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Technological Innovation and Defence: the Forza NEC Program in the Euro-Atlantic Framework

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IAI Research Papers Technological Innovation and Defence: The Forza NEC Program in the Euro-Atlantic Framework edited by Alessandro Marrone, Michele Nones and Alessandro R. Ungaro Edizioni Nuova Cultura Series Editor Natalino Ronzitti Acknowledgements The research team would like to thank the Italian Army General Staff, particularly the Land Transformation Department, as well as Finmeccanica-Selex ES. The authors bear the entire and exclusive responsibility for the content of this study. This research has been carried out with the support of Finmeccanica-Selex ES. Chapter 3 was translated with the support of Finmeccanica-Selex ES. Contributors Nick Brown, IHS Jane’s International Defence Review Tommaso De Zan, Junior Researcher, Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Maren Leed, Senior Adviser, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Alessandro Marrone, Senior Researcher, Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Michele Nones, Head of the Security and Defence Program, Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Alessandro R. Ungaro, Researcher, Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) _________________________ First published 2016 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Roma www.iai.it Copyright © 2016 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Roma ISBN: 9788868126513 Cover: by Luca Mozzicarelli Graphic Composition: by Luca Mozzicarelli The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Table of Contents Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................7 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 21 1. US Ground Forces and Network Enabled Capabilities: Finding the Balance, by Maren Leed ......................................................................................................................... 29 1.1 The state of the art of the American debate .....................................................29 1.2 The US Armed Forces’ requirements related to NEC ...................................33 1.3 Relevant procurement programs related to NEC .......................................... 47 1.4 Future challenges .........................................................................................................55 1.5 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................64 2. The Paths towards NEC: France, Germany and the United Kingdom, by Nick Brown .........................................................................................................................65 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................65 2.2 Cyber ..................................................................................................................................68 2.3 Command and Control (C2) .....................................................................................75 2.4 Satellite Communications (SATCOM) .................................................................90 2.5 Naval connectivity .......................................................................................................96 2.6 Air connectivity ............................................................................................................98 2.7 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................99 3. Italy and the Forza NEC Program, by Tommaso De Zan ....................................101 3.1 The Italian defence policy and the role of the Army ..................................102 3.2 The Italian Army and the netcentric capability .......................................... 115 3.3 The industrial dimension of the Forza NEC program .............................. 120 3.4 Forza NEC perspectives: challenges and opportunities .......................... 129 3.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 135 4. The Challenges of Netcentric Capabilities, by Alessandro Marrone, Michele Nones and Alessandro R. Ungaro ................. 139 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................151 5 Executive Summary Technological innovation and military environment have always been constantly interacting. Since the end of Cold War, this important interac- Paper mainly focuses on the relationship between the Information Com- municationtion has experienced Technology a significant (ICT) and theincrease. Italian, In US, this French, context, British this Research and Ger- man armed forces. Within the euro-Atlantic sphere, it has the aim to anal- yse the path to the development of Network Enabled Capabilities (NEC) through the Forza NEC program undertaken by the Italian Army in the past decade. The acronym NEC refers to the interconnection of different elements of armed forces in one single network, with the aim to obtain their interaction in order to reach a strategic supremacy. This process can be achieved throughout a suitable architecture of Communication, Com- mand, Control and Computer (C4), and the digitization of armed forces’ equipment, so that it can be connected to the network. The Research Paper is structured in three chapters, respectively giv- ing an analysis on the US case study, an overview of the developments the Italian situation. Four years after the publication of IAI Research Pa- perin France, “The Transformation Germany and Great of Armed Britain Forces: and finallyThe Forza a close NEC examination Program,” this on volume aims at focusing on the relation between technological innova- tion and the developments in the defence sector. The developments and efforts to digitize and interconnect the armed forces’ equipment through the ICT face both operative and budgetary problems. These realities com- plicate the path toward the development of netcentric capabilities of the armed forces here taken into consideration. *** 7 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVA TION AND DEFENCE: THE FORZA PNEC ROGRAM IN TEH EURO-AT CLANTI FRAMEWORK In the US, ICT and NEC have become deeply and irrevocably ingrained in US military operations. The debates now are centred on how they can be best employed, not whether they should be. Networks (wired and wire- less, space-based and terrestrial) play a crucial role in each of the “war- (C2), Intelligence, Fires, Movement and manoeuvre, Protection and Sus- fighting functions” found in US joint doctrine – Command and Control military service level, that are intended to provide capabilities in one or moretainment. of these There functional are dozens areas. of programs, both joint and at the individual As ICT have developed and created the promise of NEC, they have pre- sented both opportunity and challenge. The opportunity lies in greatly ofenhanced equipment. capability not just within platforms, but across them. One of the challengesEach of theis injecting four military that potential services acrossis taking a staggeringly the same basic large approach inventory to starts”finding will the beright designed balance to between be net-enabled, budgets and and with capability open architectures enhancements. to allowFunding for forcapability new programs upgrades is asbeing ICT continuecut back tosignificantly, advance. Existing but any equip “new- support (especially power) to allow for greater networking among dis- paratement is systems being incrementally and in some upgraded,cases to insert in some updated cases capabilities to provide sufficientdirectly. - shipsThe or Air airplanes Force and and Navy achieve are largely equivalent attempting capabilities to “pure across fleet” them. their maThe Marinejor weapon Corps systems and Army, – e.g., who to typicallyreduce the have number very large of different equipment models inven of- tories, must in many cases out of necessity have like-model platforms with differing levels of capability, creating interoperability challenges within their own units for larger scale operations. The intent is to minimize such the Army in particular to move to more explicit strategy of incremental upgradesdifferences across to the multiple greatest programs, possible extent, with differing but fiscal increments realities have across forced the force. Overall, however, the Army’s desire to evolve from “stand alone sys- tems to networked systems” is shared by the entire US military, and all of the services are moving in that direction. That said, the US military recognizes that on the one hand stand-alone 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY capabilities lack synergy, but on the other that networked ones present opportunities for adversaries to achieve much greater effects should they be able to penetrate or deny access to those networks. Evidence of these in cyber defences, though those fears are not preventing the full adoption ofconcerns NEC. can be found in the major investments the US military is making In many ways, broad-based recognition of the potential ICT offered for the US military began with Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite nav- igation system and the positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) informa- from Blue Force Tracker systems that
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