home duties,party games and athletic contests. In spite of the consistency of their self-reported opinions, the inconsistency of the children's responseswas striking. This conclusion led Hartshorne and May to develop their theory of "specificity," which positedthathonestordishonestbehaviorislargelydeterminedby circumstances.2 Diner and Wallbom also sought to test the relationship between stated beliefs and behavior.Each subject was given a test and instructed to stop working after a 5-minute timer bell had rung. The subjects were then left alone. As it was a test of speed, the students could gain an advantage by working beyond the time limit - that is, by cheating. The results gave further evidence that moral beliefs were not strong determinants of moral behavior: 71% of the students who were tested under the standard individual testing procedure cheated.3

I concluded based on these and other studies that moral educationwas not the sole determinant of ethical behavior in students.Rather, these studies persuaded me that the presence of certaincharacteristicsina school's community prompts cheating behavior among students, regardless of whetheran honor code existed. Nevertheless, an honor code could effectively deter cheating if it interacted with other more positive community traits.4

2Walter Mischel, Personality and Assessment (New York: John Wiley andSons Inc, 1968), 24.

3West & Wicklund, 176

4See W. G. Cambell, A Comparative Investigation of Students UnderAn Honor System an a Proctor System in the Same Unversity, (Los Angeles: Universityof Southern California Press), 1935.Also, R. Canning, "Does An Honor System Reduce Classroom Cheating? An Experimental Answer," Journal of Experimental Education24 (1956):

9 -8-

This paper seeks to define those characteristics which inducea sub- culture of academic deceit, as well as those attributes whichcan promote academic integrity.This is not to suggest that cheating is solelya phenomenon of context.Each school must choose those values which it considers most

cherished and those values must be taught and reinforced by theinteractions,

practices, policies, procedures and literature of the community. Finally,in choosing to emphasize the contextual forces at work in cheatingbehavior, I in no

way wish to minimize the student's personal responsibility in choosing to cheator not to cheat. Ultimately, this is an individual's choice.

Social Factors Influencing Cheating

In the last decade our economy has undergonedramatic changes. "Down-sizing" and economic uncertainties have createda sense of instability. Christopher Lasch observed that "competition (in thebusiness community) now centers, not so much on the desire to excel,as on the struggle to avoid crushing defeat."5 Thesepressures are felt among young people, as well.In a recent article on academic pressureamong New York City's private schools, Ralph Gardner observed that:

the grueling (academic) competition has leftteenagers, at an age when their idealism and sense of opportunityshould be sparkling,

291-296. And, J.W. Bowers, Student Dishonesty and Its Controlin College, (New York: Bureau of Applied Social Research, ColumbiaUniversity, 1964); cited in Donald L. McCabe, "Faculty Responses To Academic Dishonesty:The Influence Of Student Honor Codes," Research In Higher Education 34,no. 5, (1993): 649-650.

5 Christopher Lasch, The MinimalSelf Psychic Survival In Troubled Times (New York: Norton, 1984), 72.

1 0 -9-

cynical andpessimistic about their future. Rather than rejoicing in the freedom and adventure that college promised even a decadeor two ago, they're worried about what's going to happen to them after they g rad uate.6

Academic achievement has become a high stakes competition. Jon S. Katzman, president of Princeton Review, an organization which prepares students to take standardized tests,believes that,"ten years ago students were stressed because they wanted to be the winner. Now they are stressed because they don't want to be the loser."7

These fears are reflected in the college admissionprocess.Whereas most high school students used to apply to four or five colleges, today most apply to more than ten. While the number of high schooF students has remained stable, the number of applicants has risen by at least 50% in the last decade.8

Presumably, students feel that by applying tomore colleges they stand a better chance of being accepted somewhere.

Children of the wealthy bear burdens, as well.In a study on adolescents and alienation done by Raymond Calabrese and John Cochran,it was observed that "affluent adolescents confront intensepressure to succeed, reflect the success image of their parents and maintain an affluent status."9 These

6 Ralph Gardner, Jr., "Give Me Harvardor Give Me Death," New York Magazine, 18 March 1996, 33.

7"Record Number of Applicants Are Reported by the Top Colleges,"New York Times, 18 February 1996.

8Ibid.

9 Raymond L. Calabrese and JohnT. Cochran, "The Relationship Of Alienation To Cheating Among A Sample Of American Adolescents,"Journal of Research and Development in Education 23,no. 2 (Winter 1990): 65.

Ii -10-

privileged young people believe that they must choose occupations which befit their social status and they must earn an income which enables themto maintain a lifestyle equivalent to their parents.At times, they doubt whether these

expectations take into account their own interests and desires. Thesepressures make the affluent adolescent susceptible to feelings of alienation,a desire to withdraw from anxiety producing expectations.10

The potential for alienation increases when the adolescentruns the risk of failure at an important undertaking.When this occurs, the child begins to consider alternative means by which to succeed.In studies done in each decade over the last thirty years, "fear of failure" and "parentsdemanding good grades" were consistently scored by studentsamong the top five reasons for cheating.11 Cheating is an example of a type of "anti-social"behavior which affluent adolescents may pursue inan attempt to please their parents and maintain the "success image."

Interestingly, students often perceive the school to bean accomplice in the message that "success" is the preferred value.Situated as they are in the marketplace and vulnerable to the winds of consumerism,independent schools market themselves to families whoare willing to pay the high-priced tuition. Consequently, independent schools feel the needto fulfill the expectations of their wealthy constituents. One mother whosedaughter was attending a well- regarded independent school said, "Once you'rein a (secondary) school that has

10 Ibid., 65, 66

I I Fred Schab, "SchoolingWithout Learning: Thirty Years of Cheating inHigh School," Adolescence 26, no.104 (Winter 1991):840 a repulation, you have a high expectation." And the father added, "They should be able to get (my daughter), into any institution in the world."12 Schools inevitably reflect the values of their constituents. Often without

being aware ofit,a school can perpetuate a success-is-the-highest-value mentality.In a dramatic illustration of such a climate, one student at a highly regarded secondary school in a wealthy suburb vividly described his feelings in an anonymous letter to a local newspaper:

. . priding itself on.being a great prep school, they have created a hellish atmosphere. The past year three to five students have tried to kill themselves and at least four students (that I know of) were

institutionalized for mental problems. . . Most of these problems were due to unbearable pressure. This pressure is evident in many facetsof the school. What people do for good gradesis unbelievable. Obviously, there is much cheating at (school name). As an aware student,I approximate that 95% of the students will cheat without guilt whenever they need something. This habit is something that is taught to them by the school, not dissuaded at all. .13

Are schools unconsciously promulgating the notion thata student's worth is synonymous with achievement? Calabrese and Cochran, the authors of the alienation study, believe that private schools unintentionally promotean ethic which might not be consistent with their stathd values:

In this study, it is ironic that those students whowere more prone to cheat attend a private religious school whose stated mission isto provide a value structure that clearly delineates right fromwrong. It

12Gardner. 33

13Lawrence Kohlberg, "The Just Community Approach to Moral Educationin Theory and Practice," in Moral Education: Theory and Application,ed. Marvin Berkowitz and Fritz Oser (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum Associates,1985),61.

13 -12-

would appear that private religious schools need tocome to grips with their mission."

Curricular Factors Influencing Cheating Behavior

Educators must consider whether the schoolcurriculumcontains characteristics which promotes cheating behavior. Many teachers,for example, feel that it is necessary to "cover" all the important topics intheir discipline. Often this results in a rapid-fire survey of dates, facts, people, and events.15Too much material is covered in too short a time.No doubt, the motives for covering everything of importance are worthy. Howard Gardnerhas said, "We would all like, as Renaissance men and women, to know everything,or at least believe in the potential of knowing everything, but that idealis clearly not possible anymore."16Attempting to cover everything of importance has littlelasting effect; the facts are quickly forgotten and the materialoften seems irrelevant. Inastudy of 6,000 students from 31colleges and universities, respondents indicated that Business and Engineeringcourses had the highest rates of cheating. The reasons given by studentswere the objective (fact-based) nature of the tests and the "bottom-line mentality."17Jacqueline Grennon- Brooks sees a correlation between cheating and thistype of curriculum:

14Calabrese and Cochran, 70.

15 Grant Wiggins, "The Futility of'Dying To Teach Everything Of Importance." Educational Leadership (Alexandria, VA:ASCD, November1989): 44-59.

16 Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind:The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 10.

17 Reported by Donald McCabeduring a "National Teleconference Addressing Issues of Academic Dishonesty" from BowlingGreen State University (29 September 1995).

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. . . schools have somehow subordinated the formation ofconcepts and the building of ideas to high-stakesgames of 'right' and 'wrong' answers that produce winners and losers. The system itself gives students the message that it's better to be 'right' thanto have interesting ideas. Faced with this sort ofpressure, many students - 97% by their own acknowledgment,more than most people in our community expected- choose to copy. We're not condoning cheating, but we do think it's important for educatorsto explore the dynamics of a system that placesso much emphasis on 'rightness' and 'wrongness'.18

In addition to the propensity to emphasizecoverage, the educational system is prone to evaluate students by comparison.Class ranking, national and local percentile rankings on standardized testscores, curve grading, grade point averages, valedictorian and salutatorianare all measures of performance- based on competition. Certainly, competition is part of the academicsystem, but are schools unnecessarily promoting comparisonsbetween students? That the education system selects and sorts is obvious,but many school practices exacerbate student competition and thus promotecheating.

On 29 June 1992 the Wall Street Journal publisheda troubling account of threats, accusations, strife andanger among students, parents, teachers and administrators at Taylor AllderdiceHigh School, one of the finest secondary schools in an affluent suburb of Pittsburgh. Theaccount was a chronicle of a community's rage over student cheating anda school's unconscious promotion of cheating behavior.In the course of the investigation, five seniorsdescribed cheating they had witnessed in their variouscourses:

18Jacqueline Grennon-Brooks and Martin G.Brooks, The Case For The Constructivist Classroom (Alexandria, VA: ASCD,1993), 67 -14-

Accounting:Studentspaidmoneyforotherstudents' homework.

Chemistry 1: Students programmed multiple-choiceanswers into their calculators and passed themon to students in the next class.

Chemistry 1 PSP (Pittsburgh Scholars Program):Students would pass notes with the answers in class and studentsin later - periods would have cheat sheets with theanswers.

French 3: Students who take make-ups in classeasily received the answers from other students.

Geometry: Students would tell each other theanswers to the problems while taking the test.

Physics 1:Since the tests were "open book," students would copy the answers into their books and give the material to later classes.

Spanish 2:Students would have their booksopen during the test.

US History AP: When the teachercame late to a test, students ran up to the desk and copied answers from theanswer sheet.

Labs, reports, test and notes from otheryears were readily sold.19

Students at Taylor Allderdice High Schoolspoke of the intensely competitive atmosphere.Some of this competitionwas the result of familial expectations.However, both the existence and absence ofspecific school policies fostered a climate which allowed thecheating to percolate. An example of this was the bi-annual posting of class ranksand grade point averages which were carried out to the fourth decimal point. Accordingto the teachers at Taylor

19 Gary Putka, "A CheatingEpidemic At A Top High School Teaches Sad Lessons," Wall Street Journal, 29 June 1992,A:l. -15-

Allderdice, "For many students, grades, class rank,and other totems became more sought after than learning.n20

In his book, No Contest, Alfie Kohn refers to theAmerican propensity to see "abuses," such as cheating, as an individual's problem, ratherthan to consider "structural explanations for problems."21 Kohn believes that a "structural imperative to .beat others, invites theuse of any means available." Arthur Combs expressed a similar sentiment whenhe said that, "although it begins with the laudable aim of encouragingproduction, competition quickly breaks down to the struggle to win atany price."22 Although,Americancultureisbynaturehighlycompetitive and individualized, it is possible to alleviateexcess competition among students in our schools.Some schools have done this by refocusing theeducational process away from ranking and on to learning.Approximately ten years ago, Theodore Sizer, the former Head of PhillipsExeter Academy, began a movement among secondary schools called the CoalitionFor Essential Schools. In a democracy, says Sizer, all citizensmust be able to use their minds well and must be able to function thoughtfully. To get studentsto be thoughtful citizens is one of the primary goals of the Coalition. The followingare some of the,common characteristics which define the Coalition For EssentialSchools:

20 Putka. A4. 1

21 Alfie Kohn, No Contest:The Case Against Competition (Boston:Houghton Mifflin Co., 1986), 161.

22Arthur W. Combs, Myths In Education(Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1979), 167. cited in Kohn, 162. -16-

The Essential school should focuson helping adolescents learn to use their minds. The school curriculum should not attemptto be comprehensive.

The aphorism "less is more" should dominate.The school's goals should be simple: that each student mastera limited number of skills and areas of knowledge.

The school's goals should apply to all students,although the means to these goals will vary as those students themselvesvary.

Teaching and learning should be personalizedto the maximum feasible extent.

The governing practical metaphor of the schoolshould be the student as worker, rather than themore familiar metaphor of teacher as deliverer of instructional services. The prominent pedagogy will be coaching to provoke students tolearn and thus teach themselves.

The diploma should be awardedupon successful demonstration of mastery for graduation an "exhibition." This exhibition by the student will demonstrate his or hergrasp of the central skills and knowledge of the school's program. The diploma isawarded when earned.

The toneof the school should stress values ofunanxious expectation.23

When recently_ asked about cheating behavior amongstudentsin Coalition Schools, Dr. Sizer answered, "It's impossible."24Although he was referring primarily to the fact that students'could not cheat because theyare required to demonstrate their learning, othercharacteristics of the Coalition's

23Theodore R. Sizer, "Diverse Practice, Shared Ideas:The Essential School," in Reorganizing For Learning: Toward the 21st Century,ed. Herbert J. Walberg and John Lane (Reston, VA: National Association ofSecondary School Principals. 1984).

24I asked Dr. Sizer this question when he visitedTeachers College on 26 February 1996.

1 8 -17-

curricUlum are deterrents to cheating,as well.l4uilt upon the characteristics of

"unanxious expectation," "less is more," "personalized learning,"and "the student as worker," the Coalition's approach also takesaway the motive to cheat. Students in Coalition Schools report a much highermotivation in their school work, a clear understanding of the relevance of the materialstudied, and a close accountability for learning by their teachers.

Although there are fine independent schoolsamong the membership rolls of the Coalition,notallindependent schools will wish to adopt allthe characteristics of the Coalition Schools. Nevertheless, independentschools can learn a great _deal from the Coalition's approach toteaching and learning.

Independent schools could be less teacher-centered, forexample. Giving students more opportunities to explore their interests andwork cooperatively in group research teams are just a couple of the methods worth pursuing. Aswell, who can say whether allowing students to interactmore thoroughly with fewer concepts, works of literature or periods of history is lessintellectually rigorous than surveying a wide breadth of materialsuperficially? Having students demonstrate their comprehension of the material ina variety of expressions is no less valid than continually measuring students'performance with pencil and paper tests.And lastly, when traditionally fragmented disciplinesare joined together in co-curricular courses or interdisciplinarycourses, students begin to see the connections between events in history, facts, concepts, andmovements. Seeing connections is more cognitively engaging,which makes students less tempted to look for academic shortcuts. This makesthe learning experience that much more effective and relevant.

In addition, to considering the characteristicsof the Coalition's curriculum, schools can conceive of ways of addressing theexcess competition which exists in American schools.In one of the few studies doneon cheating behavior in a -18-

cross-cultural setting, Ellis Evans, Delores Craig and GerdMietzel determine that German students attending Gymnasium indicatesignificantly less cheating behavior than United States and Costa Rican students.25The authors conclude that:

Ifa more cooperativeorientationtoacademicsexistsin Gymnasium schools, coupled withan evaluation system not as strongly driven by comparative achievementstandards (as curve grading),,we should expect the cheating behaviorto be less salient than, say, in typical American classrooms wherestudents compete more individually for grades.26

Collaboration encourages cooperation, and cooperationnot only teaches important social skills, but also deters competitiveness,which is known to be one of the most commonly citedcauses of cheating.

The Urban School of San Francisco,a coeducational secondary school of 230 students, has taken theconcern about the unhealthiness of student competition seriously. Grades at the Urban Schoolare recorded and transcripts maintained for purposes of college admissions,but students and parents do not see them.Instead, they receive narrative evaluationsevery six weeks. The school calendar is divided into three 12-weektrimesters. The mission is to "ignite a passion for learning and to inspire students tobecome self-motivated, enthusiastic participants in their education."The Urban School does not believe that grades provide a goodsource of long-term motivation for learning.The competition between students for grades,the School believes, diminishes

25 Ellis D. Evans, Delores Craig,and Gerd Mietzel, "Adolescents' Cognitionsand Attributions for Academic Cheating: A CrossNational Study," A paper presentedat the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Researchin Child Development (Seattle, WA, 18- 20 April 1991). ERIC Reproduction Document:ED335612.

26Ibid., 22

20 -19-

interest in learning itself.Finally, the Urban School does notgive any awirds or prizes during the year or at graduation anddoes not have an honor roll. "Although a compromise, our grading policy is effectiveand does reduce the level of academic competition between students,"says Mark Salskind, a teacher at the Urban School. "We make every effort to getstudents engaged in what they are learning for authentic reasons."27

Generally, schools are reluctant to considerchange, especially when students seem to be graduating to well-regarded colleges.Sometimes, however, when itis .obvious that a problem exists, schools willconsider adaptations. Today, there are alarming statistics regardingstudent willingness to engage in self-centered and unethical behavior. For the student,most cheating begins in high school, and continues or increases in college.Moreover, the cheating behavior continues into the graduate's professionalcareer. For example, it was recently learned that most business executivesare willing to commit fraud in order to advance their own careers.28 Schoo!smust act to halt this downward ethical spiral. One way to do this is to consideradaptations in teaching methods which would make use of more student-centeredlearning, cooperative studies, alternative forms of assessment, and applications of knowledge. Complemented with the traditional approachesto teaching long embraced by independent schools, these alterations willthwart cheating behavior andmay even enhance the learning process.

271 wish to thank Mark Salskindfor informing me about the Urban Schoolof San Francisco's policies over the ISED List Serve.

28 Dawn Blalock, "For ManyExecutives, Ethics Appears To Be Write Off,"Wall Street Journa1,6 March 1996, Cl.

4?" -20-

Defining Academic Integrity

Academicintegrityisethicalbehavior most visiblyexpressed by respecting the value of words, thoughts, images andideas; as well, it includes an understanding of the principles of ownership withrespect to words, thoughts, and ideas.Schools are places where ideas and creativityare highly valued. Words and symbols are the means by whichthese processes are expressed. Dean Kathleen Deignan, associate dean ofstudents at Princeton University, made this point while visitingone independent school."Just as money is the stock and trade of the investor or entrepreneur,so words are the stock and trade of the educator. They are not something to be taken lightly."29

We express the sacredness of words andsymbols when we emphasize the study of great works of art, history, literature,mathematics, religion and science.Harold Bloom's book, The Western Canon,underscored this point when it borrowed the theological term "canon"to highlight the significance of notable western literature.30 Historically, theChristian church has referred to the Canon exclusively as thatcorpus of works which has been believed to be Divinely inspired, otherwise knownas Scripture.

In order to respect works of literature andassign ownership to them the wisdom of the ages has handed down tous an assumed code of ethics anda system of notations and citations. Unfortunately,many students are ignorant of the guidelinespertainingto academic integrity andeven when they do

29 Daniel R. Heishman, "Is ThereAnything More Important Than Honor," St. Alban's Bulletin (Spring 1995), 18

30Harold Bloom, The Western Canon: TheBooks and School of the Ages (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Javonovich,1994). -21-

understand they attribute differing values to theirimportance. in "Student Cheating In High School: A Case of Moral Reasoningvs. 'Fuzzy " a study by Rose McLaughlin and Steven Ross,students were asked to identify the seriousness of different types of academic dishonesty.The number 5 equals most serious and 0 equals not serious:31

IBehavior Serious 11Copying someone else's homeworkor term paper 3.9 2 iCopying duringan exam 3.6 3 !Looking at notes duringa test 3.3 4 Writinga report for someone 3.3 5 :Allowing another student tocopy an answer 3.2 6 Arranging to give or receive answers by signals 3.1 7 ;Finding a copy ofan exam in the trash and memorizing the answers 2.9 8 'Asking someone fora test answer 2.8 9 Giving someonea test answer 2.8 10 IGetting answers from someone who has already taken the test 2.4

'1 11 iAllowingsomeone to copy homework 2.1 12 lUsing old testpapers as a study guide 1.8 . "la Copying an answer left by mistakeon, the chalkboard 1.6 14 Using oldtest papers that the teacher provides asa study guide 1.5 ' 15 !Using memory devices,not written, as an aid to answer test question 1.5 16 ;studying notes taken by someone else 1.4

Although it is difficult to discern a pattern in thesescores, the most important

conclusion of the study was the discoverythat generally the less seriousa

behavior was judged by students, themore likely they were to view- itas acceptable and the more commonly theyengaged in it.32

31Rose D. McLaughlin and Steven M. Rose,"Student Cheating in High School: A Case of Moral Reasoningvs. 'Fuzzy Logic'," in The High School Journal (February/March 1989), 100.

32Ibid., 97.

23 -22-

Ellis Evans and Delores Craig also uncovered student misunderstandings

about cheating behavior.For example, "student exchange of test information"

(between periods) and "intentional absence from a scheduled test withouta legitimate reason" were not considered inappropriate.It was also learned that plagiarism was widely misunderstood among students.Paraphrasing another author's work without any type of crediting was not identified bymany students as a form of academic dishonesty.33This data points to the need for more education on the definitions of cheating,a systematic training about the mechanics of referencing and explanations as to why the differenttypes of cheating are wrong.

In Florida, a high school teacher came to the conclusion that her students were unable to tell right from wrong with regards to a variety of academic integrity issues. Almost half the students surveyed, for example, believedthat it was not wrong to let a friend copy homework. Forty six percent of the students said it is okay to copy when a test is too difficult. Fortyseven percent said it is okay to copy when a test is unfair.34 Consequently,as part of her graduate work in education, Gaye Mouritzen developeda twelve-week teaching unit that used literature to teach moral lessons and an extensive lessonson the mechanics of writing a research paper.In her account of the program, Mouritzen wrote: For an English course,it was obvious that one area to be considered was plagiarism.In the particular work setting it was felt that often the students did not accomplish whatwas expected because they didnot know how to proceed, and someone

33Evans and Craig, 47- 48.

34Gaye S. Mouritzen, "Increasing Understanding of Right and Wrongin Relation to Cheating Through the Curriculum of High SchoolEnglish," 1992: Practicum I Report, Nova University, Ed.D. Program in Child andYouth Studies.

2 4 -23-

assumed they did. The writer felt that was true in the composition of reports; lack of knowledge in procedures,as well as in rules of authorship, easily leads to plagiarism.35

We cannot assume that students understand plagiarismor even the proper use of citations, quotations, and paraphrasing. Theprocess of digesting a variety of readings and synthesizing material into one'sown thoughts and words without paraphrasing the author isa higher order cognitive skill which even educators find challenging.

Educators must include lessons on the mechanics of academicintegrity in their curriculums. Students should be required toown a copy of a reliable age- appropriate reference guide, such as Kate L. Turabian's, AManual For Writers or the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Thereare other reference books which might be more age-appropriate to thesecondary school student. Mouritzen used a paper published by Mary Anne Saundersentitled "The Fail- Safe Micro Research Paper,"36 which she claimed servedas a "tour guide" for her students leading them through theprocess one step at a time. JaniceNewton, a teacheratYorkUniversity,has alsogiven a considerable amount of thought to the problems whichstudents face in writing:

When Ifirst required my students io buy the MLA Handbook,I discovered many had no idea how touse it.Several students took the text book approachstarting on page one, hoping as they read to find the answer they were looking for. ..Now I require them to bringit to class and- Iexplain how to use the index, how the

35Ibid., 30

36Mary Anne Saunders, The Fail-Safe Micro ResearchPaper. Washington D.C.: Washington Area Teachers of English to Speakers ofOther Languages, 1986, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED274202).Also see Roberta H. Markman, Peter Markman and Marie L.Waddell, 10 Steps In Writing theResaerch Paper (New York: Barron's Educational Services, Inc. 1989); cited inMouritzen.

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different sections work, and highlight the most useful sectionsso they can readily find what they need.37

Having closely monitored students and discussed academic violationswith them, Newton believes that plagiarism has somecommon causes:sloppy research methods, reliance on inappropriate reference guides, misunderstandingof the logic and rules of referencing and weak essay writing skills."38Like Gaye Mouritzen, Janice Newton has built instruction in theseareas into her curriculum. Of course itis difficult to devote a great deal of time andenergy to teaching the mechanics of academic integrity without also explainingthe ethics of academic integrity. Teachers can notassume that students know or accept these ethics.They must present a reasoned explanationas to why cheating and plagiarism are harmful.It deprives the student of the opportunity for

intellectual growth.It spoils the student-teacher relationship. Itis unfair to others who do not cheat.In Educating For Character, Thomas Lickona defines five reasons why cheating is wrong:

It will ultimately lower your self-respect, becauseyou can never be proud of anything you got by cheating.

Cheating is a lie, because it deceives other people into thinking you know more than you do.

Cheating violates the teacher's trust thatyou will do your own work.Furthermore, it undermines the whole trust relationship between the teacher and his or her class.

Cheating is unfair to all people who aren't cheating.

37Janice Newton, "Plagiarism and the Challenge of Essay Writing:Learning From Our Students," Department of Political Science, YorkUniversity.

38Ibid.

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If you cheat in school now, you'll find it easier to cheat in other situations later in life - perhaps even in your closest personal relationships.39 Another way to make known to students to the reality of academic

integrity is to expose them to the consequences of violating this principle.For example: Senator Joseph Biden of Delawarewas forced to withdraw as a Presidential candidate when he plagiarized portions ofa speech; a high school student who hired another student to take his SAT testwas indicted on charges of criminal perjury;40the career of Bruno Bettelheim, a pioneer in treating mentally disturbed children, was marred when itwas alleged that he copied portions of another scholars work;41 despite his pleas that hiserrors were "inadvertent," the Chicago Sun-Times dismisseda columnist when it was learned that he plagiarized two stories.42

In the past, instruction in the mechanics and ethics of academicintegrity has been taught out of necessity, as -ameans to an end, usually as an appendage to an annual term paper. Today, however, nothing short ofa long- term cross-curriculum strategy to teach principles and practices ofacademic integrity will suffice.

39Thomas Lickona, Educating For Character: How Our Schools CanTeach Respect and Responsibility, (New York: Bantam Books,1991), 77.

40 "Cheating On College Entrance Test LeadsTo Criminal Perjury," New York Times, 20 June 1992, Al 1.

41"Bettelheim Accused of Plagiarism," Washington Post, 7 February1991. B10

42"Sun-Times Cuts Columnist on Plagiarism Accusation," WallStreet Journal, 13 June 1990, B6. -26-

Peer Influence In Establishing CommunityValues

In seeking to influence adolescents, the greatestchallenge is the sub- culture which often binds teenagers ina code of secrecy, some have referred to this as "the student code." In the Evans and Craigstudy, for example, most students indicated that they rarely complain topeers who cheat and they almost never report other students who they have witnessed cheating.43Schab's thirty year study of cheating behavior revealed, not onlya small percentage of adolescents who expressed a willingness to report cheating,but also a declining willingness to report cheating:44

1969 1979 1989

1 1 I Would you report a friend you saw cheatin .12.4% 7.9% 4.3%

I Would you report a person not your friend? 20.8%, 20.8%,-I 16.9% i 1 1

One theory of social psychology whichdemonstrates the profound influence of peers in molding adolescentsocial behavior is social learning theory.45Building on Social Learning Theory, RonaldAkers has developed a theory of deviant behavior which illustratesthat rather than being influenced by the "threat of formal punishment fromconventional society," the deviant draws

43Evans and Craig, 49.

44Schab, 843.

45Rolf E. Muuss, "Social Learning Theory'sContribution to an Understanding of Adolescece," in Theories of Adolescence, 5th ed.(New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988), 279 - 299.

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his/her support from a "primary group."46In other words, when they cheat,

students have no difficulty findingsupport for their behavior. Itis easily rationalized as acceptable.In fact, statistics indicate that cheatingin schools is not deviant, it is normative.- It is thenon-cheater who is in the minority. Consequently, the greatest challenge posedto schools in attempting to deter cheating is inspiring student loyaltyto the school community. The most effective means of inspiring loyalty is bygiving students a stake in shaping the community. Professor Donald McCabe of RutgersUniversity found similar sentiments expressed by students ata conference on academic integrity. Their comments suggested that "the real key to buildingand sustaining an atmosphere of student integrity on anycampus may be involving all members of thecampus community-students,faculty, and administration."'" These notions of involvement are not new.Writing in 1916, John Dewey saida democratic society "must have a type of educationwhich gives individualsa personal interest in social relationships and control,and the habits of mind whichsecure social change without introducing disorder." 48

Built upon Dewey's notions of schooldemocracy,49 Lawrence Kohlberg has written extensively and appliedthese principles in his "Just Community"

46Ronald L. Akers, Deviant Behavior ASocial Learning Approach 3rd ed., (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1985);cited in James W. Michaels and TeranceD. Miethe, "Applying Theories of Devinceto Academic Cheating," Social Science Quarterly 70, no. 4, (December 1989),872-873.

47McCabe, 656.

48John Dewey, Democracy and Education,(New York: Macmillan Free, 1966), 115; cited in Michael W. Apple andJames A. Beane, eds., DemocraticSchool, (Alexandria, VA: ASCD, 1995),v.

49Dewey, 8283; cited in Kohlberg, 38-39.

2 9 -28-

schools. Kohlberg's idea was to nurture sharedownership by involving students in the definition of and enforcernent of communityvalues.In such a school, the teacher serves as an "advocate for what (they)hope is the right answer" in

addressing moral dilemmas.But, most importantly, everyone in theschool seeks to put the good of the community ahead ofpersonal interests.50 In reading Kohlberg's accounts of the ScarsdaleAlternative School and the Cambridge Cluster School,one is struck by the adolescent urge to belong.

When given the opportunity to be involved, theschool community becomesvery important and students are willing to put aside otherallegiances for the good of the group. Much of this resulted from the valuewhich the school placed in the student's contributions.From the start, students understood that theywere responsible for the communities well-being,just as much as the facultyor administration.

At the Scarsdale Alternative School, studentsdiscussed the problem of cheating. This followed two incidents of cheatingwhich had come before "the fairness committee." The committee'srecommendation was to hold anopen school discussion on cheating.In the discussion, students hadno difficulty understanding that cheating hurt their communityby destroying the trust of their teachers.Also, students expressed the impact whichcheating behavior was having among the students:

It really bothers me to have cheating goingon because its intruding on my rights.If there's cheating, for the people who dowork hard it makes them seem like they're not working hardbecause others are copying papers and get thesame grades and do nothing.If there was a rule which said we realize cheating iswrong, and its your

5°Ibid., 61.

3 0 -29-

.obligationnottocheat,itwould make everyonefeelthe obligation.51

Following the discussion there was almost universal oppositionto cheating within

the school community. The events which occurred at the ScarsdaleAlternative School were paralleled at the Cambridge Cluster School. In thiscase, however, teacher and student advocacy played an important rolein developing a "collective norm" against cheating.

No doubt, schools will differ in the degrees to which they feelcomfortable involving students in the process of establishinga code of ethics.At Saint Andrew's School in Florida, for example, two student leadersadvocated an Honor Code. As it was established, the student Honor Boardwas given the role of writing the By-laws, selecting new Honor Board membersand promoting and enforcing the honor code.

Placed in the context of a discussion about honor codes, whatall this says is that it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to establishan honor code or any effort to deter cheating for that matter, if studentsare not permitted to play a role in developing the solution.Evans and Craig speak of the weight of the communities attitudes in determining the potentialsuccess of an Honor Code.

"Intuitively, beliefs about the efficacy of strategiesto reduce or prevent cheating may predispose successor failure. For example, if students believe that an honor system topromote academic honesty 'won't work,' chances for success of thesystem introduced by their teachers may be jeopardized from the outset."52

5Ibid., 64.

52Evans and Craig, 51.

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Dr. Gary Pave la, the director of judicialprograms at the University of Maryland

and the past president of the National Center forAcademic Integrity,fully supports the notion of student participation in formulatingan Honor Code:

Such balancing and sharing of authority is premisedupon the assumption that control of academic dishonesty willnot be accomplished by threat of punishment alone.Ultimately, the most effective deterrent will be a commitment to academic integrity within the student the student peer group. Only by giving studentgenuine responsibility in a collaborative effort with faculty and staffcan such a commitment be fostered and maintained.53

Trusting students to participate in the establishment,promotion and enforcement of community values is a difficult challenge.Traditionally, schools have been hierarchical with students being at the bottom ofthe triangle.But educators are realizing that when trusted and when givenan opportunity to participate in the vision of the school, students havea great deal to contribute. Moreover, this participation has had other positiveconsequences. Namely, the adolescent desire to belong has results in expressions ofloyalty to the school, rather than the sub-group. The more of this type of loyaltywhich we can inspire, the less cheating behavior we willsee.

The Teacher and Academic Integrity

By their attitudes and actions, teachers will affectcheating behavior in their classrooms. This was the conclusion of the Evansand Craig study, which

53Gary Pave la, "Code of Academic Integrity," in AcademicIntegrity and Student Development: Legal Issues and Policy Perspectives, WilliamKibler and others. in The Higher Administration Series, ed. Donald D. Gehring andD. Parker Young College (Admininstrations Publications 1988), 69.

3 2 -31-

evaluated the attitudes and perceptions of students andteachers about cheating behavior.Teachers and students agreed that teachers whowere vague in explaining the relevance and/or purpose of learningcan unknowingly promote cheating behavior.54 When students haveno idea why they are studying the things they are studying, or the topic is perceivedas inapplicable to their lives, students will interpret the exercise as a waste of time.Consequently, they will look for shortcuts.In addition, students and teachers agreed thatthe number of grading opportunities offered in acourse can affect cheating. When students were evaluated based on only one or two exams, therewas a higher likelihood of cheating.

The study also revealed differences in studentand teacher perception with regard to the importance of "teachercharacteristics" in affecting cheating behavior among students. Students believedthat teachers who were "unfriendly, boring or dull and have high expectationsare more likely to encounter classroom cheating."55 Teachers,on the other hand, did not recognize such personality characteristicsas having an impact on cheating behavior. Finally, students also expressed that teacherswho require students to be accountable for their knowledge and apply theirlearning to real-life situations, actually discouraged cheating.

.As part of the study teachers andstudents were asked to identify classroom management techniques whichwould,intheir opinion, reduce

54Ellis Evans and Delores Craig, "Teacher andStudent Perceptions of Academic Cheating in Middle and Senior High Schools,"in Journal of Educational Research84, n.1, (September/October 1990), 49.

55Ibid., 48.

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cheating behavior.The following is a list of the characteristicsmost often identified:

Course syllabi which define expectations andcourse objectives Utilization of daily lesson plans with stated objectives Some assessment by methods other than test and quiz Elucidating the relevance of the lesson Teacher communication with students in academic difficulty Recreating tests each time the course is taught Providing ample advance notice and exactcoverage of exams Seating assignments Close teacher supervision during tests Alternating test forms with scrambled number items Use of different but equivalent make-up tests56

Regarding the role of teachers in the detection of cheating,there is some evidence in the Evans and Craig study that teachers donot take the problem of cheating as seriously as students. One theory to explainthis disparity is the possibility that students exaggerate the cheating problem.This is unlikely, however, because all studies indicate thatmore than half of secondary school students have cheated and numerous studies projectthat more than three- fourths of secondary school students have cheated. Forexample, in 1993 Who's Who Among High School Students conckictedone of the largest polls of adolescent leaders and high achieversever undertaken.57 Of the 5,000 students selected, 1,957 responded. All students surveyed hadA or B averages and 98% planned to attend college. Paul Krouse, the directorof Who's Who Among High School Students reported, "Cheating is pervasiveamong the nation's top high

56Ibid., 49.

57"24th Annual Survey of High Achievers," Who's WhoAmong American High School Students, (Educational Communications,Lake Forest, 11,1993). -33-

school students. The results indicated that nearly 80% admittedto soine form of dishonesty, such as copying someone else's homeworkor cheating on an exam."58 Of the private school students, nearly 60% indicated thatin their school's cheating is either '-'fairly common" or "everybody does it."Therefore, it would be difficult to conclude that student respondentsare exaggerating the cheating problem.

Although it would be unfair to generalize about teachers'realizations of the seriousness of the cheating problem fromone study.It must be pointed out that teacher vigilance is crucial in controlling cheating.If teachers do not realize the seriousness of the cheating problem, they will not beas attentive as they need to be in order to thwart cheating. In addition, they mightnot be as keen to adopt practices or policies which could effectively thwart cheating,such as the ones listed above.

McCabe's study of nearly 800 college professorsat16 different institutionslocatedthroughout theUnitedStates,indicatedthatcollege professors were reluctant to report cheating incidents.59Of course, this might not be true of independent school teachers, whoare more legally protected and face less threatening circumstances than teachers inpublic high schools and colleges. Nevertheless, at any level of education, to suspecta student of cheating is to be potentially drawn intoa process which, at best, is awkward. Nevertheless, studies in deterrence theory, indicatethat as the tisk of getting caught rises the amount of cheating declines.60A study entitled "Fear

58"4 of 5 Students Admit Cheating;" Sun-Sentinel, (Ft. Lauderdale,FL), 20 October 1993, 5a.

59McCabe, 653-654.

60Jack Gibbs, Crime,Punishment and Deterrence (Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1975);

35 -34-

and the Student Cheater," conducted by Tittle and Rowe,revealed that too much trust and familiarity in a classroom environment could leadto higher levels of cheating. The most salient factor in reducing cheating in this studywas the fear of getting caught and punished.61

Unfortunately, cheating is becoming so sophisticated thatit is difficult to detect.In a newsgroup discussion on the Internet sponsoredby one of the largest manufacturers of hand-held calculators, studentswere sharing ideas on the best ways to cheat using current hand held technology.The following is the text from one of the entries:

Concerning teachers clearing memory beforetest, just write a memory clearing simulation program.I had a bunch of formulas I needed for an Algebra test stored ina program. The I wrote a program that would simulate almost every function after [2ND] [MEM]. I even had a blinking cursor. The only problemI had was with Page Up and Page Down and having twomenus at the bottom of the screen. When the teacher started around theroom clearing memories, I went ahead and executed myprogram, doing a fake total memory clear. When she came around, shesaw the memory cleared, defaults set screen, and wenton to the next person. What a dumbass.62

Itis no secret that young people, in general,are more technologically sophisticated than most adults. As technolOgy playsmore of a role in cheating, teachers will have more difficult detecting it.At Taylor Allderdice High School, where cheating ran rampant, some teachers reportedbeing "demoralized" by cited in Michaels and Miethe, 871.

61C.R. Tittle and A.R. Rowe, "Fear and the Student Cheater,"Change. 6 (3), 1974. 47 - 48; cited in William Kibler and Brent Paterson,"Strategies to Prevent Academic Dishonesty," in Kibler, 23.

62 Reported over the ISED List Serve, 5 February 1995by Wayne Murrah.

3 6 -35-

cheating, others referred to being"deceived on a scam level." The newly appointed co-principal made a difficult admissionwhen he said, 'What's happened in the past is that we've allowed these kidsto outsmart us, and that's not acceptable."63

There can be a silver lining in the dark cloud ofcheating, that is, if we view it as an expression of a deeper problem. Althoughthe motives for cheating are complex, one cause may have something to do withthe way we teach.Looked at from a different perspective,can we be witnessing a type of protest movement? Couldit be that students are asking fornew and different approaches to teaching and learning?If the primary motive in education is to challenge the student to think, to develop habitsof mind which places inquiryas the highest educational priority, perhapswe are not "educating" in the most effective manner.

One school which has revamped teachingand learning is Central Park East Secondary School (CPESS) in NewYork City.At CPESS the entire curriculum revolves around five essential questions:Whose viewpoint is being described? What evidence is there? How is thisconnected to other things? What are the alternatives? And, how is this relevant? Theschool's founder Deborah Meier speaks of developing habits ofskepticism and empathy in the student.64 Other educators have written extensivelyon our understanding of student learning.Grant Wiggins has exposedsome of the problems with traditional methods of student assessment.Wiggins challenges teachers topractice assessment, which is more closely alignedwith the essential questions of the

63Putka, A4.

64This was said during her visitto the Klingenstein Center on 1 February 1995.

3 7 -36- course.65Heidi Hayes Jacobs work on interdisciplinary curriculumchallenges teachers to find the connections between the normally fragmenteddisciplines. Interdisciplinary curriculum challenges us toutilize more diverse forms of assessing student knowledge, such as the production ofa video, a photographic essay, a book of poetry, a published article or editorial, a speech or debate,a series of diagrams, the construction of a model, etc.66

Another example of ,educational reform is the "Standards" developedby the National Council for Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM),which enable students to make the connections between content and real-world dilemmag.

Karen Dee Michalowicz, the Upper School Mathematics Chairat Langley School, utilizes the math standards in her classroom. Herresponse to the crafty student who tricked his Algebra teacher by programming his calculatorwas as follows:

I can't help but believe that a student who isso capable in using technology, as evidence in the posting above, couldn'tace an Algebra test. Also, I find when F prepare a test with calculatoruse, I emphasize the problem solving aspect, not the calculation. Those real world applications which we are encouraged by Standardsto employ in our classes actually defeat the need to cheat in classes, or don't provide the opportunity to cheat.67

Itis not the intent of this paper to introduceor review the various educational reform movements. However, independentschool teachers can revitalize the classroom experience in sucha way that students will see the

65Grant Wiggins, "A True Test: Toward More Authentic and Equitable Assessment," Phi Delta Kappan (May 1989): 703- 713.

66taken from the notes of TY4824, Interdisciplinary Curriculum:Design and Implementation, a course given at Teachers College by HeidiHayes Jacobs

67ISED List Serve- 5 February 1995

3 8 -37-

relevance and importance of their learning and the self-defeatingnature of cheating.

The role of teachers in the discipline process is alsoan important topic. In many schools teachers are encouraged to deal with cheating incidentson their own and many teachers enjoy this autonomy. However, it is also problematic in thatitleads to inconsistent enforcement and students might nothave the opportunity to defend themselves before an impartial judge. Clearly, thisis the advantage of a formal school procedure so common to honor codes. Although

the teacher relinquishes some autonomy, the whole communitybenefits from the sense of fairness.

A McCabe study learned that teachers at colleges with honor codeswere almost two times more likely to report suspected incidents ofcheating than at schools without honor codes. There is a positive correlationbetween faculty belief in the honor code's processes and their higherwillingness to report.68 When teachers believe in the system, theyare much more likely to use the system. Conversely, when teachers doubt the judiciousness of thesystem or the effectiveness of the process, they tend to take matters intotheir own hands or ignore the incident altogether. Again, although this studywas conducted among college professors, the logic of the conclusionsare such that itis difficult to imagine that the principle doesn't hold for secondary schoolteachers as well. In order to enhance student responsibility, facultyare often excluded from serving on school Honor Boards. I believe there should be facultyrepresentation on the Honor Board.There are some risks, however.Faculty can dominate discussions in a student-faculty committee and alienatestudent members. A

68McCabe, 654.

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faculty presence can also change the perceptions ofan Honor Board among students. However, the advantages of a facultypresence outweighs the disadvantages: one, faculty have a great deal of wisdom andexperience from which the Board would benefit; two, that both faculty andstudents are victims in a distrustful community is obvious; three, faculty must deal with the academic ramifications of a Board's decision in the classroom,if there is no faculty representation on the honor board this could leadto divisiveness in the community; and, finally, students, faculty and administrationare collaborators in establishing a quality of life in the school.

Teachers play a crucial role in the prevention, detection andpunishment of cheating. Classroom management, teachingmethodology, teacher vigilance, and enforcement are all crucial factors.Although it was not my intention to speculate on the role of the teacher in inspiring moralbehavior, it is difficult not to mention it.Anecdotally, we have all heard hundreds of students speakof the moral impact which various teachers have hadon their lives. To speak of the potential impact of teachers as only being inmanagement and methodology is to do a disservice to the teaching profession.Adolescents are inspired by the integrity of their teachers and they intuitively knowwhen a teacher has integrity.

The School Ethos and AcademicIntegrity

In her book, The Good High School,Sara Lawrence Lightfoot has observed that "good schools" havean ideological core.69 This means that there are a few core values which have become embodied in the ethosof the school.

69 Sara Lawrence Lightfoot, TheGood High School: Portraits of Character and Culture, (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 322.

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These core values are verbally reinforced and consciouslyor unconsciously they influence behavior and policies at the school. For example,it was reported that in the spring of 1992 an accrediting team arrived to RoxburyLatin in Boston.In the course of the school's evaluation, 27 students from grades7 through 12 were asked, what do you think is Roxbury Latin's philosophyof education?The student responses were remarkable consistent: the School ismost concerned about what type of people we are becoming. Apparently, thiswas the message which the Headmaster delivered each yearon Opening Day to the new students.

Moreover, somehow this message became repeatedly affirmedthroughout their careers at Roxbury Latin.70Roxbury Latin is an example of acore ethic becoming embodied in the life of a school.

As I have implied throughout the course of thispaper, academic integrity cannot be viewed solely as a program or policy which is limitedto a set of disciplinary guidelines or a set of procedures whichare practiced when a violation occurs. Although academic integritywas previously defined specifically as practices and ethics which pertain exclusively to respecting the words, images, ideas, and thoughts of others, the notion of academicintegrity can also be viewed in a wider context as a community ethic.From this perspective academic integrity becomes synonymous with honor.Within the context of a community, honor is a virtue which permeates allpractices,interactions, assumptions, and interpersonal relationships in the school.

Presuming that honor is part of a school's ideologicalcore, a school would seek to be honorable inallits practices, policies and interactions. This commitment to honor would result in a community-wideself-analysis. Questions

70 Kevin Ryan, "Mining The ValuesIn The Curriculum," Educational Leadership 51, no.3, (Alexandria VA: ASCD, November 1993): 18.

4 1 -40-

such as: Are all members of the community affordedequal respect? Are salary structures equitable? Are assignments of financial aidfair? Are stated grading policies practiced? Are students judged bystandards which the adults adhere to? Are mistakes admitted, and corrected? woulddefine this probing process of inquiry.In essence I am referring to what has becomeknown as "the hidden curriculum." Those unspoken and unpublishedbehaviors, sometimes unrealized, which a community practices. To adoptan honor code, is to be willing to identify and critique the community's assumptions, ethicand behaviors.

If we wish to instill in our studentsa commitment to academic integrity, we are faced with a challenging task which will require all communitymembers to examine their own lives as wellas the institution's behavior. To view a traditional honor code as a panacea to the problem ofcheating is to underestimate the causes of cheating behavior. The causes are complex andmultifaceted and we will never completely eradicate all cheatingbehavior. We stand a better chance of influencing our community whenwe approach the problem from different directions. I have suggested a review of academicpolicies which might aggravate competition.I have referred to various educational reformmovements which seem to be inspiringa genuine student desire to learn.I have named numerous classroom techniques which thwart cheating. However, these practices will sound empty and hollow ifa school is not willing to be honorable to the core.

Revisiting Moral Education

At the outset I referred to the factthat the primary focus ofmy research_ was directed at contextual factors which influencecheating behavior. However, before educators canmove ahead with confidence and certitude in addressing

4 2 -41-

cheating behavior, and beforewe can stand up to its pervasiveness,we must recommit ourselves to the instruction ofethics.For the past few decades schools have manifested a reluctance to guide anddirect. This is a wholly new phenomenon. As far back as recorded history willtake us, teachers were viewed as moral guides.Instruction was viewed largelyas a means to influence character. Only recently has education excludedmoral instruction and emphasized cognition.71Much of thiS transformation cameas a result of a growing belief in the centrality of the individual.

The roots of this mentality are legion, but itcame to prominence in American culture during the 1960's.In curriculum form, its most visible symbol was the "Situation Ethics" or "Values Clarification" movement.72Shedding the shackles of authoritarianism, teachers, administratorsand schools (albeit our society) developed an "I haveno right to tell you what's right or wrong" ethic. This "value neutral" approach becamea conscious and !subconscious force in the classroom and on thecampus

In their chapter entitled "Finding Oneself,"the authors of the national best- seller, Habits of the Heart,reason through the implications of a moral order where each individual determines her/hisown ethic.

If the self is defined by its ability to chooseits own values, on what grounds are those choices made? One'sown idiosyncratic preferences are their own justification. Now,if selves are defined by their preferences, but those preferencesare arbitrary, then each self constitutes its own moral universe,and there is finally no way to reconcile conflicting claims about whatis good. In the absence of any objectifiable criteria of right andwrong, good or evil, the self

71Paul Vitz, Professor of Psychologyat New York University, remindedme of this in a telephone conversationon 31 March 1996.

72Lickona, 7- 12.

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and its feelings become our only moral guide. What kind of world is inhabited by this self, perpetually in progress, yet withoutany fixed moral end?73

As this ethic permeated our culture and especiallyour schools, students began to comprehend its implications. Christopher Lasch, in his last book before his untimely death, entitled The Revolt of the Elites and theBetrayal of Democracy, observed that young people now "resent the ethical demandsof 'society' as infringements on their personal freedom.They believe that their rights as individuals includes their right to 'create theirown values'."74 Michael Josephson, the founder and director of the Josephson Instituteon Ethics, fears

that "we're harvesting a generation of nuclear inspectors, auto mechanics,and politicians who will do what it takes to get what they want."75

As we are confronted with the facts of our current social problemsand as we face the dismal prospects of a more troubled future, we are becoming painfully aware that some behavior is right andsome is wrong. Derek Bok, the former president of Harvard, believes that "thereare certain fundamental principles that are not a matter of debate."76

Recently there has been the resurgence of educational curriculumswhich assume that virtues such as honesty, responsibility, courtesy, respect, patience,

73Robert N. Bellah, et al. Habits of the Heart, (New York: Harperand Row, 1985), 75-76.

74Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites andthe Betrayal of Democracy, (New York: Norton, 1995), 180.

75 Marilyn Alias, "Crusadingto HeadOff theComing Ethics Crisis," USA Today, 19 May 1993. 7D.

76 Roger Rosenblatt, "Teaching JohnnyTo Be Good," New York Times Magazine, Sec. 6. 30 April 1995, 41.

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kindness and others must be taught. Withouta commitment to these cornmon decencies, our society seems defenseless against ambition, greed, and selfishness. James Madison, one of the chief framers of the American Constitution, once asked, "Can a people incapable of self-government in private life prove capable of it in public life?If they cannot practice self-governmentover their private passions, how will they practice it over the institutions of the Republic?"77

Dr. Michael Novak, in accepting the 1994 Templeton Prize forProgress In Religion, expressed a similar sentiment:

There cannot be a free society among citizens who habitually lie, who malinger, who cheat, who do not meet their responsibilities, who cannot be counted on, who shirk difficulties, who flout the law- or who prefertoliveasserfsor slaves,contentintheir dependency, so long as they are fed and entertained.78

As many of the foundational institutions ofour society, such as church and

family, become threatened, the challenge of moral education fallsupon schools. This calls for teachers to renew their visionas moral educators. Centuries ago,

Desiderius Erasmus wrote eloquently of the high calling of schoolsand teachers:

To be a schoolmaster is next to being a king. Doyou count it lowly

employment to imbue the minds of the young with the...best of literature, and to return them to their country honest and virtuous (people)? In the opinion of fools, it is a humble task, but in fact itis the noblest of occupations.79

77 Michael Novak, "Awakening From Nihilism,"First Things 45, (August/September 1994): 21.

78Novak.

79Bruce. Lockerbie, A Passion For Learning: The History of ChristianThought on Education (Chicago: Moody Press, 1994),134.

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We educators face many challenges inour work. Ours is a most difficult

profession whichseems not to be valued as it once might have been. Ofcourse, we must be supported by our schools and we must work inschools which reflect our priorities.But, we cannot leave young people to findtheir own answers. They look to us for wisdom- skill in living. This is challenging and it calls us to constantly reflect on our own lives and behavior.Teaching is for the stout- hearted and mighty in spirit.There are professions which offermore tangible rewards. Teaching is more than a profession, however,it is a vocation.It is a vocation because it requires not onlya skill to be mastered, and a knowledge of our discipline, but also an ethical life which inspires inyoung people a desire to live life well.

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Illustrations of (Possible) CheatingBehavior80

1. Coughing or using hand signals; 2. Concealing notes on clothing, hands,caps, shoes or in pockets; 3. Writing in blue books priOr toexams; 4. Writing information on the blackboard,desks or keeping notes on the floor; 5. Obtaining copies of a test in advance; 6. Passing information concerning specificquestions or answers from an earlier class to a later claSs; 7. Leaving information in the restroom; 8. Exchanging examsso that neighbors have identical test forms; 9. Having a substitute takea test and providing false identification for the substitute; 10. Fabricating data for labor clinical assignments; 11. Changing a gradedpaper or answer sheet and requesting that it be graded; 12. Failing to turn in a test and latersuggesting that the faculty member haslost it; 13. Stealing another student's gradedtest and affixing one's ownname to it; 14. Submitting computerprograms written by another person; 15. Recording two answers,one on one test form, one on anotheranswer sheet; 16. Marking an answer sheet to enableanother student to see theanswer; 17. Putting large circles around twoadjacent answers and claiming to have had the correct answer; 18. Stealing an exam or other assignmentfor transmission to someone in another section, or for placement ina test file; 19. Using a programmable calculatorto store test information or otherwise _passing information using electronicdevices; 20. Taking another students computerassignment printout froma computer lab; 21. Destroying library material to gainacadernic advancement; 22. Transferring a computer file fromone person's account to another; or 23. Transmitting postedanswers to exam to student in testingarea via pager or radio transmitter.

80 One of the most comprehensiveand up to date list of cheating behaviorwas published by The University of Texas.(see Appendix 1) The guide has identified23 different types of behavior which could beconstrued as cheating: Student DisciplineFor Scholastic Dishonesty, A Guide ForAdministrators, Faculty, and Hearing Officers.The University Texas System. July 1991.cited in Ralph D. Mawdsley, AcademicMisconduct: Cheating and Plagiarism,(Topeka, Kansas: NOLPE, 1994), 9-10.

BEST COPY AVAluktiLL 4 7 -46-

.B ibliography

Apple, Michael W. and James. A. Beane, eds. DemocraticSchool. Alexandria, VA: ASCD, 1995.

Bellah, Robert B., et al. Habits of the Heart. New York: Harperand Row, 1985.

Calabrese, Raymond L., and John T. Cochran, "The Relationship OfAlienation To Cheating Among A Sample Of American Adolescents,"Journal of Research and Development in Education, 23,no. 2. Winter 1990.

Evans, Ellis D., Delores Craig, and Gerd Mietzel, "Adolescents'Cognitions and Attributions for Academic Cheating: A Cross National Study,"

Evans,EllisD., and Delores Craig, "Teacher and StudentPerceptions of Academic Cheating in Middle and Senior High Schools,"Journal of Educational Research, v.84, n.1. September/October, 1990.

Gardner, Howard, Frames of Mind: The Theory of MultipleIntelligences, New York: Basic Books, 1983.

Gardner, Jr., Ralph, "Give Me Harvardor Give Me Death," New York Magazine, 18 March 1996.

Grennon-Brooks, Jacqueline., and Martin. G. Brooks, The Case For The Constructivist Classroom. Alexandria, VA: ASCD, 1993.

Heishman, Daniel R., "Is There Anything More ImportantThan Honor?" St. Alban's Bulletin, Spring 1995.

Kibler, William L., Elizabeth M. Nuss, Brent G.Paterson, and Gary Pavela Academic Integrity and Student Development: LegalIssues and Policy Perspectives.in The Higher Education Administration Series. DonaldD. Gerhing and D. Parker Young eds. College AdministrationPublications Series, 1988.

Kohlberg, Lawrence, "The Just Community Approachto Moral Education in Theory and Practice." in Moral Education: Theoryand Application, Marvin W. Berkowitz and Fritz Oser. Hillsdale, N.J.:Erlbaum,1985. 27-99

Kohn, Alfie,No Contest: The Case Against Competition,Boston:Houghton Mifflin Co., 1986.

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Lasch,. Christopher, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival In TroubledTimes, New York: Norton, 1984.

,The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal ofDemocracy, New York: Norton, 1995.

Levine, Daniel R., "Cheating in Our Schools: ANational Scandal." Readers Digest, October 1995.

Lickona, Thomes, Educating For Character: How OurSchools Can Teach Respect and Responsibility. New York: Bantam Books,1991.

Lightfoot, Sara L., The Good High School: Portraits ofCharacter and Culture, New York: Basic Books, 1983.

Lockerbie, Bruce, A Passion For Learning: The History ofChristian Thought on Education. Chicago: Moody Press, 1994.

Mawdsley, Ralph D., Academic Misconduct: Cheatingand Plagiarism, Topeka, Kansas: NOLPE, 1994.

McCabe, DonaldL.,"Faculty Responses To Academic Dishonesty: The Influence Of Student Honor Codes," Research InHigher Education 34, no. 5, 1993.

McLaughlin, Rose D. and Steven M. Rose, "StudentCheating in High School: A Case of Moral Reasoning vs. 'Fuzzy Logic'," in TheHigh School Journal, February/March 1989.

Michaels, James W., and Terance D. Miethe."Applying Theories of Deviance to Academic Cheating." Social Science Quarterly 70,1989, 872-85.

Mischel, Walter, Personality and Assessment,New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1968.

Mouritzen, Gaye S., "Increasing Understandingof Right and Wrong in Relation to Cheating Through the Curriculum of HighSchool English,"1992: Practicum Report, Nova University,Ed.D. Program in Child and Youth Studies

Muuss, Rolff E.,Theories of Adolescence, 5th ed. New York:McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988

Newton, Janice, "Plagiarism and the Challenge ofEssay Writing: Learning From Our Students," Department of PoliticalScience, York University.

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.Novak, Michael,"Awakening From Nihilism," First Things, August/September 1994. N 45.

Putka, Gary, "A Cheating Epidemic At A Top High School Teaches Sad Lessons," Wall Street Journal, 29 June 1992.

Rosenblatt, Roger, "Teaching Johnny To Be Good," New York Times Magazine, Sec. 6, 30, April 1995

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Schab, Fred, "Schooling Without Learning: Thirty Years of Cheating in High School," Adolescence, Vol 26, No. 104, Winter 1991.

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"24th Annual Survey of High Achievers," Who's Who Among American High School Students, (Educational Communications, Lake Forest, 11,1993).

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Wiggins,Grant,"A True Test: Toward More Authentic andEquitable Assessment," Phi Delta Kappan, May 1989. 703- 713

, "The Futility of Trying TO Teach Everything Of Importance." Educational Leadership. November 1989. 44- 59.

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50 Newspaper Artic es: CheatiAitg/a44,c1/P Appendix I AO, "The Ailderdice" fiviMillAfittiOftitiOA4004till@A4006tAlOA STUDENTS

- Joshua Berlin Elena Buchwalter Dan Galanter. Rebecca Gree

Lee Grinberg Jonah Falek Anneka Jones FACULTY

.*

73

Frank Casorio Thomas Chapas William A.G. FisherRichard C. G French teacher Academic Counselor Principal until 1991 Co-Princil

=t4:,

1 KRF,2 o t Phyllis SinguignI Math *ache? 'Physical Education Chemistry teacher .." teacher

1

BEST COPYAVALELF. 5 3 DuicRooara jungle

A Cheating Epidemic A Burgeoning enitntw For generations, schools have by turns At a Top High School grappled with or ignored cheating by some of their students. But there are indications the problem is getting worse. In the 1940s, Teaches Sad Lessons about 20% of college students questioned anonymously admitted to cheating in high school. That percentage has soared to 75%. Taylor Allderdice Students, Stephen Davis, a psychology professor at Emporia State University in Kansas who Exhorted to Compete, tracks the figures, says the rise has been CrossEthicalBarriers A Principal Changes Grades -

By GARY PUTKA TAIIAAL:ZHU:MA.2.9,± _ Staff Reporter ofTHE WALL STREET JOURNAL H.001. PITTSBURGH For Taylor Allderdice High School,the Extra Effort Award given to Lee Grinberg by TV station KDKA I this past January was one more accolade in the school's 65-year history of scholastic distinction. But for some of his classmates, it was one too many. As young Mr. Grinberg co- valedictorian in the class of 1992, versatile athlete and aspirant to the Ivy Leagueac- ,:\:71.4111111* cepted the award, boos were heard amid Taylor-Altherdice the applause in the school auditorium. slow and steady. "Students say cheating in Flyers citing "doubts" about Mr. Grin- high school is for grades, cheating in berg's "academic integrity" also circu- college is for a career,'he says. "It's lated among seniors, against the wishes of humorous until you think for a minute, and the school administration. For Lee Grin- then you say, 'Oh my God.' berg and many others at this venerable Allderdice has long been viewed as a urban high school, it was an emotional model of public secondary education. It is event, a day when long-suppressed anger the flagship of the Pittsburgh public about perceived injustices burst into the schools, a training ground for the Ivy open. League, cherished by its alumni with a Allegations of widespread, unpunished fierce and protective pride. Its drawing cheating have torn apart the class of 1992 card is a huge program for gifted students. at Taylor Allclerdice, wrecking friend- The doctors, academics, executives and ships, pitting student against student and others who send their children to Ander- parent against parent. On Squirrel Hill, the dice prize school success above almost high school's comfortable neighborhood, anything else. At the school's top tier, obscene phone calls have shattered the re- getting a B means failure, and getting into pose of evenings. Angry words have over- college isn't enough it must be the best heated PTA meetings. Lawyers have been college. hired to brandish threats of lawsuits. Allderdice sends 20 graduates or more The Victims' Lament to the Ivy League each year. About a third Allderdice students talk of systematic, of its 1,500 students, the highest proportion even brazen, cheating. They describe of- in the city, have scored 130 or higher on IQ fers of money for homework, routine steal- tests. This places them in the Centers for ing of tests, open dictionaries-during col. Advanced Study, which offer the most lege-entnnce exams and wide use of pro- demanding and prestigious courses. grammable calculators as electronic cheat Students at the top rung keep close tabs sheets in math aat science. In the absence on their class rank and grade point of tough disciplinary meaSures, such averages, which are posted twice a year in cheating grew worse. Taylor. Allderdice honor-roll lists. In a field of top achievers, teachers and administrators even the mere thousandths of a decimal pointre- pittsburgh school board -7- *re told of flecting, say, a B in freshman gym can rampant cheating at the school. But with a knock someone out of the running for few exceptions, there has been no strong taledictorian. "Ws quite sad that the -action. The impact mayhave been greatest grade point averages go out to the fourth on students who didn't cheat. but saw Please 71771 to Page dit, Column 1 cheating tolerated during formative years. Downcast after school one day, his mother .06 recalls, recent Allderdice graduate Joshua Sabloff told her, "Cheating pays." Although cheating in. schools hasn't attracted the same attention as cheating in Congress or on Wall Street, it is a national problem seen even in the best schools. New BESTCOPYMOW, Trier High School, an acclaimed schoolin 5 4 Winnetka, M., last month said ithad suspended 11 seniors for an incident the involved theft of a political science test. :es: Ina( zdsuricHdi-vard -bound The events that brought cheanng.to the .:as ner 7. student. "And even sadder that I remem- fore began on March 16, 1991, when many SAT proctor again. -We don't renire pi ber what mine is." of this year's graduates took the Scholastic tors if we don't believe there is an adequ The conditions that spelled success at Aptiiude Test at Allderdice. One of the SAT tesiing situation," Dr. Gutkind says. Ailderdice for so long its involved par- takers that day, Rebecca Greenberg, re- Sanguigni says she has been unjui ents, academic competition and accom- turned home and told her parents she saw impugned. rnodating staff allowed cheating to three classmates consulting dictionaries After looking into the reports of 1 spread like an epidemic in which students after they received their test booklets. becca Greenberg and Elena Buchwall were both victims and vectors.Even Rebecca says she also heard students Allderdice took no action. Dr. Gutkind Si some of the brightest and most hard-work- calling out some words in the verbal sec- the school received contradictory accou ing students, who seemed bound for suc- tion of the test. of events. Dr. Gutkind adds that cess,q.nyway. cheated. For many students, One word she told of hearing was SAT is the responsibility of ETS. teachers say, grades, class-rank and other "usurp." One of the words on the test that ETS also looked into the ailegatiO totems became more sought after than day, in the section where students must including a sworn statement from I learning. find opposite meanings: "usurp." becca's mother, Janette, a history prof sor at the University of Pittsburgh. In I "There's been a breakdown in integ- Rebecca described the incidentto : ; riia,"saysPaulaSabloff,Joshua's school officials the following week and statement, Dr. Greenberg said one "..Fripther, who has led a move to develop an later, through her parents, identified the the other two boys her daughter s ticidemic integrity code at the school. three as Lee Grinberg and two friends. cheating on the SATs telephoned Rebv ; TO level of cheating is incredible." Another student in the testing room, Elena two days later and acknowledged he I : Asked how many classmates have Buchwalter, corroborated the story, with- looking up words called out by the ott ';;theated, various graduating seniors give out naming the boys, to an English teacher boys, who already had their test bookie :eitimates of 50% to 100%. Adam Eidinger, at the school, who says she passed it along The statement says that, unknown to t 19,1-92 student council president, says one to the administration. daughter, Dr. Greenberg was listening ::..toppat cheater was so fearless, he would Although they didn't come forward and a phone extension. The Greenbergs ga :ran down the halls waving a stolen test, tell school officials nor have officials this newspaper their statements to El : 70xiuting, "I've got it." Allderdice"is a tried to interview them - at least two other with the names of students removed. -.very good school," he adds, "but there'sa girls recall other cheating incidents that ETS also decided not to act. In a tette ; lot -of cheating that goes on." Echoing day. One girl says that in the second half of the Greenbergs, ETS said it only "inns . camber of students, another member of the test, after a break, she saw one of the gates suspected irregularities with t class of '92. Lianne Mantione, says, boys working on sections of the test given intent to ensure the reporting of va ;,CIleating has just been a way of life." before the break, a violation of SAT rules. scores" to colleges, adding that "we do t seek to In 'interviews, students repeatedly as- Anneka Jones, who was taking the SAT provethatanindividt -;90.1 that until recently, the adults around that day, says she saw about a half-dozen 'cheated.' " Dr. Greenberg said ETS al Orin didn't seem too concerned. In fact, girls in the bathroom discussing words on told her it found no big .gains from pi "'the: former principal, a beloved andre- the test. (SAT sections are given to stu- scores on ETS exams. - s'spected Allderdice figure who retired last dents in different sequences.) Anneka says Dr. Greenberg acknowledges that t -:./ude, changed grades for some students at she doesn't remember who the girls were. own daughter has cheated while at Alldi ,tt* behest of their parents, who had been No one disputes that words were called dice. Rebecca says she got answers fr( 'ieteffed by teachers. and looked up in a dictionary by students another student, Dan Galanter, for ma Richard Gutkind, current co-principal, in the test room. But Meyer Grinberg says tests. "She is contrite," Dr. Greenbe :aclmowledges the school has an aca- Lee looked up the words before the test was says. "She knows it was wrong. At lea :demic integrity problem, andsays steps handed out, not after. And it appears that she's had the courage to step up and sa tare being taken to correct it. He says Lee invoked a privilege offered to all test 'Enough, no more.' " Dan Galanter and I :stlidents were suspended over cheating takers and canceled his score within four parents decline to comment on allegatio :- ...OILS past year. "What's happened in the days of taking the test. Meyer Grinberg regarding Dan. *.past is that we've allowed thesekids to says Lee decided not to use scores he got Homework for Hire outsmart us, and that's not acceptable," he that day because he didn't believe he had Says. Dr. Gutkind concedes the school may Whatever happened at the SAT test tt done well-on the test. day, students say cheating at Allderdi not. have moved quickly enough, partly The ultimate responsibility for the tiecSuse he and others were preoccupied-. has been endemic. Last fall, five Mich SATs resides with the test's owner, Educa- dice seniors Elena Buchwalter, Colle with security after some violentinci-. tional Testing Service, Lawrence Town- - :dents. Dillon, Sara Gibbons, Sara Greenberg ( . ship, N.J., which creates and administers relation to Rebecca) and David Sacco-5 Lee Grinberg's father, Meyer, strenu- the tests, pays the proctors and maintains ously denies allegations against his down to discuss cheating at the request o son, its own security staff (see accompanying teacher. The document produced by th "r *lade by a number of students. He says Lee article). The proctor in the Allderdice test q.-bas done nothing improper and meeting named no names but enumerat is the room, Phyllis Sanguigni, a physical educa- cheating incidents, from stolen tests vittim of a "vendetta" by enviouspeers. "I tion teacher, says that no cheating oc- ; don tell you, to the best of my knowledge, hired homework, the five students h curred and that Rebecca is telling "lies." seen. (See adjoining article.) Iee has never been accused of cheating by Ms. Sanguigni says Lee and the two a leacher, and a student has never re- other boys looked up words before test Although there were many signs cheating, the Allderdice administrath : *Ported to a teacher that he cheated,"says booklets were handed out. She adds that Grinberg, who won't let hisson be she let one boy use a dictionary when he and Pittsburgh's school board were slow ;intérviewed. Lee's school- record is act. In a statement to ETS, Elena Buc un- . asked her what "usurp" meant. Ms. Sar Olefnished, his father adds. . guigni says she was surprised whw. waiter's mother, Kathy Ayres. said -, Noting that Lee is a diligent 'student saw the word on the test. months after Elena's report of cheating 7::ritttla a reportedly perfect 4.0 gridepoint But Allderdice apparerw Allderdice staff, ETS still hadn't be .'".:a4erage who does volunteer work, Mr. notified of the charges. The mother ai ..-Grinberg addsthatfalseallegations daughter then wrote ETS themselves. -against him have been "a nightmare."\ ". Several other adults who know Lee . 7r:speak highly of him. Lennie Silberrnan,' -director of a summercamp where Lee is a :eolinselor, says Lee's "work ethic has 7,.:become a role model for kids." Mr. Silber- .--men adds th Lee "isa clean-cut guy, the- :all-American kid." 5 5 BEST COPYAVAILABLE The Greenbergs alsoquestionthe school'sinquiry, which was conducted by Thomas Chapas. a guidance counselor and with answers," say.; Robin Berlin.Oth SAT supervisor for the school. Despite students agree. Robin, and honorssi assurances from Allderdice that it would dents Maia Rutman and Emily Stria( report their complaint to _ETS, the Green- say most students in one of their cours bergs say they finally had to contact ETS last year put into calculators formulas MI on their own. ETS confirms that the Green- were being tested on. Maia and Emilysi bergs initiated the inquiry.Mr.Chapas they themselves didso. "The formul, didn't return calls seeking comment. would be the crux of solving the problem. Others believe foot-dragging was a pat- would be vital information, but therewe: tern, designed to save everyone from em- so many formulas," says Maia. "I guess barrassment. On June 12, 1991, Sungwha was cheating." Oh Yoo, an instructor at the University of letters on thelittle slips A, B. C and so Old-fashioned cheat sheets alsowei Pittsburgh with a daughter at Allderdice, oncorresponding to the correct answers. sometimes concealed in the calculator wrote to Barbara Burns, president of the "There were always SEP social studies cover. "It's possible to line the cover with school board, complaining about wide- tests available," adds Jennifer PecherskY, sheet of paper and write allover it," sa3 spread cheating. Mrs. Yoo, who says she another member of the class of '92. Sara Nicole Kiger, a graduating senior. "Ye interviewed a number of students, listed Gibbons, Emily Stricker, Robin Berlin and could fit the whole Constitutionon it." nine specific types of cheating, without other classmates agree that SEP answers Awaiting mathematics tests last yea naming anyone, and asked for action. Two were, routinely available. Anneka Jones in the classroom before the teacherez weeks later, she received a letter from says they circulated in the lunchroom, like tered, Rebecca Greenbergsays. student Helen Faison, a deputy superintendent, clockwork, four times a year on the day of including Lee Grinberg, Dan Galanteran saying the charges couldn't be investi- SEP U.S. history tests. Jonah Falek would check the multiple gated until the next school year began. Dr. Gutkind and other administrators choice answers stored in their calculator That was the last Mrs. Yoo heard. say they have been aware of allegations to make sure they matched. "Youknow. I Dr. Faison says she briefed Dr. Gut- that SEP tests were stolen but couldn't give would be like, A for the first, Bfor ttz kind and his co-principal, John Brill, on a substitute because the SEP test form is second, C for the third." shesays. concerns about academic integrity last mandated by the school district. Lee's father says his sonnever dii summer. Dr. Gutkind says he has never Other widespread abuses, students anything improper with a calculatoram heard of Mrs. Yoo or seen her letter. say, were made possible by a relativelynew doesn't know how to use thememorj Barbara Burns says the school board is classroom tool, the advanced calculator. function. The Galanters won'tcomment concerned with allegations of cheating, but Backed by education experts. Allderdice Calls to the Falek family seekingcommerr it's the school's responsibility, not the were hung up on. and other schools permit studentsto district's, to handle specific charges. use calculators to compute and to make As Mrs. Yoo suspected, cheating of Outsmarting the Teachers graphs during tests. But some sophisti- Allderdice students say theynever .many varieties was going on. Three se- cated versions, including the model niors who have taken mostly advanced used at knew what to expect when testingtime Allderdice, contain a programmablemem- approached. Alison Brown says that dur- classes Sara Gibbons, Molly Schachner ory and an alphabet keyboard function. ing physics tests last year, studentsoften and Jennifer Levy say students offered For some Allderdie students familiar them money for assignments. Sara says had notes they weren't supposedto have, with the memory capability, the calcula- and calculators with answers stored.Roy that as a freshman, she was offered $15 a tors have stored purloined test week to do a classmate's.accounting home- answers, Buterbaugh, who taught the class,"was a formulas or definitions on which they work. She says she declined. were very fine teacher," Alison says, buthad being tested. very poor vision. Other people who know Last year. Molly says she was taking "Calculators were always programmed advanced French 5 while Dan Galanter him describe him as "legally blind." was taking advanced French 4. both with During the final exam lastyear, Alison the same teacher. Dan offered her $10 says, boys who were not in her class apiece to write French essays for him, she walked in, sat down, had the testpassed says. adding that she declined. out to them with the other studentsand Incidents of cheating that were particu- left. Mr. Buterbaugh never noticedthey larly egregious occurred when members of didn't belong in the class, shesays. One the class of '92 were juniors because, of the boys. Alison adds,was Jonah Falek. students say, junior-year grades are so She says that Jonah's classwas Scheduled influential in college admissions decisions. to take the exam later, and thatshe Though it occurred before, they say there reported the incident to another teacher. was brisk trafficking in tests and answers The teacher, who requestedanonymity, in the 1990-91 school year. The busiest confirms that Alison reported theinci- activity centered on the citywide Syllabus dent to her but says shetookit no Examination Program tests, mainly multi- further. Mr. Buterbaugh didn'treturn calls ple-choice questions given four times a for comment. year in several subjects. Along with other In her sophomore-year algebra2 class. tests, papers and assignments, SEP exams Mlderdice student Jennifer Levysays Lee determine a student's grade in a course. Grinberg and others would takecopies "It's been a frequent occurrence to of tests off the teacher's deskbefore the come into homeroom and find little slips of teacher entered the class andconsult on paper, probably two inches square, with answers. Through his father. Leesays he SEP answers on them," says Maia Rut- didn't obtain copies of tests aheadof time. man, a senior who has been accepted at Mr. Grinberg also says Lee didso well on Ya'e. Maia says students would copy the tests in the class that Jennifer Levycom- plained he was making it hard forher to get A's, since the tests were gradedon a curve.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE 56 William Fisher, a 20-yearveteran of the school. When Mr. Fisherretired last year, a farewell column in the Pittsburgh Press praised him because he would"prod and Several Auderdice teachers also say push and encourage students they believecheatingiswidespread. . to make French teacher Frank Casorio says he something of their lives," Teachers Ed Irate Parents suspected some students of cheating last staff people say Mr. Fisher believedthat to Beth Zealot( isn't the only student stay in his position he had to satisfy year and felt -deceived on a.ecnin level" a key whose grade was changed. Accordingto try students in advanced French 4. "What constituencythe professional andupper- George Schubert, head guidance counselor I began to see is that some students' middle-class parents with children inthe atAllderdice top scholastic programs. until1988.Mr. Fisher writing was much too good for their oral changed between six and 12 senior class abilities," he says. He says some French 5 Irvin Topp, a chemistry teacherat grades a year. Mr. Fisher says parents students told him they were being asked to Allderdice, was reading a localnewspaper from each grade level appealed to him for steal their advanced grammar test, which last year when he noticeda story saypg grade changes three or four times a year. was identical to the one used in advanced that Beth Zasloff, a 1991 Allderdice gradu- Mrs. Meldon says two of her students' French 4. ate now attending Yale, hadwon a Na- grades were changed by Mr. Fisher. One, "They demoralized me so badly that tional Merit Scholarship. What particu- she says, was for Joshua Berlin, a graduat- this year I elected not to teach" advanced larly interested Mr. Topp was the mention ing senior (and no relation to Robin), who French 5, Mr. Casorio says. of Beth's class rank at Allderdice:siXth. took calculus as a ninth-grader in a class Joanne Meldon, an Allderdice mathe- Mr. Topp had given Beth a Cone semester where most students were 12th-graders. in sophomore chemistry, and he matics teacher, says cheating at the school knew "He had parents who... wanted him to be is so widespread that unusual defenses are no one with a C could place that high. a superstar," she adds. called for. Once last year, Mrs. Meldon He remembered Beth's father had cOine to him upset, pleading that the grade be Just before first-semester grades wire says she copied students' calculus tests issued in December, Mrs. Meldon says She and graded the copies. Handing the origi- raised. With the school's permission.Beth had been taking an around-the-wOrld received from Joshua's father, Gary,.-an nals back the next day, she told them "exquisite gift"a Mont Blanc pen with a a headache had kept her from grading the cruise during the semester, anda tutor who was supposed to be value of at least 6125. "When the report exams. As she went over the correct on board hadn't card came out, his parents were irate", at answers, Mrs. Meldon asked, would the shown up. Mr. Topp refused to changdthe grade. He said the excuse was weak her, says Mrs. Meldon. "I gave hima B." students grade the tests themselves? One- And Joshua had scored third-lowest of '60 third of them altered their answers. When showed Joseph Zasloff his gradingcalcula- tions. students in his class on the final exam. But she produced the photocopies, she says, the Berlins disputed the B. and asked Mrs. "students were flabbergasted and reduced After reading the article. Mr. Top checked the grade on Beth's transcript:an Meldon to make it an A.. They hired'a to tears." Behavior improved somewhat Carnegie Mellon University professor 'to after that, she says. A. He asked Mr. Fisher about it. 'Mr. Topp says that Mr. Fisher said he review her teaching, she says, and took In geometry once, when she suspected had their case to the gifted-students counselor wandering eyes, Mrs. Meldon says she changed it at the request of Beth's father "to help her win the National Merit Schol- at the school. Mrs. Meldon says she felt her distributed two versions of the same test to job might be on the line. But the professor alternating desks in a checkerboard pat- arship." Beth's mother wouldn't ansWer questions or provide a phone number for said her teaching was fine, and Mrs. tern. The tests were different, she says, Meldon says she believed the Berlins gad but the differences weren't great enough to Beth. She referred questions to Mr. Zas- loff, who was traveling in the Far East. given up. Last June, however, she got a be noticed at a quick glance. Eight of 30 call from the school system's central offfce students had every answer wrong, and Attempts to reach him were unsuccessful. Mr. Topp calls the incident "the ulti- asking why Joshua's grade had been their answers matched the correct ones on changed to an A. After concluding that Mr. the other version of the test. mate academic dishonesty. They dial cheat on tests." he says, "theystele Fisher had changed it without good rea- Changing Grades grades." He demanded an inquiry. Beth's son, Mrs. Meldon says, the school district While teachers worried about cheating, grade was changed back, and Mr. Fisher changed the grade back to a B. Dr. Faison some parents went beyond pressuring received a reprimand from the confirms that Joshua's grade was changed their children to excel, joining the competi- schOol district. Mr. Topp says the district toldhim without adequate reason, but won't Say tion for grades more directly. In the recent it would send letters explainingthe matter Please ntrn to Page A5, Column I : past, some found a friend in the principal, to Yale and the National Merit'Scholarship Corp., which makes the awards. Butac- cording to Mr. Topp, Dr. Faison,the deputy superintendent who conductedtie inquiry, told him the institutionswonld simply be told it was a "clerical error"and wouldn't be given a full explanation,'as Mr. Topp wished. Mr. Topp wrote letters,to Yale and the scholarship organizatimfie says, but has received no reply. Dr. Faison confirms the inquiry, ad saysitinvolvedunauthorized gtade changes of several students. She wouidn't say who altered the grades. She saYs a letter was sent to Yale, but doesn't Wow whether NMSC was notified. Yale and NMSC decline comment. Mr. Fisher acknowledges he receivigi a reprimand as a result of the inquiry. Jle says he gave Beth Zasloff "credit" for a cruise. He declines to respond to 11r. Topp's charges.

BEST COPYAVAILABLE is the class of1992 graduated from Allderdice on June18, there was little evidence of the waramong them. In tris valedictory, Lee Grinbergspoke of the balance between personal goalsand social responsibility and thanked friendsfor In High School, their support. "When timesare tough, and your back is against the wall, it's niceto ...know you have good friendsto help you be Cheating Holds strong," he said. Afterward, he exchanged high-fives with some friends andhugged Dan Galanter. Sad Lessons . .1 The Greenbergs say they're stillangry. . They have hired a lawyer and writtenthe Continued Prom Page - school board, asking for an independent who changed it. . inquiry of the March 1991 SAT A few weeks after the school board test. If they -don't get one, they're threateningto sue returned Joshua's grade to a B, Mrs. the school district to compelit to investi- Meldon says, she received a note from the .. gate. They say that the earlier inquiry into student asking her to change the grade -the incident was slipshod, and back to an A. Says Mrs. Meldon, "I ripped that Taylor Allderdice shouldn't be allowedto give the :that thing into a thousand pieces." exam for a period. They say theyaren't . NeitherGarynorRosieBerlin. seeking punishment for theboys. The Joshua's parents. will answer questions school board says it has donewhat it about grade changes involving their son. --can, and further appealsshould be to Mr. Fisher won't comment. gTS. There were other special interventions. The Greenbergs also wantvindication Richard Blough, a science teacher at All- . for their daughter. As word of Rebecca's .derdice, says he recently changed the charges spread and no findingswere .conduct grade of a student from unsatis- made against the boys, shewas ostracized factory to satisfactory after Dr. Gutkind .lat school as a squealer, Rebeccasays, with approached him on behalf of a member of . people moving away from her in the cafete- Pittsburgh's school board. Mr. Blough says ria or calling her "bitch" in thehall. Dr. the request was made so the student could Greenberg says Rebecca be admitted to the National Honor Society. started losing weight. People began telephoningthe fam- . Mr. Blough won't namethe student and ily anonymously in the middle ofthe night, says he doesn't know who the board mem- sometimes using obscenities,sometimes ber was. ,. hanging up without saying a word. . Dr. Gutkind acknowledges that "there Lee Grinberg also has been distressed, was a school-board member who talked to says his father. Mr. Grinbergsays his me about that" but says he doesn't think : Son's enjoyment in beingco-valedicto- it is "inappropriate for a school-board rian is gone, and Lee is undermuch stress. :member to ask for more information about Mr. Grinberg has also retained a situation. If he had come with a specific lawyers, --Who have written the Greenbergand Sab- request without having all the informa- ,..lpff families, accusing them ofa campaign tion," Dr. Gutkind sayS,-ttit would border to. smear Lee, and threateningto sue on inappropriateness. That hasn't hap- : :Unless they stop. pened here." . In one of her essays for college admis- 1*, Issues of academic integrity, although sion, Rebecca Greenbergdescribed het ,discussed in the rumor mill at the school, effort to be heard aboutthe SATs as a became public on the evening of Jan. 27, at wrenching one. "The incident 4 heated meeting of about 70 students and taught me a zireat deal, some of which, Iguess, I would parents that followed Lee Grinberg's rather not know," shewrote. "I have KDKA award ceremony. At the meeting, 7. learned that honestyand integrity are :.'everal students told of cheating they had iometimes in shortsupply. I have seen 'seen including some of the cases de- fusthand the awesomepowers of peer scribed above although usually not men- ; pressure and the pulltoward confor- -.toning names. Much of the meeting was mity... But I am glad to have found the devoted to the March 1991 SAT test. streneth to act. This time.anyway." The meeting was conducted mainly by Sabloff, a parent who had written Gutkind about cheating in Septetnber 1991. She says several parents challenged her authority to conduct the meeting. The meeting resulted'in the beefing up an academic-integrity committee at the school. The committee's final report, com- pleted toward the end of, the school year, calls for such things as erasing calculator

,-memories- before tests, keeping tests se- cure and giving different vertions of tests dEST COPYAVAILAbi,_ *hen possible. The committee also recom- .' _mended posted honor rolls omit grade point averages, a change Dr. Gutkind calls likely. 5 8 inHow variousEarly this It'sclasses. past Doneyear, The at following the request of a teacher, five,TaYlor Allderdice seniors sat down to describe cheating they had seen BiologiAccounting 1 CAS Money (Centers for for homework AdvinCed it what they wrote. CAS classes it because of legitimate are most difficult,programs. PSP classes one theSpanish books 2 openCAS: during People the would tests rung lower. have and Chemistrytests.Study): Open 1 CA& cheating; doUld talking progiam during PielihanSWersmake-uptFrench 4 CAM from 3 in tASt. claSsetherWould People canstudents. easily who receive take ask people in Placement]:U.S.would blatantly For cheat [cltywidej by talking. SEP History AP lAdvanced and Inlators multiple-choicethe andnod thenclass. pass answers It on to Into people calcu- tookRendFreneh the 5 testsSame 5 to Stealtor test. use tests because and would theytake andto class,regular copy people thetestS answer wouldf [the teacherlsheetrun up to desk was late , . testessaysChemistry for intouse 1:- theduring CAS:, calcillator the.teet PeOple befOre Opted the to etiah Other during tests. CAS:People wOuld literally , to CheckWald Caninestheir`own CAS: tests viers allowed or a friend's ScholarsChemistry Program]..,People- 1 PSO 4PittsbUrgh wOuld'' Strideanswert It AO was the open laier notebook;perlods, especially ICA& First petted woukl people , Abettest. . wouldinpass class notes have and cheatwith people the sheets answers In withlater on perledt them ensw ,would *eta aniwers in their lest, Were handed' out Oarly,,note- otherLabs, year* reports; are: tests and.notes frOm TeacherwereFormulasElementary programmed knew and of multiple-choiceNadine*this, into but the did .CAS/PSP:calculator; notantWers stop backlooknarY to Inings andother asked uptests. during others break fot meanings, and lOOked Words up in the dictio: went Make-ups4101018-.:StOlen. in thedents hall and With book othe bags. oiCe tett haVe been .".. 5 9 ST COPY AWAKE Miami ot UflIO Plagiarism Is Rampant, A Survey Finds 4Miami ofOhio OXFORD, Ohio Students sub- Continued From Page36 mit plagirized work as their bad and unethical," Mr.Hale said. own far more often than might have "But they do it anyway." been suspected, a survey of students 'I he Ne cond is how the studentper- here has found: ceives he might be caught,and the The results, released last week at third is study habits. Thosewith poor habits tend to plagiarize,Mr. Hale Miami University of Ohio, showed said. 'that 91.2 percent of the students said that they had plagiarized their class Few students were takenaback by -work. Jerold. Hale, an associate pro- the study. Christie Humphrey,a sen- ior political sciencemajor from Po- fessor, and two other members of the land, was not surprised. communicationsdepartment sur- "Not when 1 walk into a test andsee so many peo- veyed 234 students in introductory ple cheating," Miss Humphrey courses, which 40 percent of all stu- said. j "That's how they got through dents are required to take. high I school, and now It's how they'llget Freshmen through seniors in all the through college." university'scollegesand -schools were questioned. Availability of Materiali The survey asked five questions. To Matthew Burton,a freshman his- the first, "Have you ever plagiarized tory major from Richmond, Ind.,said work for college classes?" 72.1 per- he had never thought himselfguilty of cent of the students answered yes. plagiarism.*But afteranswering From the four other questions, includ- questions similar to thosein the sur- ing, "Have you ever quoted informa- vey, he found that by thesurvey's tion in a paper directly without noting .standards he had plagiarized. or citing it?" and, "Have you ever in- "Plagiarizing inmy terms is copy- cluded misleading references in a ing someone else's workword for bibliography or source page?" the or- word," Mr. Burton said."I've padded ganizers calculated the 91.2 percent my bibliography with sources before, figure. because a certain numberwere re- "There is a significant problem be- . qpired. But I still don'tthink that's cause many students believe that piagiariSm." whai they are doing is not plagia- Miss Humphrey rism," Mr. Hale said. said part of the problem was thatall tests and sylla- Thesurvey,administeredlast buses were available semester, is the third Mr. Hale has or- through "test files" of fraternitiesand sororities, as ganized. well as through professors The University of California at Los logue materials. who cata- . Angeles:ill a project with the Amer- "Students think they ican Council on Education,'recently can get away with it, and they'reright," Mr. Burton released the results of a siMilar study said. "A professor who that sampled 200,000 students. The has 90 people in a class is not goingto have time to study found' "a little more than 30 check every bit percent had plagiarized work in the of informationon every page of a 10-pagepaper. That's last year," Mr. Halesaid. 900 pages." "The problem is that people don't Mr. Burton addedthat only pecul- see it as a problem so nobody has iar information could done anything go remedy it,Mr. sor. "Many studentstip off a profes-. Hale said. are good at plagiarism," he said,'.'ti they can' Role of 3 'Predictors' do it in a way thatmake .it indistin- His study began at the University guishable from theirown king." of Hawaii, when, he said, he found stu- "It's an epidemic hurtkig30 per- dents in a class who were plagiarzing. cent of the student populalionacross "My second study compared Miami the country," Mr.Hale ,said. "And students .to other schools and found something needsto be, done very little difference," he said. --soon." The new study found three "predic- tors"that might help determine whether a student will plagiarize. The first is the attitude toward plagia- risth. "Many students4 believe itis Continued dh Page 37 .

61 BESTCOPYMIAMI Sun-Sentinel, Wednesday, October 20, 1993 5A pervasive4 of among 5the nation's WASIIINGTONstudents top admit cheatingThe Associated Press Cheating is that1992-93Achievers, among academic thecompleted 1,957 year,The studentsduring 24th found the annual Survey of High teen-agerssuicide. had a "startlingTheIII One-thirdsurveylack also had found considered that suchcentveyleasthigh of admittedas juniorsschoola copyingB average. students,andsome someone seniors Nearly dishonesty, says with else's80 a sur-per-at questioned:theysault,had been knew.in most victims In instances one-third of sexual by peopleof theas- One in five of the females cautionsenoughthem.icalof responsibility welfare. Pregnancy toconsistently. make AIDS about them does, doesn't Andtheir take but drink- phys-scare pre- not AmongtopicsStudentsexam.homework Americanand covered found or cheating aHighthat wideThe principals School range surveyon anof by Who's Who school.whostudent.cases, had the broughtassailant a was weapon another to One in Forty-twothree knew percentsomeone of the happenyears,invulnerabilitytheing wheel."is thetoa way me." belief of during life, that evenKrouse "itthe behindcan'tteen said there is a sense of ondangerouseducation.thanhave Tuesday.Who providinga lot publisher "High moreplace 6 2students to schooltoday," Paul worry Krouseis a Who's a aboutgood very said 7.3aFivequentmales shooting percent percent hadfights on accessreported saidbetweenschool tothere agrounds,firearms. knife students.had fight.been and More than half reported fre- theingstudentsharm,high risk?".to rateget what'smight caught,of cheating. think, the sodanger, "I'm what's KrouseThat not what'smight the said partly explain theJt...-.) go- Jr'i G 3 AviaAb THE WALL STREET JOU student 0gave F most of her description in a '9 2 case, ETS uncovered a "time zone" cheat- ETS Tries to Discourage Cheating () burghstatementtakeberg. professor, no Dr. fromaction Greenberg, her says because mother, ETS a Universitytold itJanette found her It noGreen- would of "stalls- Pitts- grandthepasseding West. ringjury questions inInrecently whichanother and an indicted answers Eastcase, Coast a18-year-old to Maryland friends test taker in . WithTo ffkeep Reporter studentsHelp honest By GARYOf THE PUTKA WALL STREET JOURNAL of Statistks than the people involved," "The numbers become and Tipsters more important one'stical scores aberrations" went up thator evidence much.Irving that Braude, any- who heads the ETS Mr.onLawrence perjury Adler had chargesH. Adlersued inandETS an anotherSAT-relatedfor disallowing teen-ager case. his 1.1yTi.sling high Service scoresic Aptitude relies!:and I min scans Test. security electronically or SAT, staff, the scrutinizes implausi- on tipsters, employs on the Scholas- FAlucational for cerningwhichsenate'sShaw, testing. oversees an aide that to thestate's New legislation higher education says Robertcommittee,York state con- room.containedstatementbergs'Special Mr. charges,Panel Braudethe from accountthat the alsosays looked high ofsays ETS the intoschool, "one proctor relied the or Green- which more" inon the a takepubliclytakenSAT itscores. thefor admitted him.test After last he testifyingNovember, had paid John thatsomeone Mr. he Bell, Adler had to an attorney for Mr. Adler, 01;,.lost LSils ing securitymillion company,oiswer studentssystem patterns. which and a givesyear, The takes private, nonprofit says it has never SAT exams pride tests.cheatinginvestigated Of these, on its some1,400 SATs 3,200scores and achievementIn the year ended June 1991, cases of possible were investi- ETS makescoresof the accusedsure within the days scoresstudents of takingwe canceled report the test.are their"We valid, test have the responsibility . . . to mericalwholesays his situation." comparisons client is "remorseful that it sometimes aboutETS places the so much emphasis on nu- !wavily:lawed.1,.s1 aBecauseon courtI it k.s fight charge,the over witnessesBut criticsoften say ETS's methods statistical a canceledcompany score. relies so analysis, these are such400at becausepreviousgated cases as lettersbecause came scores;of proctors' like in ofthroughanother the large reports; other1,400differences ones from Taylor were looked andchannels, about from whetherMr.that Braude.they cheating reflect "We students' occurred don't try abilities," or to not." establishAs a says result of the inquiry, Mr. Braude New1,disregards York'e/Queens proctors' reports. borough, In one based recent on maltif,im) of Brian Dalton, from disallowed the 1,040 score (of a - lyrical comparisonsions,,wited. hassludent's Alternatively,been can reported.score lead even to ETS's canceling when nothing use of nu- are dis- suspi- haddatedAllderdice statements about students. 900 SAT from Thatscores. two In the case of Taylor year, Ailderdice,ETS invali- ETSstudents. One conditions.Juneworkingsays, SAT ETS withat observed Ailderdice, the school administration toand improve hasEven been testing of the critics concede that ETS's ETS.didn'tand410-pointwhat handwriting Inmatch. court,it gainsaid The fromETSwas samplesDalton hisproduceda statistically previous family that no SAT allegedlytestimonyhas improbable score, sued methods are often effective. In one recent saythouih he tookthe prOctor the test. and Afrom decision others people inIn thetheloOn in sdit Brian's is testing room, al- plynotexpected sayingaccusing laterthe anyoneevidence this year. of suggests cheating, theEl'S but aebres says sim- when It disallows a score4t is anscore,optionaren't explanation, reportingvalid,of retaking Test-takers theor thenot score test,reporting toare cancellipi colleges given it. with,thethe , 6 MU COPY AVAA LE G 3 NEW YORK TIMESNATI NALWEDNESDAY, JULY 3, 1991 , For.aDean ton

By FOX BUTTERFIELD SpecialtoTheNewYarliThrs consider whether a given work is the." BOSTON, July 2 At his corn .Biden Ineident Recalled lent speech in May, the dean of Mr. Medvelsaid in a telephone inter- niversity's College of Communicattein view that he had never beard of Mr. elivered a sharply worded attackne Maitre and was "stunned" thatsome- le decline of morality in Ameriam one would copy an article that had been u lture to an audience of more than so widely printed. .000 fledgling journalists - and their "It's the kind of thing that le in imilies. But in his speech thedeanre- conservativecircleswatt._ eate k virtually -word for word, -OP. from a Jae Biden instead ofane of ir ons of an article by &PBS Rim critic. . own," he said io a teleolwee Interview. A videotape of the speech, OD Rigbyelms are sbuirieR,.. Mr. Meilved star* With in *carmine- R. firden Jr., a. liberal Demo- oston UnivecsitY, shove that the thein, _ Senator from; iDeleware, I. Joachim Maitreomphid ottbe Illm,i',Thri..Cook, the Thief, WHe'and He retaliateknowlediletV elltapailla lee ,the ig theme, and IbQ41L.'tagiit Democratic Pr._:_l'__...alnonsination* rom anarticle by Sic4ent:- 141111 ag.lia:kielePlieft1906 that he had beeTpwed ne Pubilc Broadthatill Ora- ai for iti raM ."Sneak Previews.'9.7The article. ids first published in Aim February rsue Df IgiprinaR a edriarWtouraid edved. then says ft Mal Wager YIStIldreival the ot out by Hillsdale Cottage- Michi- bleto canton od;:mis tollegnhas Mice -reprinted 'tomett,; alf a Million ,COIdeleisa:jid parts have Wall Street r-r e MOIL . does Mr Mal- .or hidicate hat the idemi-were not Mr. Maitre's. ... crittaked 'OW its !Imre- leasse ugliness, Immo' mid depravityspeaking out mead* hut one praiewRamaled ar t -V.:year-old former every turn."-.... 110r, on the condition a/ ano- *a-Airman fighter pilot who is an"I call it a war against standards,"nymity, nide is going to injure . : 'ix°,1r.'t' Or. Maitre added.- "The politically aff- oteptimil .tantierVativik was said by the reputatkm of the sdhoL" fighting *insult:1 its adathilitritiie insistent' to vbe inect, properly liberal notion is fib- Mr. Maitre was criticized earlier inmerit; the HIM was later moth vialaysia end unavailable for corn-ral in the sense olhaving no standardshis career. at. Boston University forcongress an behalf of the Mop neat. He hal bees at the center of sev-is that we Should never dig deeper tohelping make a video of the contrasrebels. !rat disputes at Boman.' IM . ;ince joining the faculty in 1984; las been accused hy .other members of abandoning **cavity tor political Jahn R. Silber, the university's as dam, whir: appointed , Mr. Maitre. dean M.11117, said today that be' would make no judgment.en- the "charges of plagiarism" against Mr. Maitre until be returned from. abroad and was &en "A hill. fid.rand040800114.3 ;pawky todefend himselL'1". .

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As Pitit'Of theiieniniring As part of the continuing .,siruggle*rnOst demore than struggle, we must domore than -protest thi,baci; * Shouldalso , protest the bad, we must fight ft proMoting thAgOod. actively. As we can do that. Keep in mind that the entertain- . . Keep in mind that the entertain- merit indUstry is One area of en- ment industry Is on. Indusby, .:-,deavor In which a few, giftedin.; one area of endeavor in which Ahriduale Caned!! make a an eno$ few gifted individualscan still .f,'T*Otie differentia-TheAmerican make an enormous difference. =.416qpie haireehown that they are !:,Yhe American peoplehave to feepOnd*hen given : shown that they are readyto re- lhof,b0poitunity* Witness . *pond 'then given the opportu- 9PertturiskOcted. $lob million nity, as witness the utterly AucCise of A wholesOme,!_ft*,, sow gambit fin, bringing In 9100 pfOjeot ViceDstvingiss aeon recently, BrIsIngAlm

BEST COPY AVM BLE 6 7 3 TIII 1114)41.EWA 01' 7. I QO .. 1 TIM WASHINGTON POST I Ge rals Bettelheim Accused

PREMIERE, Prow RI ueed after the performance, gave the cast his Of Plagiarism tile: thumbs up. aging by the applause. his opinion was shared Associated Press st night's audience. including Powell's wife, SAN FRANCISCO, Feb. 6.- te Bruno .; Gen. Benjamin 0. Davis, who led the Black Bettelheim. a pioneer in treating tpelitalldisturbed ,s during World War II.and went on to be- &Wren, plagiarized the work ranotherholar in the first black general in the Air Force; his popular book about children andfai tales, a noted folklore expert said today. Bettelherm took whole passages of Uws of an just see them back Enchantmenr from a book by psychiatristJulius E. in Heuscher but did not give him credit,said Alan Dundes, a professorAfteniversityof California se days, fighting . at Berkeley. regatio n, saying, 'We Dundes, an admirer of Bettelheim,said he was "devastated" by his inadvertent discoveryand fears it could diminish the importanceof the famed child fly! Giveus a chance.'" psychoanalyst's work. -Gen. Mareelite Hams But Heuscher said he was "veryskeptical" about NOW SHOWING =An Dundes's allegation. When heread Bettelheim's CORM ":7: IWASMINGTOM huck Robb (D-Va.) and Alan Simpson(R- 1976 book, Heuscher saw similaritiesto his own CAN0WUNDON-.1/6 143/1410111103f ORMAIN FBI Director William Sessions; Anna' 1963 work but didn't think his workhad been lifted: canami Gown 3014744 Pe- Gene, Mareelite Ilarris and CoHnPowell last night. UNLIT ess secretary to Barbara Bush; and perhaps "There were some areas wherewe were thinking VNRWIWWW. WM similarly about some of the WW413-4.710 calsmaal -shest critics of all: 25 members of theTus- tales. (But/ I had the cum asintaar ODEON 30112104 Airmen. and discussing some of theevents of my life that feeling he happened to -think thesante way I did." INWOOD 541 weren't too happy at the time, but said Heuscher. What he himself wrote Sholowse, . Lam )n't pretend to be a theater critic,"said carry a lesson "was not Wi.airaa ISt WHIMS 3ut he said, it's the salty language for some of the people who don'tknow about it."- particularly original," Heuscher added.- vammaa. that "one But Dundes said there MARYEAWD ars4.4 issociate with the service." Ira O'Neal served under Davis duringthe war. were too many instances tortliat just a minute there. senator. "He was our godfather," he said."We were just. of important parallelpassages for them to be MC'S MUER, INVERIOIONE SS WHIM p Lee. president of the Airmen's East young fellas. Our ears weren't even dryyet. I le's coincidental or an examplt of twopeople arriving at O.IAL. bolhoollt the sante conclusion. 30143101111111 307.11541 !hapter, begs to differ, the one that really set uson our way." "They all still have a tenacity aboutthem," said' Bettelheim, a student of Sigmund Freudand is a flight instructor," said Lee. "Inever survivor of Nazi death camps, Brigadier Pen. Marcelite Harris,who was named killed himself last iguage like that. That's loday's language.I March in a Maryland nursing the first black woman general lastyear. "I can just home at the age of BA. sed it then. Still don't." His doctor said he had been settled, the airmen, wearing see them back in those days, fightingsegregation, depressed since suffeV6 bright red saying, 'We can fly! Give ing a stroke a short time earlier. basked in their new-foundrecognition. us a chanCe.' They want- ed to bomb the hell out of theenemy." Bettelheim taught that violent fantasiesare part y, which was first presented in NewJer- of a healthy child's psychology. Deliclouslyro year, is getting national attention. And arris, like Powell, was alsoout of uniform last In "The Uses of Th'qt. Some special reason, Enchantment." he argued that fairy Lucas. director of "Star Wars," perhaps, in honor of tales represent is planning the airmen? the struggle for identity childrenwage against their the story to the screen. pa rents. "I don't know about the ong overd said' Davi.syho just pub- chairman," said the Air The book, which won the National n autobio Force general, wearing whitepearls and bugle Book Award hy about his.xperiences. beads under her white fox and the -National Book- CriticsCircle Award, is AMTV coat. "But Ireally first tiniQi standing beforeaudiences wanted to wear a drop-dead probably the best-known bookto take a psychoan- gorgeous outfit." alytic study of fairy tales, said Dundes.

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GUIDE TO THE LIVELY ARTS THURSDAY, FEBRUARY TOM ATRE *Measseesni Theatre st 5. Farr The Kennedy Center 000 Pa0Th, Theater Lab Cabaret MURDER ON THE* - MUSIC - Cates Resist/rant & AWE OA * 4200 WISCO911 SW N W 10f1 LIMOVflaty FUENTE Tonight at 8 WATERFRONT ORCHESTRAL NO mom. FREE RARANCI No MIXON Wort, 13 OVEJUNA thoersy tor the Kennedy Center. W. V* 114.1 SIMI vault w. The Kennedy Carder :E OF THE eY VOIP es vs9p JOHN FRIGO & !trawls., 0, own MAMIE Ons of the moll fun nights bents 144.-sovN Liwoutg. Concert Ha a 1ENDMENT 0..061 P. 6. Bccrn Ere eve hid thew." Fail ecwo Emalcm T441. BUCKY A (31 vvcTia.s ROME** 7.141Ct IN 334 C ant.col. VeRC.IV Tonight 8 Tomorrow at 8 30 I' est c Dinner & Snow: Fr:4F° PIZZARELLI satT Feb 9 at 8 30 pm 411 Wand IWO, U 0 "No. ne TUESDAY,- OCTOBER 25, 1994 Ebexclutorkamo What Rhymes With,uh, P agiarism?

By WILLIAM GRIMES

David Sumner is not a famous name in the world of poetry. Neither is he unknown. Like hundreds of

other people, he has had reasonabte " \,ss success in placing work Ottiny poet- ry reviews, most of them published '! Ammo. at lesser campuses, and from time to time he has managed to break 7 through to midlevel publications: Mr. Sumner does stand out from the struggling poetry pack in one l'Acki important respect, however. He doesn't exist. NEALBOWE R S For a brief but impressive run that lasted from 1990 to late 1993, 59 poems by "David Sumner" ap- I = peared in 36 literary Journals, and 12 others had been accepted for publi- RSVP cation. That success rate becomes more . understandableconsidering courtesies. that many of the poems were lifted all the wholesale from the published work Deathobserves to say long-distance of other poets and simply adorned phones reltives. with new titles. In on like he'sdropped would Mr. Sumner plagiarized the work hintinghc of at least five poets (only 14 of the 59 darkly ., MC: poems have been matched with the to visit sendfiowcrs, originals so far), bt4 he specialized dumb, I in the work of Neal Bowers, a poet Playing donation make asmall and teacher at Iowa State University research. and until recently the editor of Poet tolongevity and Critic magazine. And that was ofr, hemediates his mistake. casIly vut anam. In the fall issue of The American Not mYbrother between years Scholar, in an anguished, angry arti- a peace in three cle titled "A Loss for Words: Plagia- hxven't spoken rism and Silence," Mr. Bowers has ve snapshots but nowswap outlined his two-year quest to track fats. m likeness. down Mr. Sumner and put a stop to of outinmost thefaily :$ the man he calls "the Ted Bundy of could tniss .,.431 No one -A;" ;,, the poetry world." 1.T1:. Mr. Bowers first learned that his ' '

RIM id work had been plagiarized in Janu- ary 1992, when he received a tele- CUM* E.Warm ThiYert Nazis. Mr. Bowers began calling and Neal Bowers, whose poem "R.S.V.P." was published in Poetry itragiv.. phone call from Carrie Etter, the writing editors at poetry Journals to editor of Out Loud, a monthly poetry warn them of possible submissions zinc, says his work has been plagiarized by someone calling:hi:itself.: calendar and review in Los Angeles. by Mr. Sumner, and gradually, as he David Sumner, at-least in The Laurel Review, with !The Visitor P ..-A She informed him that his poem received responses, a dossier began "Tenth-Year Elegy,"which had to build, and the facts about the been published in the well-known mysterious Mr. Sumner gradually Journal Poetry in September 1990, emerged. David Sumner had shown up, under the title "Some- The chronology of the plagiarist's is, one Forgotten," in the December activities, assembled by Nancy Bow- The Visitor 1991 issue of the Mankato Poetry ers, now runs to nearly 60 pages. It Review. The author of the poem was begins with the first known poems identified as Mr. Sumner, who, the - 'The:Sky is shrouded, and death obserVes publishedunderMr.Sumner's . . contributor's note stated, lived in name, in spring 1990, and runs to the ...allitheCoUrteties, phoneslong-4tance .4 Aloha, Ore., and had published po- fall of 1993, when Mr. Sumner made -to* he'cdropped in on relativ01,- ems in the Hawaiian Review, Puerto his last known appearance in print, del Sol and Mississippi Review. in Writer's Journal. darkly hinting heyiould like.toisit the. His suspicions aroused, Mr. Bow- A survey of various contributors Playing &Mb, I send flOwers and inike )f ers enlisted his wife, Nancy, and the notes yielded this profile.of Mr. Sum- two began leafing through stacks of ner: he was born in Belfast, lived in a ?mall donation iocaricer.research.. rt poetry periodicals in his office to see England until the age of 11, held a if Mr. Sumner's name turned up. It master's degree from Pacific Uni- Not easily put Off,-he.mediates.a peace_ did. versity and had studied poetry with between miiiiahei andMe. IfiehaVen'l "I'll bet it wasn't 15 minutes into it William Stafford. before we found the plagiarism of He certainly had made a close in 'three yeari but noWiWaiinapebtita I draw- MarkStrand's'KeepingThings study of two short poems by Mr. ofOur buried fan.Noonêét*Aldmiu ' in East Whole,' a famous poem," Mr. Bow-Bowers, "Tenth-Year Elegy," a trib- ir exist-ers said in a telephone interview. the family likeneis. au to be "We said, 'Uh-oh." Continued on Page C20 lions to ily with 6 9 t,1* BEST COPY ANLABLE WASHIsiCTITS POST By David Streitfeld None of her works is readily avail- ANN LANDERS that it isCiting halting all effortsBallantine Plagiarism,to sell Books said yesterday Rib UsherMalImmro O..t 514(1 or this:viaBleable in forcethis country, in Britain. but"The she isRosemary still a Tree" begins like "Harriet at her window bothlionparallels.an who chance books." had "There's people noticed the librarian,would a theone-in-a-mil- haveextensive Kathy readDrops Book DEAR ANNnewbornsPlease LANDERS: tell thatthe parentsif their of monthspositioning of therapy, techniques. our child's After 15 receiveChicago, some III. 60606. valuable You information will - sagavillagewell-receivedpromote Set in inBengal a "Cranes'small plagiarizedliterary English Morning." novel town, a 1956about the The a knowntheymeantwatched came whenbad the up-river,weather she gulls woke with andat this seadelight. she Morning when had It womanunravelparentlyFrasier. inanyway.toldthings Canada the were Monitor, Last contacted beginning month, but the to ap- a emergencybabythey need wasis Caesarean.miserable bornto ask premature aueslions. onst He wasof theby a My time, worldimprovement.symptoms for him. showed Today, great he Earlyis intervention opened an up the envelope.long,free of self-addressed, charge. Please stamped encloseI also recorrunend a "The.altsen,publisher Rosemary apparently said. Tree" took byThe aElizabeth copy author. of Indrani Aikath-Gy- breakspellseenin the ofthein waiting finea mistedgale weather stillness, sky, wasthat andthegoing onlyhad to twostrongGoudge works. resemblance estate, pointing between out the (coding.arching(lading,messtremorS, tongueand vomiting thrusting,arms afterand back legs every sureDearplayer.Seattleoutstanding to Seattle be a tremendousLittle Mom: Morn League Thankhelp you for a letter that is For$24childrenParent, subscriptionfor 12 with issues a magazinedisabilities. information,($30 in for Canada). It families of Exceptional costs the nearly'everythingand.theGoudge, religion switched to else.the Hindu, localeit's andso to blatant liftedIndia it's shocking," said sater more at her than window an echo: and watched "Old"Cranes' Vidya the Morning" provides rath- . .." an ling,nalistimpressive once who seemedowned literary a to hotelcareer. beAikath-Gyaltsen, headed in Darjee-Her for a freelance jour- routinebabiesforth to were fashion.the being My cared child for inIn the hospital. I paced back nursery. Thirty-some Was wired and someistheir wrong.readers babies doctors As whoand are arehave not concerned as your letter proves, no idea what about to DEARtoll-free ANN LANDERS: number is 800-247-8080.My brother, who was 82, furtIleringGoi.idgeClaite the and Smith, publisherestate. recall the The U.S. to estate goagent one is forpress- step the all copies of ingknown,cameweathercranes in thefrom whenwith on waiting thisthe delight. she eastplateau stillness woke andIt meant thiswhen sheand morn- theyhadbad Tan,accomplishment"firstHouse," while Publisherswas hailed by novelist Weeklyas "a wondrous 'Amy said novel, "Daughters of the hoursumbilicalto ontechnology end.cords, scieaming throughDay for by day I saw newborns plastic go palsy,disorderswell-informed physical turn . out therapyAlthough as to they he can cerebral notshould still all bebody be. movement allmuch"Edward:and hisrecently oflife, a scholar,vas died. although a good I hewas worked veryhe wasn't close hard to family man year;'Vanes' just Morning." as the novel, Aikath-Gyaltsenher second, died late last breakspellseen of in fine athe rainstorm." weathermisted sky, was that going the tolong gimletsheReviews "dissects precision of domestic "Cranes' of Jane lifeMorning" Austen." with the were thousandwenthome home inquestions. their with mothers' empty Atter two armsarms. and I a themakehelpful case a and huge is mildearly difference, or intervention whether severe. can . a faVoritetoldand hadthe Walt ministerexcellent Whitman that character. Edward can't understand why his wife had hergavewas.being domestic a strong published. dramas, religious Goudge,died emphasis in 1984. who to .day, alertedHampshire by a local broke school the storylibrari-The Satur- Concord Monitor in New thaternowpractically wrote thisseems is in ecstatic."a prescient,the countryside New In aEdwardYork phrase Times flow- that you stts theirthe seetakeweekshospital. children some my I wasbaby Mothers 24symptoms finallyhours home. who permitteda I couldhad missed then in are with to armscontrolsymptoms or afterlegs; to 3lookpushing months; for: Pooraway stiff headorHere are some of the early or rigid hisWaltsurewhich wife Whitmanmy was aboutbrother read thiiwas: atnever later, the When service. knewshe I said, who I'm poem, asked IVVAIE4011 country,deathpect hasn't youwhich may been allowed have reported visited theThe Concord inbefore." causethis of Aikath-Gyaltsen's doctorvisit.more would than onlya-doctor can inI anpleaded. office "Wh at's wrong?" The day see sidesupportposture;arching of the by body 8back; cannot months:uses or floppy only sit up the or without onlylimp onebody arms to andShe Edwardcould have would left have out the lookedTherewanted was him no to needlook smart."to lie, Ann. poetry, PT:NAKED 13 7SUN 33,1 INT INT INSULT AMR" THE ROMANTICAMERICA IS COMEDY FALLING IN edJoellecide. Monitorwith Delbourgo, the tonovelist float whn the correspond- notion of sui- Ballantine Editor in Chief pedmtricianyoudoor into and awho nervouslet instantlyhim cryhe'swreck." referredI took my baby to say, "Close the a second turning persistentmonths;crying:crawl; extremegaggingfailure feeding to or irritabilitysmiledifficulties; choking by 3 orwhen havepretense.needas to hatedgood. do and this? Whyit Myeven I hated dobrother peoplemore.Loving the would feel the just VIMPLEIMiliSSINGION. ODEON DC NOW SHOWING 'UNIT(D ARTISTS LOVE WITH! details.her death, said she didn't know shortly before any occupational,Cerebralus to apalsy. neurologist. speechffeeding The treatment The diagnosis? and is thefed; mouthtongue after pushes 6 months. soft foodAny outreader of who recognizes these DearSister Lovingin Jacksonville, Sic Fla.Don't be so hard on Edward's . 4*(01E2 ODEON2101155n(2M .MW yIESI3634340 ENO 4 TINLEYWrs4 3 AW . NW THEATRES BETHESDA1272 Wwommit Awo Mt) 7104323 odr Delbourgolate what added. caused her'There's no way we can to do this." specu- monthsphysical of therapy age. We beginning learned at 3 special Foundation,guidancesymptoms to should Pathways 123 N. write Wacker Awareness for Dr., waswife. done. She meant well, and in 1994. Crynnes Smdlymr no harm AMC ACADEMY 14 1202) 2W.315210111LOID 411111161/1111,LEEaa4V. HWY. Crommada1195007700 MULTIPLEX VAAMC BM/ SWEIBIENOR 90012 4ANIC Maar! "Vralrierai dding FFA!"fçv. THLEEN TURNER BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1111e CARROELTONMr Gammon. 17031990.40MCP03)MD 990.4AMC&WAWA OM ' (703) 175-1000Newham.CINEMA VA 14 PON442UNIONAMC may.9441.4.444C STATION 14SNINCTON.Ay. N E. DC PLAZAAmC11111301:1131111 COUNT/OUSE olre "UPROARIOUS...-Peter riven. ROW NG STONE 'AMC RIVERTOMME(1.03)9244AMCSENN Symp. MD arV RACE 10 NUL TPLE1ICINETLES CINEMASTYSONS ODEEIN (7031VEVaalCommas. 53 1. IWOVA CINSPIAN120:1Ase. 33,1100001001 AATNUN 3044eArtft, Amy °°"" Mcm.D(CINEPLEXpowW4/413.034.pore:aweAUK 0.0.4ANICTOvna locum 00E014 VA 10 KILLINGLY FUNNY..." "HYSTERICAL. A LOT OF LAUGHS." SARUM&E7039964AMCOW Nay 141) 42WRAL ONETrim% la Cony. 1703)10640200VA SONARS map40,00varlicoommo amo WAe calm Ave AVIE. N W 41011013 o0311112SANAJNOTON42041045(24(2021fflaino &071 RWANDA 0010 BOSOM a !no - . . panci ;ot'ay, :f :ne :Lv;;:ce scnooi. descrbed how she and hermurder today :r2 the 3nocting and country untilpart mellt's criminal division.EdAar strangulation deaths of 14 family mem- cessed. As a pupils huddled on their classroom floor S. G. Dennis, argued that JudgeGesellas shots were fired across the school-bers and recommended that he be sen- itricted to thehad refused to provide adequate meansyard and the shadow of the gunman,tenced to die for the killings. ig a strain onfor the Administration toprotect na-Patrick Edward Purdy, crossed back Judge John S. PaVerson of ,lehnson tes and othertional security at the trial. and forth across their window. County Circuit Court accepted ihe He stressed that Mr.North's lawyers "We hoped that he would not noticerecommendation and set an execution pped on Jan. 9had said that as part oftheir client'sthat we were there and that he wouldday of Mareh 16 for R. Gene Simmons. udge issued adefense, they intended tomake publicmaybe think that we were at recessThe jurors could have recommended it, in responselarge volumes of classifiedinformation life imprisonment with no parole. :oup of imml- too," she said. Since then,,she said, her in their client's defense. students have been troubled by night- Mr. Simmons, 48 years old , has al- the past; the. The lawyers have arguedthat state ready been sentedced to die for the e been filing mares and fear of strangers and she seCrets "permeate" the caseagainsthas become distrustful and winces atslayings of two people during a 40- im at the Har-Mr. North, the former White House minute shooting rampage on Dec. 28, been free to unexpected sounds.. aide who oversaw the sale of arms to Gun groups are fighting the bill on1987, in Russellville. After his arrest, . to Miami. Iran and used the proceeds fromthose authorities searChing his honie near s out Feb. 20, Nica-the ground that it would outlaw not only sales to finance a guerrilla war in a ssaultrifies but wooden-stocked hunt-Dover found the bodies Of Simmons' .igration serv- wife, his seven children, twO of the chit- :he aliens as itragua. ing rifles as well. In fact, there is .no :th new proce- Mr. North, a former Marine Corpsfunctional difference between the two,dren's spouses, acid four grandchil- lieutenant colonel, faces 12 criminalEdward Conroy; acting deputy associ-dren.

Doctor Forced Out forPlagiarism Is Reappointed to Hospital'sStaff

By DANIEL COLEMAN An eminent psychiatrist who admit- ted plagiarism and was forced to re- sign as director of a hospital affiliated with the Harvard Medical School has been reappointed as a staff psychia- trist at the hospital. The doctor, Shervert H.Frazier; stepped down last November from McLean Hospital, one of Harvard's pri! mary teaching .hospitals, after it was discovered that large sections of arti- cles he wrote in scholarly journals and textbooks In the 1560's and 1970's had beentakenverbatimfromother sources. The trustees at McLean. a 328-bed psychiatric hospital in the Boston sub- urb of Belmont; announced Thursday that Dr. Frazier was being named a staff psychiatrist, With full privileges to admit patients, but that he would not resume his former administrative role. The recommendation to reappoint him was made by the hospital's gen- eral executive committee, a group of . senior professionals and administra- tors that oversees all staff appoint- ments. 'Distinguished Service' "Dr. Frazier has provided distin,

A guished service not just to McLean but Thr New York 1 owes/ Bill Stover to the community at large, and the iding in the ruins of the New Bethel African Meth- trustees anticipate he'll continue to do .rch near Alton, Ill. In less than a year, the little so," said Ernest M. Haddad. secretary Assocsated Pms burned twice and general counsel of MassachusettsDr. Shervert H. Frazier, who has years ago bY Treed slaves, has been General Hospital, with which McLean,been reappointed as a .staff psy- at church members say is racial violence. is affiliated. -. chiatrist at,a hospital from which Dr. Frazier, 67 years old, was direc-he was forced to resign as director tion to the pro- Some say the real tragedy was thetor of the National Institute of Mentalbecause of admitted plagiarism. rights amend-apparent disregard for the church'sHealth from 1984 to 1986 and is one of history. "If someone burned down Lin-the nation's most prominent psychia- coln's. cabin, people would have had atrists'.After his resignation, many tad of the McLean department of psy- dn't burn downfit," said.the Rev. George Wadleigh, di-other psychiatrists came to his de-Wavy. Dreith, gen-rector of the Alton Area Alliance offense, arguing that the penalty was too41 Telephone calls to Dr. Frazier'sof- dio station thatReligiousLeaders, whoiswhite.harsh. They noted that the plagiarism ter the first fire. occurred in the writing of review arti-licewere redirected to Mr. Haddad, the "They'd say, 'This is our heritage.' official at Massachusetts General. ids, a couple ofWell, this is history, too." cles that did not purport to present i-oblem for the "He's being reappointed to the staff Now there is little left of the' churchoriginal sclenUfic data. for all the right reasons," Mr. Haddad ,urch. It's one ofbuttwisted wire and burned wood, t the community The plagiarism was discovered by asaid, "and we think he'll provideeicem- blackened tiles stacked up waiting to plary service to his patients and con- ie for it." be placed on the ceiling and a charredgraduate student at the University of Rochester. The discovery led to an in-tinue to work as a respected psychia- furnace that had never been lit. trist on our staff." .dom, Stayed The racial hatred continued even asvestigation by officials of the Harvard the congregation tried to raise moneyMedical School. it on the site of a Dr. Daniel tosteson, dean of the Ind Railroad, theto build the church a third time. On the Books of The Times: :es for slaves es-.day of a rally in support of the churchmedical school, asked Dr. Frazier to Severalfreedthat attracted people from surroundingresign both from the staff at McLean Monday through Saturday, ilies settled andstates, somebody spray, bainted theHospital, where he was general direc- The Newl'ork Times and built theirroad leading to the chiirch with thetor and psychiatrist in chief, and from words "KKK",and "Burn again." his faculty position as professor and 72 FEST COPY AVALJ3L E NEWS, PROGRAMMING AND PERSONALfTIES

INSIDE TV / BY PETER JOHNSON CNNowns up to copying story from 'Newsweek'

The plagiarism virus that's infectednewspapers of late spread Tuesday to TV, but the network involved CNN called it an isolated incident At noon EDT, anchor Reid Collins reportedthat CNN had sent a lener of apology to the editors of Newsweekover a case of plagiarism by CNN. CNN received a phone call Monday fromNewsweek say- ing that part of a storyon serial killers that appeared on Sunday's The Week in Reviewwas almost word for word from a similar story in the Aug. 5 edibonof Newsweek. In two recent incidents, a New YorkTimes reporter was suspended and a Washington Postreporter fired for plagia- rism In CNN's case, "appropriate action hasbeen taken," said CNN President Tom Johnson, whodeclined to be specific_ But talk around CNNwas that the offender was fired. 'This was a single incident," said CNN spokeswoman Beth Comstock, "andwe have taken the strong action it deserves." BEST COPY AVAILABLE 73 Students fall asleep because they liorked late at a restaurant or theater. Many copy their homework from classmates but look Students' astonished when the teacher mentions the attention word cheating. spent four to six hours; and onlycould turn back time and do my 16 percent spent 10 hours orsophomore and junior years more. again. I wouldn't have partied so wavering Thirty-four percent spent moremuch. I would have gotten than 12 hours a week at part-timestraight A's. It's something you jobs. learn the hard way when it's too Academics avoided Like many students, Karen Ke-late." shishian, a senior at Olympic But Sherman said students are for other pleasures Heights High School who getsnot at fault. He wants to work in B's and C's and works about 20graphic animation or be a law- By MAREGO ATHANS hours a week at her job saidyer, and subjects like integrated Education Writer she does homework for one classmath are irrelevant, he said. When Scott Morone started teaching during her other classes so she"Most of the stuff we learn in at Atlantic High School four years ago, does not have to do it at home. class is not going to help you, so he made a couple of assumptions. The "I have better things to do, hon-you don't want to bother with it." teacher is supposed to assign hoMe- estly," she said. "After school, if That view has Ann Tarkinson, work. The students are supposed tO do someone calls and wants to goan English teacher at Atlantic it. out, I'd rather go out. It seemsHigh School, so fed up that she is Wrong. - more important . . You can doretiring this year five years As a rookie teacher, he was lucky to it in class and turn it in late andshort of full pension. Many of her get back 10 out of 30 assignments from still do well in school." students work six to eight hours a a freshman English class of 30. Discus- She said her job does not inter-day at after-school jobs, and to sions on Lord of the Flies and A Sepa- fere with school work and thataccommodate their schedules, rate Peace deteriorated into blank she needs to work, partly to sup-she has cut the amount of home- port her car. "It's very impor- work in half in the past five years. tant, especially in Boca," she But the worsening behavior in Cheating said. "Nobody likes sitting atthe classroom bothers her more. our home. You need a car to go toShe spent most of her time this work, to go to the mall. I'm notyear disciplining her senior En- Childreii? going to walk." glish class. Cheating once the A look at local schoels But she said she regrets not exception "is now wholesale," having spent more time on school she said. stares and excuses. He called parents. work, especially because she "The money isn't worth it. The Some did not know where their chil- knows she has ability. "I wish Isatisfaction isn't there," Tarkin- dren were. As he got to know his students, Mor- son said. one found out why the word homework Educators deserve part of the inspired no fear. Some students were' blame, said Ron Hochstrasser, working late to support families. Oth-. chemistry teacher at Olympus ers went home to physical and mental. Heights. "People are trying to abuse, incest, teen pregnancy, drug change education in ways that abuse or gang fights. aren't appropriate. The attitude "Homework is pretty small potatoes: is, if kids don't do it, we won't re- in the scheme of things," he said. . quire it. So much of education is Morone stopped assigning it. Now,: going to [the theoryk 'We have to everything gets done in class. make kids feel good about them- Forty interViews with educators, selves and keep them from fail- parents and students revealed #kat. ing.' Because of that we're pan- homework as we know it is dying in. dering to them an awful lot. And many Palm Beach County classrooms, they're taking advantage of it. as more students work longer hours to Kids have developed an attitude pay for food, rent or flashy cars with that what they're doing isn't im- expensive stereo systems. portant. There is no privilege to While some teachers said they have being in school," Hochstrasser no trouble collecting homework said. particularly in classes with a high per- Boca Middle School hopes it has found a partial solution in the recentlf installed voice-mail sys- tem that allows parents to call for their childrens' daily home- work assignments.Boca High School plans to follow suit this fall. And a committee of teachers MU COPY AVAILABLE at Olympic Heights is studying ways to encourage kids to do 74 more homework. FROM PAGE 1B put less weight on it. Otherwise, centage of college- too many students would fail. bound students many teachers Many teachers use the last 15 Norman Shearin, principal at described a disturbing trend: stu- minutes of class to get students Boca High, said students should dents increasingly view school started on homework, hoping be prohibited from working not as a means to a full life but as more they will be more likely to finish than 20 hours a week. - a means to a diploma. it. Few do. And everyone agrees that par- This is not a poor-child phe- Jason Sherman, a senior- at ents need to monitor the sched- nomenon, educaiors said rath- Boca Raton High School, who has ules of their childrenmore er it is a symptom of busy fam- a 2.8 average on a four-point closely. ilies, life in a beach' town with scale and works after school in But Morone knows he cannot plenty of low-wage jobs and a his family's video business, de- depend on that happening,any generation with a bigger appetite scribes a typical routine. "If I more than he can expect students for Terminator II than Macbeth. don't get it finished in class, I usu- to read novels. As more teachers resort to as- ally don't do it," he said. So he "spoon feeds" each chap- signing less homework to accom- Parents, teachers and princi- ter by highlighting significant modate students' job schedules pals gave few ideas about how to passages and going over them in and apathy educators wonder stop the slippage, other than to class. "The problem is they've if 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds are the stop students from working 40- lost the experience of reading and ones setting the agenda. and 60-hour weeks. The problem, discovering for themselves," he Teachers said that up to half they said, is larger than the said. the students come to class unpre- schools. What are conditions like at the pa red.One or two often fall "Things have changed drasti- school your child attends? asleep, because they worked late cally," said Tom DiFiglio, social We want to know what affects at a hamburger restaurant or studies chairman at Spanish,Riv- movie theater. Many copy their er High SchooL"Unfortunately I the quality of education in Palm homework from classmates, Beach County. think in some cases the parents We are looking for your specif- teachers said, but look astonished agree with the students and look ic concerns when the teacher mentions the at school as something that once for instance, lack word chea ting. you leave the classroom, you're of supplies, crowded school and Teachers give students several discipline problems. We are also donewith. You try to assign looking for your thoughtson pos-, days to do what once would be an homework and you get this, sible solutions. overnight assignment or give 'Gosh, we have a life. We have points for simply handing some- jobs.' I don't know how we've Give us a call at 243-6555. thing in, even if the answers are reached this point, where stu- wrong. The larger classes this dents view school as some sort of year have not helped; some teach- holding pen." ers are assigning fewer essays be- A 1991 survey at Spanish Itiv- cause they have less time to er, where more than 80 percent 'of grade papers. the students enter college, Some teachers have stopped showed that 39 percent of the stu- grading homework altogether, or dents spent one to three hours a week on homework; 27 percent

BEST COPYAVAILABLE 75 Newspaper Artic eoded es. 76 Appendix II 77 Cheatingup on campuses with honor codes

By Dennis Kelly done "serious" cheating on a: USA TODAY test or written assignment The- numbets were 54% in 1995 aC More than a fourth of stu-honor-code schools, 44% in: dents at some of the nation's1990. At non-code schools, the best colleges admit cheating on portion was 71% both years. - a test even though they have an Serious cheating did not in-, honor code, says a new surveydude cases where a student- that shows further "ercsion" intakes a test earlier than a claw- on-campus honesty. mate and tips the friend to Rutgers University profeworquestions. If that's included, Don McCabe based conclu-cheating reaches 62% at sions on responses from 4,300 schools with honor codes, 83% students at 31 highly selectiveat those without "That's fairly colleges, 14 with honor codesserious," McCabe says. and 17 without Who cheats the most As in The study, updating one he 1990, businen majors report did in 1990, shows that 30% ofthe most cheating followed by students at honor-code schoolsthose in engineering in 1995 reported ever having McCabe calls the results cheated on a test, up from 24%"discouraging." Many don't in 1990. At schools without hon-want to cheat, but "as soon as or codes, 45% reported theythey see someone else cheat- had cheated on a test, downing, they join in," hesays. from 47% in 1990. . "They don't want to be lett be- The study isn't nationally hind" in the high-stakes compe- representative, he says, buttition for graduate schools. gives a "strong snapshot" of McCabe will present the in- 'trends at these 31 top schools.formabon to colleges and uni- The study also tried to see: versities around the country to How many said they'dboost awarenes of the issue. 11=11

BEST COPYAVAILABLE Honor Codes: Newest THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Wednetsilay, . . Decembei.6, 1995 Arum SMION Netwa:nwou sonByColleges writerElizabethPledge of Ihe Christian Lev look Ran Science Spato Monitor codesld to curb rise in student cheating on Campuses D.C., have introduced honor codes, and a -;-11(:. ;. ATLANTA satchel-full of other colleges,are consider-. - s;=;_ eralOHN years TRAINOR taking has dozens spent of the tests past sev- and going backthem. before the Vietnam"les.not era before an avalanche, but you'd have to -z -ze-t.",':- '7 - AL, 1:' classmates cheat. he's witnessed more than a few of his . wardyou'd honor see that codes," many says schools Donald moving McCabe, to- - joringgiashouldn't,"and inInstitute electrical says of Technology.engineering Mr. 'IYainor, at "Evena"I've the senior Geor-seen a littlema- peoPle talking during testsusing calculators when they inggersassociateand that University a cheating growing professor in on numbersNewark, ofcampus management N.J. of LsDriving students on the at the Rut-rise who increase are surveys report- allThomasHALLOWED kinds Jefferson. of HALLS:academic (IVA University has dishonesty the ofnation's Viminitt oldest students,hurry and one of pastthe steirtmi the school's honor lawn, emirs. from permanently expelled. designed by inbit the of cheatingclass." is destructive tOBut everyone now students at this Atlanta univer- . seemsay they to becan't almost compete as ubiquitous with cheaters.Incidents as back- of dishonesty on campus thatrationcheating has on seenassignments,on tests a huge to plagiarism increasean area of. toin cheatingthecollabo- past somewherestrictly.enforced. in the Georgia middle; Tech's saysAt othercode illainor, fallsschools, the honor code is nOt workgiarizesityexam. may assignment, a paragraph,soon think twicecopyor peek abefore friend's atLast athey peer'shome-. week pla- students and faculty here theatpercenteralpacks. least study, arts hi once.of colleges,a isstudents 1991 replicating Mr. survey McCabe, for said instance,the ofthey research31who hadselective conductednearly cheated for thelib-70 30 years. guidelinesareT Georgia expected forTeeh, collaboration to facultyprovide members specific on out- time.lieveGovernmentpreSident the"Our pledge goal:of Association. the Ls will Undergraduate to curbchange dishonesty theSupporters culture,to Student Over of. the honor code here be:. voted to institute an aeademic honor code 1995-1996 school year. Though still col- of-class assignments and what can be pro- achange victimleSs people's crime,".says attitUdes Gail that DiSabatino, cheating is . rode,dishonestycultivateathat which pledge requires an wai is notenvironment notinitiated toall tolerated. cheat.incoming by The wherestudents, students purpose academic is to toof sign the cesscreaselecting in data,incurbing cheating. he academicexpects.to dhonesty,findSchools a slight how- with in- honor codes have had suc- honorgraphThey'regrammed codecontaining also in on calculatorsexpected the informationsyllabus to for include and use about report on a tests.tiara- thein7 they'redentsdean of realize notsttidents. a panacea, honesty isexpertS theThough best say. poliey, honor..codeS "The are helping Au-. . tary academies and some liberalHonor arts codes col- long a tradition at mili- Cabe'sthemever, asand study a moresolution colleges to the areproblem.. looking Mc- to whichlooked at 14 honor- couragedstances of to dishonesty. report honor-code StudentsHonor violations. are codes, en- present in less than 25 sage,honor but codeeven the,wilds sehoUls a very that important are adoPt- mes- . %year, DukelegesGeorgetownHampshire UniversityIlarvard Business to inUniversity, NewDurham, Mexico.School N.C., inIn Boston, the. past and -7 9 are gaining in popularity from New in Washington, didn'tlishedleastcodescode oncehaveuniversities versus where the 78 codes. honorpercent and The 17codes at studywithout colleges were looked honorestab- that at found that 57 percent cheated at code..::::ope.lying,lottesville,percent There,The or ofstealing liniversity hasthe one nation'sthe incidentmeans ofnation's Virginia, colleges, a of student oldestcheatinit, in Char- vary honorcan in be MO, Calif. APPT pm)/ eradicateIntegrityutiveing them director cheating," atare Stanford atrecognizing thesays .Center University.Sally thatColes, for you.Academie exec-in .palocan't ': AVAILABLE 3 0 SUNDAY Ilos Angeles elutes A Pilll..1. Peti VIEW

[HIGHLIGHTS1

CODES OF CONDUCT: Lt. Col Mike Strickler. aVI.41 graduate now on the Institute's staff.still remembers the morning a class mate was drummed out for cheat , Mg. just 10 days before graduation. .4, Thirty years later, the code stands strong 113 other institutions begin a. ?ft 4 return to honor systems. El ROBIN ABCARIAN: A makeup lesson becomes a lesson in life at Sybil Brand Institute. In addition to advising inmates to stop shaving their eyebrows, makeup-maven to-the-stars and infomercial queen Victoria Jackson tells them that how they look 113.1 a lot to do with how they'rcrated. El SOCIAL CLIMES: At Moscow Nights club in Studio City. the vodka flows snd the ,balalaika mu sic plays. In a stately dining room that hints of Old Russia, muldle aged immigrants in sequined dress- : es and pin-striped suits gather to make free-world merriment. Ed the Buzz Et

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tGALLERY

II that glimmers with a Aneon glow is not neces- earily a beer sign. To neon EXINCTON. Va.Without Cheating. Lying. Stealing. With I/MI and the Citadel. They lenge from small sculptor Michael Flechtner, warning, a drum roll explodes in private 'schools (itch asi Washington and 1.4. and binding delicate glass tubes the darkness aftermidnight. Bryn Mawr to Petrie/ton and Riee. and te the into intricate shapes and fill- echoing through the still bar- these kind of scandals dogging University Of Maryland with 311.0M students. ing them with electrified gas- racks. jolting the cadets of the At etune. they am enshrined and forgotten in es in a spectrum of colors is 8 Virmnia Military Institute out of student handbooks: at others. they have became form of fine art. His images of their sleep. It is ominous and college campuses, it would seem the cornerstone of academie Integrity. movie monsters and other relentless, as urgent asitis More often then riot. honor entente hen been whimsical creatures come to foreboding. Installed at the urging of students. tit many 110010 At every door of the four-story because of concern over cheettng. life when illuminated. A se- complex. there Is a heavy knock, an order to tall integrity has fallen from favor. lection of his works currently Although schools with viable honor entente Is on display with David out and, above the drumming, a shouted, repeated remain a small ontority..there iso soya Samuel announcement, "Your Honor Court hu met ... . Sadler, vice president for MIAOW affairs at the . SVenson's in the "Works of Your Honor Court has met" In every room, the But in reality, codes of conduct College of William & Wry, "a decided movement' Light" exhibition at the Wig lights snap on. toward making codes a fixture on more eannwes. nall Museum/Gallery in Ran- Within minutes, dreued in robes and pajamas, Typically. the codes explicitly forbid lying . cho Cucamonga-ES chins tucked, chests nue!! 1.200 young men of the are on the riseand it's often the cheating and etealing, and require Students te take VMI Corps of Cadets stand at attention in ranks some action when they have knowledge of viola- around a dim inner courtyard, assembled for the clone by their peers. Punishment Is usually meted excruciatingly painful ritual of a "drumming out." students who are pushing them. out by student tribunals. In return. the abut One of their own has cheated. He administration allows anew- has been banished for breaking tored examinatiana, with students their sacred Code of Honor. sometimes taking the tests at a Resplendent in dress uniforms, time and plant of their choosing. members of the Honor Court Nearly every week. Washtng. march through an arch into the ton and Lae. whou campus ad- yard. The court president an joins eftst of VIII. receives Mqul. nounces the name of a cadet found nes or visits from other schools guilty of violating the code an Internted In Its widely regarded intones, "He has placed personal system. gain above personal honor. He has Students at COlgate Univereity left the institute to return. In Hamilton. N.Y., am expected to His name is never to be men. vote sten on adoption ofcon. Uoned again.' An honor system is under serious It to a moment none of them will consideration *tenor/Mown Uni- forget. After 30 years. Lt. Col. versity m Washington. Mike Strickler. a VIII graduate Other Knob. such ae Duke and now on the institute's staff, vivid- Johns Heeddrea have taken seeps ly remembers the spring morning to strengthen their Mom. and when a classmate was drummed others, including Stardeed. are - out for cheating. just10 days contemplating ways to enhance before he was to graduate. During honor mum& one year While Strickler wu a LETTERS IN VIEW: Radio nun Lost month. Urdversity of Vir- cadet. stx members of the regi- aner ginia students turned Out in eon. whir Laura Schlessinger may scold ment were drummed out. In an ordinary mental for an tenor people who behave "stupidly." a other year, there were only two. code referendum. voting by a reader suggests. but It ts these same Ile remembers them all. margin ot 3 to 3 to retainsystem People who allow themselves to le Ilealso remeniher. the12. that, for 152 yearS, hes mond manipulated by media personall word code that every VMI "rat" permanent emulsion for an how -ties.Also, thoughts on name memories the day he arrives. "A eon conviction. Codes have been changing and exercise burnout. ES cadet will neither lie, cheat, steal 'tinned newhere. too. nor tolerate those who do.- So why Mould this nib-Centu- DEAR ABBY: Those who have lost That code. said Danny Felton. ry creationexpanded. Mahn .beloved pets thank 'Abby for her one of about 225 fourth classmen and preeerved by ninety seolle. touching tale about the Rainbow due to graduate from the 155- ofonor mles and old schools for awn of Bridge. where it's said the spirits of yearold institute this spring. -is the Southern gentrynow flour. humans and animals will be reunit the cadet's mut cherished pos- lah? Especially now. In a genre. session." ed.One reader who had her pet put lion that hates rules? Even In megs-univerenies Vanations on this rule of conduct are embraced Story by [nutrition by where neither ram, gender, history, culture. to sleep writes, "Picturing the by 100 or so institutiOns of higher learning, in aspiration nor personal sequamtern provide tou. Rainbow Bndge brought a smile to additionto the Army. Navy and Air Force RUDY ABRARSON DAYW PPM ty? my face. I hope WI true." ES academies and venerable military schools such as %ryaAtmill/ tlurs ro".711iTilas Phew ow CODE. 12

QUOTABLE "V.'e can't stop all cheating. ROBIN ABCARIAN Out we've tried to set an r1 , fr. r TICattearT ife? m arror1 171.1r3 Nina DAY, A11111I.laud Virginia's CODE Measured Evened frees Pt Extent of Cheating Isn't Easily SchoolsTake The ...own to modem lyshown. TII 11101[n war on plgiariem, haste nn nahledge" eisie Wire pretermt vied mower.% over semi ... or lion,. ttn juil, Pelf 31 rosin robbing nd oilier farms of -when you mite a auhleet lik W eirs 11111, 111.1 my a mien brought drains, 6.4.11 elms:Inc edonalnes enforce writ mainemsties," he Wit "It's im on the other homl, wee atti Their Honor mollyto norul by thr Orating dens say a different hind of hrn a emnpany leo contra nf conduct that are less pooch!e to fake It." icandal ihat ha. ohareed 1he Whenever Widespread rhem posetre"hig time" peer ores. him's! Arademy far mom 11011 dromnied op Imminent rigid limn Oman n1 the military st Propeeline Illover academies end some oloiline ing emirs, mme blame suietai sore one rails Q.-helps artonhat Seriously yesr. premureo, while others say morel cheating. Chem og.etudint show. I. pert.. ally few years agn toy wrillog. Southern schostis. "The 111filfInal heereny Is that have alsekened. Emu Ameneaus, 24. a grail., sive.It Involve omens sins saltine mod distrIlooting loorno im Honorcndes bare always elute for A. and admission to pm. the a-hood's adminhoraturs cheating s a !madam on moat -ro. seen Maks and valleys ate student in ctlnirsl poychoin been 11.1I10011.411111111/11/11 cried fool, composra loll not major nom" the pendulum swineing hock nd g y,said she bean! only twn ditinn.INden Virginte uremia lllll s graduate schools I. eheateng cows during the year well ss those flirting with academie They dnoorner1 Nome student', IICI.A omInclapervon llow Ruthsince I returned hrre Se Ilrh00111 such as V tin Inane lo she sat on Pepperlone's onder failure. (rof sehuolfor (owning anl Collin. who 1141,19 that hls leather to015," me Eric New tam that ennead Den Damp Cy A lonalmark ottrvey of 0E05 siti pen they didn't ,wrtle and school constantly Me dunes hall, Orreiontal College's dee of marinate disciplinarybooed.. Marshall, whnaa feetrity In demo in al of the rinintry's preen. protested that the company had mole of conduct that he mil is menu and a onetime atudent "People are less apt to rheat here clods., legendary Confederate Gov gums 011111! and iinivend leo own carried the cenrept of American -very eapileit on JOat shout every there. hermits they know their peers Thames Jewett Disomatall I.. yen., ago found that nearly 70% free mit erronse Inn far. kind of activity." "It seems to reflect the tImm will turn them in," she said /waken, end who. tem meta had rhymedif ail manner of no "We emit slop Pi chetahs." At Caltcch In Pasadena, art we live In," he added. "When Cecile Nguyen. SI. a Pepper- charged Yankee bayonets at the nor infroctiono were taken into sold John Wiloon. dean of Seaver honor code states simply. "No tete get tight and the economy dins senior mapring in interns Civil War haute of New Market acconnt. The (filmes approached College. Pepperdine's under member of the Canteen comm. turns Suppe, the students' ane. tonne studios askteil, "If I find At Washington girt lee Ntilirer, PO% foe nonhonor code schools gralloste liberal arts school, "lint tiny shall lake unfair advantage lei,. picks up," out someone is eheating. I'm not e ily, students are guided by en end DM for those with codes. we've tried to ant an antlcheat of any other member of the At Loyola Maeymnunt Ilniver going to tell the teacher or pro- honor system installed by Kober( In nonhonor code school.. 20% log Ione on OUT campus. I tell our community." Pty, Joseph C. Jeers. the few about it tell the stu- K. Lee I El yesrs mo They are of atudents acknowledged cheating students. 'Chemins la the aca- inhevent in that coda to what school's academie Pee president dent. Around here. if snmehody ininvitseedto the code In the three time or more. Only 5% itl demic equivalent of murder.' Our Cary Lenten. the Wheel's vice mid. I get upset when 1 hear chew, everybody else would be chapel where Lee worsheed and honor code whools admitted re. students understand thatIf peaple say, 'Creed is the twiner terribly upon with them." where his remains lie. president for student @Dales. calls College et Witliams pealed infractions."I think that someone chests,it cheapen, on understanding (het "Cetech'Of America.' Why can't (hey help Ultmetely, whet makes den. At difference is quite mendicant," said nd casts Into doubt every- trusts tho melees and our atu us build an ethical fiber In our deniers honor system work, eery, where young men ef Deers preemor Dould McCabe. toady's degree." dens tram etch other, knowIng sonny/- Newhall me I. moch the erne Colonial planter anaincrey ftre, whoa...inducted the study. Cheating loWt an epidemic on that cheating Mit fair to the At Pepperdlne, Wilson said kind of trust that Celteeh'a I dr - Wontedcode forbidding cesium A generation aeo, with campuses their campuses. official. at Pep- den old endure at his setae at cards OM dtareepect of areMen. penile. and moeral other La penon down the halt, to your many itudenta focus excessively freakman meet at the Christopher seething over Vietnam, honor roommate, to youreelf. We even on "getting into med @chord or "We're betting st th atu codes seemed deetined to become a Angeles.ares univerolties and demo, tether than seam them." Wren Budding, AnfelliCal Olden( colleges contend. But they con- moo them key. to Dime of our Isw secol, on their !geode-pent aCadelnit hellobaeC191 the *Me, . relit. SOWN Wheals dropped Mem laboratories end elaswooma" Items/el, lhan on learning." Newhall said. "We eislume codes outright. concluding that cede that the anent of cheating they'll behave In an honorable At the Unlemstty of Varlet. isn'teaally measured because AM besides. Lowden said, Cal. At Cal Slate L.A. wham many new student, gather on the lawn they were unworkable,J)thers tech's rigorous science and engi. students ars older leverage ago Manner, and we're autprised eased their requiremenea. mon eases are dealt with quietly before Thomas /offenses Robin; and never mike headline. Me neering curriculumwith its 211/. the 'mph's'. Is "more on when they don% W. feel they're candlelight "During Vietnam. there was a here to Mani the Sublet( matter, da each autumn. In those generated by the US. Na- laws, rules and formulasfeede getting an education than an termini,, each uses a quill pen . clear anaUlt on anything traditeon what he calls "a meritocracy geodes," mid Tim Dont the amo. not try to bast the system." al.- %Velem & Mary's Sadie mid, val Academy. e rnperchment pledging to abed -and the honor system MU Just one by the school's code. or the traditions that came under ettatlentoPeelgOld ehd Stink. Them ma tremendous . - dentedrnintemed code. probably, passing of honor Sytterna. One by Is under my tet restart the erten the beat known in Um cmenry. hs one colleges and universally.. Just belly and matinee an honor system been a subset of debate off wad ea peeled off." that Midshipman Brigade Cmdr. for generations. ; There were change even at Sean Pahey eta wIll remain "atu- Created In the wake ef mu. Suck honor code buttons as Wil- dent owned and student awaited.' dentk fatal mooting at a Monty; liam L Mary and the University of Almost reedy tone put in Mare te enenmar la 1642, the care he Maw Virginia. Doth schools dropped a "morel remedletion" preen= for method by student vote Ow the; their nondolerellon clause, which midshipMen Band guilty al honor'- yen and hes weathered west had required a student to report violations deemed insuffinently crisea.Itwee ridiculedmeg *any person he mw cheating or face -Z.--rnmetseklo serious to warrent separation from changedwhen Student Iree siaw punishment himself. the Navy. It will Involve psycho- peled tor taking &soft drink, frees gr. With expelled etudents exposed tortes! counseling, performance of vending machine Mean pays to the maitary draft. Virginia went weeks. formal Instruction In ethics nee. ft has withateedchanangtf four years without an honor vtola and work 'eh a senior officer, who in federe awn and smoled a Lion betng e Students were will act as the student's mentor diesive fight during an attempt U. unwilling to Arlie@ Cortinae during the rernedlation period. impeach the barter delatittei - expulsion was datory upon Even am hcanngs continue for president. Its only black member. conviction. InI . the non-tol- midshipmen Implicated in the There hare been at WM Id, eration recromrnent was Malty scandal, superintendent Lynch has onuses:he teens lo thed Ws skimped front the code For pried. begun meeting with dames and louffi requirement 10 /MX cal purpose. it bad long Mee with Individual midahipmen in en student Canneted at e Idea. grown unenforceable. effort to establish the honor system lam The tag. ending with a neer; more deeply In the academy's Cos. endum meek we trouble. onto because the debate Came ta* Theneve back to honor codes I. science. symptomatic oflarger Ch00ge-'1" "They are very much ashamed be drawn along metal linea. on college eampuer, said (lery",. of what has happened," he said. In the background ems s dwell Pawls, president el the Netkpal "They feel they have all been Mg conoinion el African Amer.: Center for Academic Jaunts, tarnished by thu brush.Itan talk lean student byalsident pary 111K consortium of 60 cellegeo and uni- with four or five midahemen end Included only ma black member.) versities collaborattne WI WWI get four or five remorse why it The open Mal ems Idle the Involving home codes, student happened, nut we are going to scoured was lo hime greddited: The convictionSeverthel ethm and acadielc integrity. . keep the honor concept at the blinked ray degree and "All acne thf country. Gonne . . IllaglialM100311 Calwassmar Daly magma Naval Academy, and it is going to be xisenger in the future than n her him going to fluke Univenetn., miministnion are beginning to Unlversny of Virginia students gather to listen to speeches about 'ploposed durtgerto hear Celde. lake back authortly that they gave Rea ever been in the past." Law Schcol. up to studenta in the %Os and TOL" Change will not go so far al to With Ms batiOngat MIMI: he said. "But the area of academic of code violation. but four of them edged. rule Mar; regulations. you can adopt the 'Ingle sanction that en- American orpnizationel Mil Integntyia uie only one where were disnussed by Capt. Jahn B. As did a separate report free reduce cheating, but If students lee dures at VMI, momsl other small pm. students were altered a prow: authority is VIII moms toward the Pedgett Ill,the comminelant of academy's Board of an opportunity I.0 bet the syMem. military and private schools. end. peal to allow boner met lune te/ etudenta.IdpartItIs became midshipmen, end afifth was Inspector general's findings c1ed they MIL &nor programs do best after 152 years, at the University of ewes temporary etypenion w faculty members are abrogsting. dropped by Rear Adm, Thomas C. for he:temente changes. There create art sunoaphere steed of Mutest It wee inept They teach, do their research Ind Lynch. the mpenntendent of the had been no actual conflict ofof Wit where everyone I.In- -There are some situations advocate ergiasd 10 Week 'awe get off campus. Out there la a academy. Tie remaining ali were Interest on the part of academy volved, and the honer system be- where we will my. 'You ere out the amnion ter offense not Menami yearning among students and in ordered emselled. offactsis, the report concluded. but comes part of the fabric of an door.'" Lynch sind recently. ansissti 10 Sense 000111011. s society for more emission of ethi- The five whom cues were dian "there was a definite perception of inititution." "We will do that for drugs, for Thera lelet et tested lei UM cal toms. and honor codes proolde missed were academy football confliet at lack of imprttality mental misconduct and for serious universty; kbabeily War: a forum." players. among the midshipmen." Became military Institutions are honor violate:ma But Use Academy den, ma et the authorsof Uss. The recent student voteleft -The message the investleates special eases. McCabe hai ex. is a lemming, developing, maturtng mama 'liedMediae Imre that Virginia among handful of ul hen the superintendent., received from the midshipmen.-eluded them from Ms swveys on cements. You can ham medical it goes on. . &it they eel OP Ichoolenwit email military acad. VT himself the captain of :the the report said "woo that thee cheating. The University of Mary. problem or you can have an ace. chugs beeme Ihey don% yam ug Mee like VIll with emulsion as foothill team In 19113 went before viewed the honor concept ea an hind also exclude them when it demie problem. Sul honor viola. ace people emelloct." the requited penalty for lying. the 4.2E0-member brigs& to an- ideal that simply could not beMeted other achoolf honor code tee are In all gradations. They tre -RUDY ARRAI004, Cheating or stealing. The unicorn- nounce the results of the Inn:MI. applied to many of the problema In deigning a syetent for Itscam- never black Ind white." Worming attitudeis unmatched pate and reviews. he faced that attire In the daily Ida of a even at West Pont. Annapolis and remarkable reception. midaheman at the Academy." 'I'lIe distingutilting feature of the One midshipman asked point- Colorado Springs, the preeminent Many who study academic In- Maryland systemstride Dom ItsIts SW schools for Army. Naey and Air blank about one of the eionerated tegrity Issues do not find it surpris- being tried inhuge public institu- Force officers. But ironically. football Mayers. a Mendel Lynch's ing that the most notorious cheat- tionis It. Incentive foe !students X perhapsthe revered national am, atoning the superintendent's ing scandals hem mem at the Ccevictad of cheUng to recover. X military academies hove produced quarters on the evening before his scene academies. where personal In etch a cue a sue:lent ts given ff the country's most notorious case was reviewed. Lynch replied honor to the keystone of education. grade of P-X After year. In Cheating scandal,. that he had not engaged in say *Ifilitary whosla." said McCabe which the person take an ethics X In 1976. 152 udets were kicked 'ensnare conversation MIA the at Rutgers, "create Culture In ermine, he is given the opponent. 1 Out el the US. Military Acederny young man, but hti response was which students strongly tend with ty to take the course agaln. Other. for Melting on an eaam. After a greeted by muffled pen and each other, pining together and wise the X. Indicating cheating. tong Investigation. 96 were rein- chants of the football player's trying to help each other through remains a part of ha perntanent CARPET CLEAMNG g1 stated the following year. In 1964, name. the system. 1 19 Alr Pore Academy seniors Last May. nearly nye month. "If you Roverigid set of explicit At the Naval Academy, an effet wee, lamented for chatting on oiler the nowfarnous cum, an- .2 rooms only 826.00 i physics exam, and cadet honor other midshipman came forward boardshandling of academie with new allegations, and the Na- a Cheating wag temporarily halted. vy's Inarector generallatinehed 111 TM Most elenciating cheating another mate. affair In the history of the military Mooing name the 600 Intel, l'Itat's $1300It aerylea schools Is still being played views, investigates encountered out on the stately comma of the determined reluctance to cceperate I Vallt. 1 U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. by many midshipmen. They re- OltlY there 5 panel of ender otheere ported that erne midahlpmen lied IF appointed by. the Secretary of the to protect blends even after con. Maternity Dress Sale 11 Navy a hearing the tut cases of am tering their own guilt, 14. Includ- hOtiSe I many as 133 mIdahipmen involved ing 11 athletes. invoked the auto In cheating On an electrical Mg, Amendment, eight /waft tehole carpet Any 6 areas ! neenng eurnination In December, sod five refused to be Interviewed cleaned only 1952. "even in the face of the Sustain- Save Mimeo. RAMP What made the episode muse- tendente grant of Imanitay and of Clean dinar, area the ensuing coverup ceders compelling their easpers and mlahandling. A sofa or 2 chairs cleaned only '39 .. O In the weeka after the incident. When the invemigstion was all ...... 7,.1...... , m .It ; Nevi investlgaers concluded that over in January, Vice Adrn. D M. 15-50% It :. ZS Midshipmen might have had Defines. the novel inopecter gen. 0.COMM VOUS/ CUM redel a es wpm* ate hme Wm .. ial prior knowledge of the esam's eral. reported that a. many aa 133 emoseeser nee 0 it ereseutowel Mem pm mem 1.1111Wrspo um student. had been inoolved end on all dresses W contents. Melo, buten eventually An,. nag ..1...."114 t loo ilo found that there had teen I I cases that al had finally so aeltnowl. April 3-9 1CAD D227. la./ MONDAY- SADADAY, 103 AM 113 61101114-fi 111.2401)M111 MO.30 C Tifl( .700 0. 4Ins Seen plot 3314700 (113)11114300 I !, .. . JIMA lriti 1114.51141 3ome stucients even say that their commitment to honesty is deeper than the administration's. Last year B5 when a student was found guilty ot buying the final thesis that isre- quired of every Princeton senior, there vias an uproar among students NEW JERSEY who thought the administrationwas too lenient in giving the student only a three-year suspension. "The idea of a student being al- lowed to graduate with a Princeton A Code degree after having attempted to defraud the university of the single largest academic requirement ofa Of Honor Princeton education is just atro- cious," said James Gillespie, a ju- nior from Wilmington, N.C. Mr. Gillespie has proposedan Troubles amendment to the Honor Code, which has been approved by theun- dergraduate student government, Princeton calling for the expulsion of any stu- dent who buys a substantial parteda By The New York Times thesis. But the amendment must be PRINCETON, N.J. Every year, approved by the faculty before it can PrincetonUniversity'sfreshmen be implemented. are convened before setting foot in a Mr. Gillespie and other students classroom to be told a story that say that the problem with the Honor goes something like this: Code is that the Honor Committee, Years after graduation, several which consists of three dass presi- alumni are sitting around reminisc- dents, three former class presidents ing about the worst things they did in and three representatives from the college. Most of the tales are about student body at large, focuses only pranks, like stealing the moose head on investigating charges of cheating from an eating club. But one gradu- on exams. All other offenees, inchici- ate confesses that he once cheated ing plagiarism, are under the juris- on an exam. The room falls suddenly diction of the Discipline Committee, silent and the next day the former which includes faculty, students and student is anonymously reported to an administrator. the university's Honor Committee. But Mr. Cushman argues that 41- The strength of Princeton's Honor viding the responsibilities provides Code is central to the university's flexibility. If the Honor Committee image, but 103 years after its cre- finds someone has cheatedon an ation, the code is an embattled tradi- exam, suspension is obligatory. If tion because of its double mandate: plagiarism on a class paper turns that students not cheat on exams, out to be an honest mistake, tbe and that they report anyone suspect- DisciplineCommittee can hand ed of doing so. down a lesser penalty. Davin Cushman, chairman of the Amid all the debate is this reality: student-run Honor Committee, Only about 20 cases of suspected which oversees enforcement of the cheating are reported to the Honor code, said it was considered so im- Committee each year. Of these, onlY portant that some 330 students from abcut five to seven cases go We a freshman class of approximately hearing and only two to four students 1,200 were pulled aside at fall regis, are found guilty and penalized, an- tration because they had not fulfilled cording to Mr. Cushman, thecom- a key entrance requirement:to mittee's chairman. write an essay saying they under- John Fleming, an English profes- stood the code's requirements. sor who has served on the Discipline "They would have eloquent essays' Committee, believes that the Hoots about not cheating, but would not Code is becoming outdated becamje mention their second responsibil- it is based on a kind of teaching that ity," said Mr. Cushman, a Princeton is incseasingly rare. The kind 'el senior from Tyler, Tex. clam in which the professor lectures, It is this second respcosibility, the students take notes andan exam porting others suspected of cheating, is given at the end of the term is that many students find troubling. being phased out- in favor at Inds- "I'll keep my head down during pendem research and longer take- exams so- that I don't see anything," home projects. These days a student Amanda Pahunbo, a freshman !rem is as likely to post a multimedia Peabody, Mass., said. "I don't want presentation on the Internet or to to tell on a friend." present a paper on lab findings as to Some students reject the basic takr an in-dus exam. premise behind the code: that pro- "The Honor Code has been over- fessors trust students enough not to taken by history," Mr. Fleming said. monitor them is they take exams. Ilya Shapiro, a freshmin from To- ronto, wrote an editorial in the cam- Books of Trams: Welays ' pus newspaper saying that if the ifaculty really trusted the students 83 they would allow them to take exams BEST COPY AWAKE good fortune, helping others to figure out the right answers. 'Gouging' the Honor System After the exam, a group of midshipmen who had obtained their gouge from Pirko's room secretly Met. They decided that, al- U.S. Navy:How the Academy let cheaters go free though they had committed an honor viola- tiOn, they would avail themselves of a loop- hole under the honor code. It permits AT THE U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY. M IDSHIP- his dorm mates would be ordered to trashmidshipmen suspected of honor violations man Brian Pirko was known as antheir room so they would have a mess toto "counsel" each otherand not press answer man. Midshipmen in danger clean up.) The idea is to strengthen charac- charges. Pirko, who later learned of the of flunking went to Pirko before examster in adversity. The effect, however, is tomeeting. knew that the "counseling option" for help. He was an ace student. in the topmake many midshipmen deeply cynical. was "bull," but he didn't want to bilge his 5 percent of his class, and he sharedThe midshipmen use teamwork to survive,classmates. Like most of the other mids. he "gouge." In Academy slang. "gouge" is any-but their common enemy becomes the in-remained silent. thing that will help pass a test. stitution and all its rules and An initial investigation amounted to little It can be a copy of an old exam, requirements. "Don't bilge yourmore than a cover-up by Academy authori- or study aids handed out by classmate" is the informal codeties. Although six midshipmen who con- a "hooked" professor. Really of the dormitory, Bancroft Hall,fessed were kicked out, the superintendent, good gouge is known as football where all 4,800 "mids" sleep, Rear Adm. Thomas Lynch (navy's football gouge. after its most avid con- cocaptain in 1963), dismissed sumers, the members of the the "compromise" of the exam footballteam. The ultimate as an isolated incident. One gougea copy of the exam midshipman who broke the itself iscalled bum gouge. code of silence was assaulted by Usingitiscalledcheating. his classmates. A campus priest Last week, whilePirko's classmates later reported that other mid- were flinging their caps into the air at the shipmen were being advised by Academy's graduation ceremonies. Pirko their parents to lie. was sitting in his girlfriend's apartment, Under pressure from a law- thumbing through the want ads. Along suit threatened by four of the with 23 of his classmates, Pirko had been expelled midshipmen, who be- kicked out in the worst cheating scandal in lieved they had been unfairly navy history: 88 found guilty, out of what singled out, and from Con- Pirko estimated as possibly 160 who had gress, the Pentagon finally or- received an advance copy of some portion dered a more thorough investi- of the final exam for Electrical Engineering gation. Another student who 311. popularly called "Double E." So far, cheated counseled Pirko: "Lie much of the controversy has focused on till you die." But Pirko recog- special privileges for navy football players. nized that the cheating was six of whom were booted out. wrong and admitted his role. But the case of Brian Pirko re- He was thrown out. veals that the real scandal is the Some who continued to lie way the U.S. Naval Academy escaped punishment. Last Jan- trains its charges. uary a navy inspector general's Pirko was "a great midship- report concluded that, after the man" who showed "a lot of po- Double. E scandal, most mid- tential to become an impact shipmen consider the honor player in the fleet." according to . ROBERT MAASS FOR NEWSWEEK. CH RIS USIIERIINSETI system to be a joke. since it a formal evaluation by his corn- Deeply cynical: Midshipmen protected the liars and pun- pany officer. An A student and graduating last week, classmate Pirko ished those who came forward. captain of the football team in Pirko's education cost tax- high school, he had longed to be eat and study. Formal instruc-payers $200,000. He's been rejected by the a naval aviator (his grandfather, tion in leadership is often rote University of Maryland and considered en- great-grandfather and great- and shallowmultiple-choicerolling in lifeguard school. Has he become great-grandfather had all gone questions on tests given for aa cynic? 'Absolutely," he says, unconvinc- to rival West Point). At the Na- much-maligned course called ingly. In the transcripts of his disciplinary val Academy, he excelled academically.Law and Leadership ("an oxymoron." ac-hearings, he comes across more like the Idealistic, ingenuous and overeager, he was cording to one professor). officer and gentleman he longed to be, a sponge for the basic valuesboth good Pirko prided himself on teamwork. "Ifalbeit a lot more credulous than a navy and badof the institution. gouge is out, everyone's entitled to it," he "lifer." After he confessed, he told the pres- The Naval Academy is supposed topro-told the disciplinary board that reviewedident of the Honor Review Board. "What- duce leaders who live by a code of hon-his case. On the night before the Double Eever happens, you know. I feel better from or they do not "lie, cheat, or steal." Mid-exam in December 1992, gouge was out all this moment on, just knowing that I've shipmen are intentionally overwhelmedover the dormitory, as mids passed aroundcome here and cleared my conscience. I with classwork and drill,some of it de-a leaked copy of the exam. Pirko, who wasguess that's all I have to say, sir." meaning and trivial. (As a plebe. Pirko and pulling an A in the course, shared in the LINCOLN CAPLAN JUNE 6.1994 NEWSWEEK 33

BEST COPYMAW A COURSE USABy Nicole TODAY CarrollTwo hundred students Me IN CHARACTER, theseatsversity exam.into The ofthe tbenVirginiapreexist Clecture leave hall and espatesat the Uni-out test find didn't think he was Rodney Walker saw be schoots,codeat code but work schoct.larger bea school. McCabe et sena s : No attest Slays to watch. when be paid CO for student's cheatingan mg- seines knee how often and experimenting. Stndents aren't asked to spread neering exam lei tall. honor why they cheat. Storm The UniverSity of Maryta: OW of clear their desks There He says he we middleman along with The most popular result ter that academic integrity is College Part. with 35.000 s reason owl we no camerte Most extrea7:ty7mportobV "'int taon.dede: dents, launched an 5 just trust. for friends and thought be cheating Ice cheating mentioned honor was busing good "goupe: starts by tem in 1990. Like thee 301 of students. ge al mi Met happens all the Ns. long before was 10 en. Monad institutions It's not al- schools. Maryland's says graduate student Rogertime; ve Academy lingo tor mock hence my SICINCr 1 ts mid h college ways the core that studene dent-run. But unlike code ts Botmelee" tektites*Mason.they aie "Prof bound tests eters We also Tbetime Students aren't by an bon- saints.give us our- Teetied heentre thing badtook He peered the ssys anal around It the weal"I didn't until have Roy mason to be real the usuallyII%downwre don't saidbecame 00 study."study It was "mytime:"to Mon job cheaters because 1 another cuts Oats'Ninetyoftenhave don'tcheating percent been take taugotof it swdene that" inAnd even thaw that moseys mid seriously, hove notedyou'repunishment on your convicted isn'tCOM!. ofAspersion you gel an F and trarsaipt T: orienting most areeffEstee.e code: deng expelled. 11 They any tbey ofNowilt are the not loundThe code is harsh. exceptions three, they lie. cheat guilty Wear,mekneecheat" and =ring the 714Elise matter my nialker. heeds" realtyWord 21 weal of the stolen midshipmert test 1 thethan samewhohigh once saidschool: in in college. hie+they Wag schoolcheated of student start in mote do and"Cheating RutgerstheyFundamentals knew 101: University k Tbewin of Hemet wroteLast year. a junior wrong at honorlevelnar ontorecheating ethics year courses ftmark you t attend winremovedNeil semester, teaches a me ha: : studentseelsworked time have tes forbeets voted 151 to'Teets the university years.&Merged And keep it.but tt's is havees,or board. werewho been MonsenSutadmitted reennimentea Including before le the Wail- role.'how tor ercollege. cheatedaboutcheated Of 2511 in student oncehigh cheated school. in who high schooln 01 students who again in newonlyjust listeningternspus. thestudents Recordin Exey to then boast A" through DotesOn of new every cam- Earning thenear.eys terns.Pavel&during "Itthe may tests. optiondirector take ieof 100of "It's incremental." leaving the roo Justine s? says Ga: notden aroeson.rulesIlke play ben honor entwine chairman areperste.by thevery committee a strict:of the game and therules. youle says Ma-student.-It you saystakerestsdismissal. Academy with14htly the Theirspokesman orNavy fate"The is not something pletrandy." secretary. now we turnedA MD out DEAL:to he an acne Ratty Wake faces dismissal exam ta his heel .orwfoe egging Mato what yearScheatingover aRo. Pats no tenetcheated worse my. InthanThe 30 numbersdifference are this college.high. bin otnote tweettooutphone on a two legs friend hats teseduring anus, andor athe handing tea. brim writing crib Oleg one ruleshaveto Virginiaget to it SOMfully student accepted. sometime."Med code. are a blanket But yram yea' ulePhiladelphia lbeirwant own you Thalto Steele ptey At Haverford Collegeanymore" exams.wenear jet don'tDur- sched- the Academyces witbCmdr.works- some 9:Bridal, Michael angu thatJohn.While the not to publicized cheat- "It'spro. as Otherscaught.pus get Someevery ot year.are dplined.In Some colleges with more than get ge.pore whoacheated, Statepsychology researches University says professor Stephen In Academy trends at Em.Dee, Ran- StanfordCole.ing techthat University. judicial more other affairs students in,Honor code bele she =es Sallyofficerare turt at year t - or Steve touchingrunningCheminsKrim% up him t ato bee onyour the none-"For the repeal coup,aoffender. seniorirs enerny Navaldrinkingcancbecks. expelledbe ACSderrly punished Midshipmen{{averford forWe for writing toted O.underestuden at tt be limitspickk* up then a the hnoweek dig test In. and As colleges struggle with period, they out time Donatehonor codes McCabe. t ing take. place on thaeming MY! every aim Rutgers LoiYersify.and1.500 (Ss ofstudents. SlUdellb between Newark. have 405 2.220 students from He most recent survey ofcheating larger pansrudenebut ol erminethere willwho up always and cheat learn. 'It's be some saw, a tunnel,it'sStatejournalism butthe University. itslip really atmajor the a endat Arizona train."of thethink studenthavebetterfor e offhavinghencelife.- Mason a take 1.0.'Elecome of our code, Endemically. v reputation fir we': nmaway cheating interest in school of management at graduate NJ. More that 100 colleges. MoreSoutheastmainly are in lookingthe have Northean calm into them now. and at 31"because small to they work." heIn hi5 study of 5.096 medium-sized student sass cheated.honorcolleges code compare Minot7E', of saidwiththose al 57;theynon. ofprewe faith.-yourForpie otherwise leavethe Milos mon hackpacie srudent It's a big until part you trt: says. "Pe amun. let.the 8 5 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 8 U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) ERIC National Library of Education (NLE) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

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