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EFL COURSE LEVEL 11 - INTERMEDIATE
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Table of Contents
Lessons Lesson 1 Money Lesson 2 Hobbies Lesson 3 Photography Lesson 4 Knowledge Lesson 5 Passive and Active Verb Forms Lesson 6 Adjective and Adjective Clause Lesson 7 Comparatives and Superlatives Lesson 8 Keeping Minutes Lesson 9 Writing a Diary Lesson 10 Unsolved Mysteries of the World Lesson 11 Morals and Values Lesson 12 Problem Solving Lesson 13 Conflict Resolution Lesson 14 Famous People that Influence Us Lesson 15 Knowledge Lesson 16 Following Instructions
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Lesson 1 Money
How to Save Money
Are you bad with finances ? Do you live from pay check to pay check? Would you like to figure out how to save a little money from time to time? Here are a few tips :
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1. Give yourself a budget for each week and stick to it . If you get to the end of the week with nothing left, take a bus instead of a cab, make your own dinner instead of eating out, invite your friends over for a BYOB (bring your own beer) party instead of going to a bar, and pass on the frivolous shopping spree until you have more money. 2. Stop using credit cards. Pay for everything with cash. It's easier to overspend when you're using a bank or credit card because you don't know exactly how much you have. If you have cash, you can see your supply running low . 3. Keep a record of your spending. Write down everything you spend your money on for a couple weeks or a month. Be as detailed as possible, and try not to leave out small purchases . Assign each purchase or expenditure a category such as : Rent, Car insurance, Car payments, Phone Bill, Cable Bill, Utilities , Gas, Food, Entertainment, etc.
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Activity 11.1.1: Money
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Lesson 2 Hobbies A hobby is an activity that someone takes up to do in their spare time. People decide to do their hobbies as it is a form of fun for them and helps them no longer stress about work or family matters. Hobbies are normally done at a specific time allocated for them so that people are able to spend that time doing what they want. For example, every Wednesday James goes to play squash with his friend from 18:00 - 19:00.
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Activity 11.2.1: Hobbies 1. Write a paragraph (4 - 6 lines) explaining your favourite computer game. Think about this before you start writing:
• What’s the name of your favourite game? • What kind of game is it? (Sim, RPG, shoot’em-up, puzzle, strategy,…) • How often do you play it? • Is it an online game or do you install it on your computer? • Where do you play it? • Why do you like it? • How do you play it and what do you have to do? • How good are you at it? • Is it free or do you have to pay for it? • Who else plays it? • Is it a popular game?
OR 2. Write a paragraph (4 - 6 lines) explaining another hobby you enjoy participating in Think about this before you start writing: • What is your hobby? • Tell us a bit about your hobby • How often do you participate in your hobby? • Where do you participate in your hobby • How good are you at it? • What have you learnt from your hobby? • Does it cost you money to do? How much? • Do a lot of people do it?
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Lesson 3 Photography Photography is a hobby that some people enjoy doing. People that participate in this hobby are generally very creative or artistic and enjoy finding the story behind everything they see, whether it be happy, sad or alluring. Photography is a hobby that can be done at any time of the day or night, but calls for the photographer to be inspired. Some people are avid photographers - taking photos every chance they get!
The amount spent on photography as a hobby depends on the individual. Photography can be a very expensive hobby as people can buy very expensive cameras, pods for the cameras to rest about, camera attachments and accessories as well as the amount it costs to development of the film(s). You can learn a lot about photography in terms of angles, light and the process taken to develop photographs.
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Hobby: Bokeh Photography
Life would be very boring without hobbies. We would appear like robots without feelings or colour blind creatures or simply aliens on our own planet. Since childhood, we are used to particular daily activity. Hobbies gives us time to relax and enjoy our life. One can fill their spare time with relaxing activities such as playing computer games, reading novel, watching TV and so on. In fact, there is a very long list of hobbies and interests to suit our passion.
A hobby or interest that has become well known recently is photography. Through the social networking medias, one’s interest in photography has become something special. Everyone has started to show off their masterpiece on those media such as Blog, Facebook, Twitter, Picasa or Instagram. People who share the same interest can also find inspirational photographs easily on the internet. No need to go to an art gallery regularly to catch some inspirational thoughts or to see other masterpieces .
Bokeh has been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light". However, differences in lens aberrations and aperture shape causes some lens designs to blur the image in a way that is pleasing to the eye, while others produce blurring that is unpleasant or distracting.
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Bokeh is pretty similar with other types of blur . In portrait photographs, blur is the background area behind the subject of the photograph. In ordinary cameras, blur can be produced automatically on setting menu but it produces standard blur . This standard blur is common. However, bokeh is not just any blur . Commonly, particular type of lens are needed to create the bokeh photograph. In this bokeh technique, the lens and aperture shape have to be adjusted. After that, it can create circle-shaped blur which is uniquely attractive to the eye.
This bokeh technique can be used in portrait photography. It is useful to capture portraits or any other photographs with particular subject in front and the light behind. For example, a portrait with city lights background can be captured . However, the background is not only limited for lights but also any other backgrounds can be produced as bokeh photograph. It makes an out-of- focus background so the subject stand out.
As a beginner in photography, one can produce a bokeh photograph with DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflect) cameras for a professional-looking photograph. However, you can use your phone camera too. You don’t need to buy expensive photography equipments. All you need is a camera and the perfect angle with the lights as the background. Moreover, a cup of creativity is needed to create an amazing bokeh masterpiece .
Vocabulary Building: photography = skill, job, or process of producing photographs. photograph = photo masterpiece = an extremely good work of art bokeh = a technique in photography to create a circle-shaped blur lens = thin curved piece of glass or plastic used in the camera blur = unclearly vision aperture = the size of the hole through which light passes to reach the film. capture = the act of taking a photograph or film portrait = photograph of a particular person
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Activity 11.3.1: Photography 1. What is Bokeh photography? 2. Try and make a sentence for each of the words in the vocabulary list.
The World of Photography
READ THE TEXT CARFULLY:
George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream.
He had 4 business principles/guidelines which he followed whole his life. The product (camera & film) had to be working all the time, so decisive moments wouldn’t be missed.
Cost had to be low, so it could be sold as a mass product. Furthermore the manufacturing of the products had to be automated utilizing machines (one could said that he was ahead of car manufacturer Ford). The last principle was to advertise the product to the mass market, making it known globally.
The best example and a great success was the Brownie. Brownie was the name of a long-running and extremely popular series of simple and inexpensive cameras made by Eastman Kodak. The Brownie popularized low-cost photography and introduced the concept of the snapshot.
The first Brownie, introduced in February, 1900, was a very basic cardboard box camera with a simple meniscus lens that took 2¼-inch square pictures on 117 roll film. With its simple controls and initial price of $1 (I had one in my hands today), it was intended to be a camera that anyone could afford and use, leading to the popular slogan, “You push the button, we do the rest. (Wiki)”
He was a high school dropout, judged "not especially gifted" when measured against the academic standards of the day. He was poor, but even as a young man, he took it upon himself to support his widowed mother and two sisters, one of whom was severely handicapped.
He began his business career as a 14-year old office boy in an insurance company and followed that with work as a clerk in a local bank.
He was George Eastman, and his ability to overcome financial adversity, his gift for organization and management, and his lively and inventive mind made him a
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Page 14 of 77 successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties, and enabled him to direct his Eastman Kodak Company to the forefront of American industry.
But building a multinational corporation and emerging as one of the nation's most important industrialists required dedication and sacrifice. It did not come easily.
The youngest of three children, George Eastman was born to Maria Kilbourn and George Washington Eastman on July 12, 1854 in the village of Waterville, some 20 miles southwest of Utica, in upstate New York. The house on the old Eastman homestead, where his father was born and where George spent his early years, has since been moved to the Genesee Country Museum in Mumford, N.Y., outside of Rochester.
When George was five years old, his father moved the family to Rochester. There the elder Eastman devoted his energy to establishing Eastman Commercial College. Then tragedy struck. George's father died, the college failed and the family became financially distressed.
George continued school until he was 14. Then, forced by family circumstances, he had to find employment.
His first job, as a messenger boy with an insurance firm, paid $3 a week. A year later, he became office boy for another insurance firm. Through his own initiative, he soon took charge of policy filing and even wrote policies. His pay increased to $5 per week.
But, even with that increase, his income was not enough to meet family expenses. He studied accounting at home evenings to get a better paying job.
In 1874, after five years in the insurance business, he was hired as a junior clerk at the Rochester Savings Bank. His salary tripled -- to more than $15 a week.
Trials of an Amateur
When Eastman was 24, he made plans for a vacation to Santo Domingo. When a co-worker suggested he make a record of the trip, Eastman bought a photographic outfit with all the paraphernalia of the wet plate days.
The camera was as big as a microwave oven and needed a heavy tripod. And he carried a tent so that he could spread photographic emulsion on glass plates before exposing them, and develop the exposed plates before they dried out. There were chemicals, glass tanks, a heavy plate holder, and a jug of water. The complete outfit "was a pack-horse load," as he described it. Learning how to use it to take pictures cost $5.
Eastman did not make the Sa nto Domingo trip. But he did become completely absorbed in photography and sought to simplify the complicated process.
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He read in British magazines that photographers were making their own gelatine emulsions. Plates coated with this emulsion remained sensitive after they were dry and could be exposed at leisure. Using a formula taken from one of these British journals, Eastman began making gelatine emulsions.
He worked at the bank during the day and experimented at home in his mother's kitchen at night. His mother said that some nights Eastman was so tired he couldn't undress, but slept on a blanket on the floor beside the kitchen stove.
After three years of photographic experiments, Eastman had a formula that worked. By 1880, he had not only invented a dry plate formula, but had patented a machine for preparing large numbers of the plates. He quickly recognized the possibilities of making dry plates for sale to other photographers.
Birth of a Company
In April 1880, Eastman leased the third floor of a bu ilding on State Street in Rochester, and began to manufacture dry plates for sale. One of his first purchases was a second-hand engine priced at $125.
"I really needed only a one horse-power," he later recalled. "This was a two horse-power, but I thought p erhaps business would grow up to it. It was worth a chance, so I took it."
As his young company grew, it faced total collapse at least once when dry plates in the hands of dealers went bad. Eastman recalled them and replaced them with a good product. "Maki ng good on those plates took our last dollar," he said. "But what we had left was more important -- reputation."
The idea gradually dawned on me," he later said, "that what we were doing was not merely making dry plates, but that we were starting out to make photography an everyday affair." Or as he described it more succinctly "to make the camera as convenient as the pencil."
Eastman's experiments were directed to the use of a lighter and more flexible support than glass. His first approach was to coat the photographic emulsion on paper and then load the paper in a roll holder. The holder was used in view cameras in place of the holders for glass plates.
The first film advertisements in 1885 stated that "shortly there will be introduced a new sensitive film which it is believed will prove an economical and convenient substitute for glass dry plates both for outdoor and studio work."
This system of photography using roll holders was immediately successful. However, paper was not entirely satisfactory as a carrier for the emulsion because the grain of the paper was likely to be reproduced in the photo.
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Eastman's solution was to coat the paper with a layer of plain, soluble gelatine, and then with a layer of insoluble light-sensitive gelatine. After exposure and development, the gelatine bearing the image was stripped from the paper, transferred to a sheet of clear gelatine, and varnished with collodion -- a cellulose solution that forms a tough, flexible film.
As he perfected transparent roll film and the roll holder, Eastman changed the whole direction of his work and established the base on which his success in amateur photography would be built.
Activity 11.3.2: Photography 1. Answer these questions on the text: a. What did George Eastman invent? b. How important was his invention? c. What were his main principles? d. What was his bets success? Explain. e. How well did he do at school? f. What was George’s first job? g. What made him a successful entrepreneur? h. What did he have to do to support his family?
2. Complete these sentences according to the text: a. Eastman’s first photographic trials were performed with ______. b. After this first attempt he realized that ______so he decided to experiment a new ______. that he had read in British magazines. c. He worked during the day and ______his mother’s kitchen. d. He spent ______of photographic experiments and then ______.
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Page 17 of 77 e. The company collapsed but ______. f. His thoughts were to ______as part of people’s everyday life. g. Using roll holders brought him ______because he used ______.
Lesson 4 Knowledge
Why is Knowledge Important?
Knowledge is, roughly, useful information. It is information that's adapted to a purpose. It is good explanations, and it is solutions to problems people had. Knowledge shouldn't be expected to be perfect. A partial solution is still knowledge, even if it contains some mistakes, and can be improved on in the future.
Knowledge is created by imaginative and critical thought. The key ingredients are both creativity and criticism. We need numerous ideas, including ones that aren't obvious. And we need error correction to get rid of flaws. With those two components, we can improve our knowledge and learn new things.
It's also important to be sensitive to problems. Problems are opportunities to learn something new, and to improve our lives. But some people are scared of problems, or consider problems inevitable and permanent. "Life isn't perfect, and who do you think you are trying to do better than thousands of smart people before you? Some problems are never going to go away, and you should just get accustomed to them." These people don't notice, keep track of, and make an effort to solve problems as well as they could with a better attitude. That means they solve fewer problems, and correct fewer of the problem-causing flaws in their ideas.
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Problems can be solved and knowledge can be created. What is there to stop us? There are the laws of physics. We can never make a perpetual motion machine. And there's our preferences. If we don't want to solve a problem, we won't. And there's our knowledge. If we don't know enough about a problem then we may have to learn more before we solve it.
None of these obstacles should ever make us unhappy. It's possible to have a great life without violating the laws of physics. It's possible to have a productive, happy life without knowing everything: just work on accessible problems and make progress. If we want to live in this way, we won't be upset when we don't solve some other irrelevant problem.
Most people think that knowledge is justified, true belief. This is an authoritarian conception of knowledge, and a perfectionist conception. It insists that if an idea is only a partial solution, or contains a mistake, then it's not genuine knowledge. And it encourages appeals to authority which serve as justifications.
If a person believes that he has a justified, true belief then he has no reason to listen to criticism of his belief, or to listen to dissenting opinions. Any idea which contradicts a true belief must be false. Therefore, all criticism is irrelevant, and anyone who disagrees is mistaken. The only thing to do is educate them, not debate with them, and not consider that they might be right and we might be able to mutually learn from each other. Confidence that one definitely knows the final truth leaves one with no reason to try to correct errors; it's actually foolish.
Justification is a chimera. Suppose I justify an idea with a justification J 1. Now let's consider J1. J 1 is itself an idea. And it might be mistaken, so we'll need to justify J 1 too. So we do: we think of a justification of J 1 which we'll call J 2. Unfortunately, this leads to the same problem again. How do we know J 2 is correct? So we offer J 3, and then J 4, and so on. And every single justification is critically important. If J 3 isn't correct or isn't justified, then neither is J 2. And if J 2 isn't, then J 1 isn't justified. And that would mean the original idea isn't either, which would mean it's not knowledge according to the justified, true belief conception of knowledge.
As you can see, justification leads to an infinite regress. There is no end to the justifications needed. There are two ways to try to get out of this problem. The first is circular. You use J2 to justify J 4, say. But circular arguments are invalid. The second way out is to declare some ideas to be self-evident or self-justifying. When you get to them, you just stop, and you never consider if they might be mistaken. This is circular too. It's justifying J 4 using J 4. Further, how do you decide which propositions are self-justifying? You'll need an idea about that, and it needs to be correct, so you better justify it. No problem has been solved.
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The way out of this mess is to stop seeking justifications at all. Instead, we can pursue knowledge as I describe it above: imperfect but useful ideas, which we don't claim are justified, but we do improve as much as we can, and remove as many errors as we can from. In this way, our knowledge is our best ideas so far. What's wrong with that?
A common question is if we don't accept justifications, then how can we ever take practical action when we don't have a justified, true belief about which action is best. This is easy. We should act on our best ideas. What else would we do? Act on ideas we consider inferior?
Using the justificationist approach, when we consider a new idea the main question asked is, "How do we know this is true? How can we support or prove it?" Support and proof are just different words for "justify", and have the same problems I described.
When we consider a new idea, the main question should be: "Do you (or anyone else) see anything wrong with it? And do you (or anyone else) have a better idea?" If the answers are 'no' and 'no' then we can accept it as our best idea for now.
Activity 11.4.1 General Knowledge
1. Fleet of face
Who had “the face that launched a thousand ships”?
A) Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt B) Helen of Troy C) Joan of Arc D) Queen Elizabeth I of England
2. Well connected
Which of the following was Anne Hathaway?
A) The daughter of Sir Walter Raleigh B) The mother of Oliver Cromwell C) The sister of Sir Isaac Newton D) The wife of William Shakespeare
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3. Man of mystery
Who was Edwin Drood?
A) The title character of an unfinished novel by Charles Dickens B) The hero of H. Rider Haggard’s King Solomon’s Mines C) The author of such eerie tales as The Monkey’s Paw D) The real-life person on whom Sherlock Holmes was based
4. Ubi Mare Imbrium est?
Where would you find Mare Imbrium?
A) In the Pacific Ocean B) On the Moon C) In a stable in Austria D) In C.S. Lewis’ imaginary land of Narnia
5. All that jazz
Which great jazz musician had the nickname “Satchmo”?
A) Art Tatum B) Django Reinhardt C) Louis Armstrong D) Miles Davis
6. How high is your dudgeon?
If you are “in high dudgeon”, you are:
A) Chained to a cliff B) Convinced of your moral superiority C) Extremely angry D) Full of good cheer
7. Day job
Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland , was actually Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, an Oxford University lecturer in what field?
A) Mathematics B) The psychology of dreams C) Religious studies D) Theoretical physics
8. The one after the one after
Which is the third largest planet in the Solar System?
A) Jupiter B) Neptune
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C) Saturn D) Uranus
9. Knights and ladies
In the days of chivalry, when a knight referred to his “destrier” and a lady to her “palfrey”, they were both talking about their:
A) Dog B) Hawk C) Horse D) Uncle or aunt
Lesson 5 The Verb
Verbs Express Actions Verbs are doing words. A verb can express:
• A physical action (e.g., to swim , to write , to climb ). • A mental action (e.g., to think , to guess , to consider ). • A state of being (e.g., to be , to exist , to appear ).
The verbs which express a state of being are the ones which take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common. The most common verb is the verb to be . That's the one which goes:
Verb to be in Verb to be in Verb to be in Subject the past the present the future tense tense tense I was am will be You were are will be He / She / It was is will be We were are will be You were are will be They were are will be
If you're a native English speaker who's new to studying grammar, you probably know this table without even knowing you know it.
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Lots of Verbs Express Physical Actions Here are some sentences with the verbs highlighted. (These verbs express physical actions.)
• She sells pegs and lucky heather.
(In this example, the word sells is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to sell .)
• The doctor wrote the prescription.
(In this example, the word wrote is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to write .)
• Alison bought a ticket.
(The word bought is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to buy .)
Verbs Express Mental Actions Too As we covered at the start, verbs do not necessarily express physical actions like the ones above. They can express mental actions too:
Example:
• She considers the job done.
(The word considers is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to consider .)
• Peter guessed the right number.
(The word guessed is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to guess .)
• I thought the same thing.
(The word thought is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to think .)
Verbs Express a State of Being A small, but extremely important group of verbs do not express any activity at all. The most important verb in this group – arguably of all – is the verb to be . As already mentioned, this is seen in forms like is , are , were , was , will be , etc.
Some real examples:
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• Edwina is the largest elephant in this area.
(The word is is a verb from the verb to be .)
• It was a joke.
(The word was is a verb from the verb to be .)
• I am .
(The word am is a verb from the verb to be .) (Point of interest: I am is the shortest sentence in English.)
Activity 11.5.1: The Verb 1. Fill in the missing words.
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Lesson 6 Active and Passive Verb Forms
Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
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Active / Passive Overview
Active Passive
Simple Once a week, the house is cleaned Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Present by Tom.
Present Right now, the letter is being written Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Continuous by Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
The salesman was helping the The customer was being helped by Past customer when the thief came into the the salesman when the thief came Continuous store. into the store.
Present Many tourists have visited that That castle has been visited by Perfect castle. many tourists.
Present Recently, John has been doing the Recently, the work has been being Perfect work. done by John. Continuous
George had repaired many cars Many cars had been repaired by Past Perfect before he received his mechanic's George before he received his license. mechanic's license.
The restaurant's fantastic dinners had Chef Jones had been preparing the Past Perfect been being prepared by Chef Jones restaurant's fantastic dinners for two Continuous for two years before he moved to years before he moved to Paris. Paris.
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Simple Someone will finish the work by 5:00 The work will be finished by 5:00 Future PM. PM. will
Simple Sally is going to make a beautiful A beautiful dinner is going to be Future dinner tonight. made by Sally tonight. be going to
Future At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be Continuous washing the dishes. being washed by John. will
Future At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are Continuous be washing the dishes. going to be being washed by John. be going to
Future They will have completed the project The project will have been Perfect before the deadline. completed before the deadline. will
Future They are going to have completed The project is going to have been Perfect the project before the deadline. completed before the deadline. be going to
Future The famous artist will have been The mural will have been being Perfect painting the mural for over six painted by the famous artist for over Continuous months by the time it is finished. six months by the time it is finished. will
Future The mural is going to have been The famous artist is going to have Perfect being painted by the famous artist been painting the mural for over six Continuous for over six months by the time it is months by the time it is finished. be going to finished.
Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
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Would My mother would always make the The pies would always be made by Always pies. my mother.
Future in the I knew John would finish the work by I knew the work would be finished Past 5:00 PM. by 5:00 PM. Would
Future in the Past I thought Sally was going to make a I thought a beautiful dinner was Was Going beautiful dinner tonight. going to be made by Sally tonight. to
Changing from Passive to Active voice :
To change a verb from passive to active voice, make the subject of the passive verb the object of the active verb. The person or thing performing the action then becomes the subject of the new sentence. The verbs in the following examples are underlined. Notice the change from the passive form of the verb to the active form.
EXAMPLE: Passive: The novel Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley. Active: Mary Shelley wrote the novel Frankenstein.
If a passive verb does not have an object, you have to supply one that will become the subject of the active verb.
EXAMPLE: Passive: Baby elephants are taught to avoid humans. (By whom are baby elephants taught? Active: Adult elephants teach baby elephants to avoid humans.
Changing from Active to Passive voice: To change a verb from active to passive voice, make the object of the active verb the subject of the passive verb. This makes
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Page 30 of 77 the subject of the active verb become the object of the passive verb. The verbs in the following examples are underlined. Notice the change from the active form of the verb to the passive.
EXAMPLE: Active: Sir James Murray compiled The Oxford English Dictionary. Passive: The Oxford English Dictionary was compiled by Sir James.
Activity 11.6.1 1. Write these sentences into passive voice: a) He is wearing a blue skirt. b) We are not taking an exam tomorrow. c) They spend a lot of money on clothes. d) Does Pam drink juice in the morning? e) You must finish your homework right now. f) The children sang a Christmas carol. g) I saw her yesterday. h) Somebody open the door in the morning. i) Mia will buy a new dress next Saturday. j) You should study Japanese. k) We visited them last week. l) I didn’t take a shower last night.
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m) Did you get the tickets for the play? n) We have never taken a train. o) I give Emily a kiss every day.
2. Change these sentences from active to passive voice. a) Active : Sarah painted the house. Passive : The house was painted by Sarah. b) Active : The man cleaned the windows Passive: The windows... c) Active : The Smiths own that house. Passive : That house... d) Active : Mrs Smith planted the flowers. Passive : ... e) Active : Sarah feeds the cat. Passive : ... f) Active : A child drew that picture. Passive : ... g) Active: The dog bit the postman’s leg. Passive: ... h) Active: Oon made the Spring rolls. Passive : ... i) Active : Woody did the washing up. Passive : ...
Activity 11.6.2
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Future Perfect
Lesson 7
Adjectives and Adjective Clauses
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Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles — a, an , and the — are adjectives.
• the tall professor • the lugubrious lieutenant • a solid commitment • a month's pay • a six-year-old child • the unhappiest, richest man
If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an adjective clause.
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Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.
Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use — or over- use — of adjectives: Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to do more work than they should. Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do the hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives that don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful, lovely, exciting . It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest, and when you simply insist on its presence without showing it to your reader — well, you're convincing no one.
Consider the uses of modifiers in this adjectivally rich paragraph from Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel . (Charles Scribner's, 1929, p. 69.) Adjectives are highlighted in this colour ; participles, verb forms acting as adjectives, are highlighted in this blue. Some people would argue that words that are part of a name — like "East India Tea House — are not really adjectival and that possessive nouns — father's, farmer's — are not technically adjectives, but we've included them in our analysis of Wolfe's text.
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He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet , before a fire of coals. He knew the good male smell of his father's sitting-room; of the smooth worn leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the blistered varnished wood upon the hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings; of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of the brown tired autumn earth; of honey-suckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who comes weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued stringbeans smoking- hot and seasoned well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and carpets have been stored, long closed ; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets.
An abundance of adjectives like this would be uncommon in contemporary prose. Whether we have lost something or not is left up to you.
Position of Adjectives
Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. When indefinite pronouns — such as something, someone, anybody — are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished. Something wicked this way comes.
And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify):
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.
See, also, the note on a- adjectives, below, for the position of such words as "ablaze, aloof, aghast."
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Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives can express degrees of modification:
• Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town.
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.
Activity 11.7.1 1. Discuss your goals, dreams and aspirations using adjectives . 2. Instruct someone to do something using adjectives .
Lesson 8
Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparatives: We use comparisons to compare two people, things or animals. When the adjective has one or two syllables we add -er to the adjective and we write than after the adjective.
Superlatives: We use the superlatives to compare more than two people, things or animals. When the adjective has one or two syllables we add -est to the adjective and the right before the adjective. When the adjective has more than three syllables, we write the most before the adjective.
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What's the best food you've ever eaten? What's the best movie you've ever seen? What's the most beautiful place in your country? What's the most difficult school subject? What's the most expensive present you've ever bought? What's the most visited tourist attraction in your country? What's the worst food ever? Who's the best teacher you've ever had?
Activity 11.8.1 Comparision and Superlatives
1. Research the questions below.
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Activity 11.8.2 Comparision and Superlatives 1. Never have I seen such a fantastic show! It's the most… 2. I've never read such a bad poem. It's… 3. I've never seen such a funny film. It's the… 4. To our great surprise we found one immediately. The surprise was all… 5. I have never met such a silly woman. She… 6. As he advanced, the jungle became thicker. The further… 7. I have never seen such fat people as the Americans. The Americans are… 8. Danger increases if you drive fast. The faster… 9. I have never heard a more stupid story. It is the… Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re- produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolgroup.com.
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10. Mary's coat is more expensive than Kate's. Kate's coat… 11. I have never heard such a dreadful singer! He is… 12. There are more students in my school than in yours. There are not …in your school… in mine. 13. I've never read such a good thriller in my life! It's the… 14. He's never played such a good game. This is… 15. I have never heard such a talented pianist. This man is the… 16. When you don't sleep much, you feel tired. The …,the… 17. Sting is the most dedicated singer in the music business. There isn't… 18. I've never eaten anything as bad as that. This is…thing.. 19. I've never seen such a good film! This is…film… 20. I've never met a worse liar than your brother. Your brother… 21. I have never seen such a beautiful garden. It is… 22. I've never heard such stupid arguments. These are the… 23. When you wait too long, you feel nervous. The …,the... 24. If you drive fast, you run a lot of risks. The faster… 25. I've never witnessed such a destructive hurricane. This is… 26. 1f you go to bed early, you sleep better. The … , the… 27. This is the most exciting book l've ever read! I’ve… 28. There are many TV channels now; as a consequence people go to the cinema less and less. The more… 29. It's the best book l've ever read. I've never… 30. I've never read such a bad book. It 's … 31. Her coat is much more expensive than mine. My coat… 32. That's the best film l've ever seen. I’ve… 33. I have never watched such a tense game of tennis. It is… 34. I have never seen a more fanatical supporter than James. James is the… 35. As he has less and less money, he has fewer and fewer friends. The… 36. As I worked on the problem, the solution became clear. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re- produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolgroup.com.
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The more I… 37. I prefer tea to coffee. I like...
Lesson 9 Keeping Minutes
Keeping minutes is crucial to an organisation as this is supposed to accurately reflect what important decisions were made in the meeting. Minute keeping is an official record designed to reduce the confusion and disputes as to what happened in each meeting held at the organisation and explains what the outcome was reached.
Include Relevant Details
The minutes of a meeting should display:
• The full name of the organisation • The name of the individual conducting the meeting • The date and time of the meeting • Meeting location • List of meeting attendees and a list of those absent
Record Key Activities
For each meeting, the minutes should record the motions that were voted on and who voted for them. The discussions of the members present for the meeting do not need to be recorded, but it is important to record what the final decision each members made. The minutes of a meeting only need to be taken at formal meetings and it is not essential to take them during informal meeting, however it may be beneficial. The minutes should be handwritten and then typed afterwards to be placed in a minute book. Some organisations make a copy for all members that attended the meeting to have in order to look back and evaluate what has been dealt with in the meetings and what decisions were made.
Keep it Simple
You do not have to use any detailed or high vocabulary in the minutes. Simple state what has been said in a simple and straightforward manner. The format of the minutes can be designed by the organisation.
Activity 11.9.1 Keeping Minutes 1. We are now going to have a meeting in class regarding the new attire policy.
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International Standard Business Attire
The standard suit and tie for men and women still has a strong place in the professional world. Tailored dresses, as well as skirts with a blouse and jacket, can also serve as standard business attire for women. Standard business attire is more polished and professional-looking than casual dress. When in doubt, stick with standard business attire to be safe.
Business Casual
The term “business casual” means different things to different companies. In some companies it may be acceptable for women to wear Capri pants or long shirts – but avoid these for small business dealings. You want to project that you are a business woman, and not look like a mom coming to a meeting from your child’s play date.
How to Dress for Business Success
The following points might reflect what has happened during a discussion of Attire/Clothing/Dress Policy in the organization. They need to be summarized in minutes of the meeting.
• Wear Tailored Clothing: Tailored clothing always looks better. It pays to invest in several high quality outfits that are interchangeable than in multiple poor quality outfits. • Colour and Patterns: Conservative colours and fabrics remain a standard in business attire for men and women. Wear dark gray or navy pants and suits. Women can also wear black if the clothing itself is professional (cocktail dresses are not appropriate for business meetings).
Avoid colour and pattern extremes. You want to make a statement about your business not a personal statement expressing your passion for purple polka dots.
Plaids and subtle patterns that appear solid from across a room are conservative and safest. Wide stripes and fabrics with a high sheen are too distracting for business meetings.
• Pants and Suits: Pants are fine, but stick to tailored pants with a crease. Khaki, twill, and corduroy are good fabric choices for business casual but stay away from denim and heavy cotton materials.
Pants and suits made from wool, and wool blends are good standard business attire and work for all seasons. Try to avoid synthetic fabrics like rayon and polyester blends.
Make sure pants are pressed and as wrinkle free as possible. The hem should cover the ankle but not drape to the floor. Even if you have a lovely figure stay away from pants that are too tight.
• Skirts and Dresses: The right colour and material are important but the right length is critical. If you sit in a chair and can see too much thigh with legs crossed or uncrossed the outfit is too short.
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If your skirt has a slit it should be small, centered in the back, and no higher than the back of your knee. High slits in skirts are never appropriate. A slit should not impair mobility (walking and climbing up stairs). If you cannot walk comfortably in a skirt it is too small or too tight.
• Shirts and Sweaters: First rule: don’t show cleavage. Blouses should be tailored and coordinate with the rest of your outfit. Fine-gauge knit shells are fine but be sure any top you choose is not see-through. • Bras and Panties: Undergarments should support your figure and not show through clothing. If your panty line shows your clothing may be too tight or you might need to wear a slip. • Shoes: Closed-toed pumps in a colour that compliments your outfit are best. Do not wear chunky heels, flat soled-shoes, stilettos, or shoes with too much height. It is important to wear shoes that fit well so you can walk comfortably. Shoe colour should coordinate with the colour of your purse.
Shoes should be polished and clean, made of leather or microfiber. Sandals are never appropriate for business attire but tennis shoes may be fine for business casual.
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Lesson 10 Writing a Diary A diary is a written record of your life. People write diaries for a variety of different reasons, including: • Self-expression
One of my favourite reasons for writing a diary is the ability to express what I’m feeling and thinking and by writing it down I’m channelling that energy into something just for me! Actually my diary pieces of conversations. For example, I may write in Spanish or English, and my handwriting always changes. I turn the pages and write in different directions or in capitals. I like to explore different ways and write in the way it feels good for me at that time. Nowadays I only buy diaries with blank pages so I have the freedom to create whatever I want on that page. Express yourself through your diary.
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• Time for you
Giving yourself time to write in your diary is literally setting aside time just for you, be it every week, every day or whatever. Quality alone time. I love to be on my own, writing down my thoughts and be able to come away from whatever environment I find myself in. If you're travelling or you live with other people, your dairy writing time can be a real treasured time of the day. Wicked.
• Writing is Therapeutic
Writing out your ideas / inspirations / troubles and all your daily stuff is therapy . An awesome one. It gives you a freedom to express yourself and allows the words to flow out. You can think things over and reflect. It for sure contributes to a sense of well-being, sometimes I begin writing in a terrible mood and by the time I’ve finished I’m feeling on top of the world. Write down your versions of events!
• Re-reading and memories…
I cannot tell you how much I love, love, love re-reading my diary. When I turn up in a new place or start a new part of my life, I like to write what I want to achieve or my first impressions and re-reading these is so much fun. It’s also a really cool reference to look back at what you were doing at that time and you can see how much you’ve evolved! Memories you forgot you had appear in personal detailed form… Also you can look back in pure embarrassment of the things you’ve done, which makes for great entertainment. One reason why my diary is a private one.
• Goal Setting
Writing down dreams and ambitions is a beginning to step to achieving them. Sometimes we have goals and forget all about them, only to return later and find we’ve completed them. A while back I found myself reading a dairy of 2009. I’d written one of the things I’d love to try in the world was tango dancing. Completely unaware it was a thought that had occurred to me beforehand, I turned up in Argentina three years later and dedicated some time for learning to dance tango. This has happened to me a lot, from riding horses to travelling certain countries… It’s also great to re-read for a reference, to write this blog I need to go back through all my dairies to trigger the memories I forgot I had..
• A present just for you
Your dairy is just for you. It’s not something you have to share and it’s simply having an activity and dedication that is 100% yours.. Whether you're writing about something you’ve seen on TV that’s inspired you, or day-to-day stuff. It’s yours 100% your own creation of your life. :)
• Get to know yourself better
You get to spend time writing about what you have done, how you’ve reacted, what inspires you, what are you passionate about, the more you write, the more you see patterns and have more quality ‘you time’. Get to know yourself more…
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• Creativity
As mentioned above you can express yourself 100% and you can get really creative with your content. I sometimes write in the 3rd person form, or I’ve even tried writing in Shakespearean language. You can create poems if you feel inspired, simply, there are no rules!
• Improving on those writing skills
Just with any skill, the more you do it, the better you get. So writing either daily or weekly helps you maintain and improve your writing skills! And that’s just a bonus!
• A little something for your grandchildren to read
I would have loved to have read my grandparents dairy. What life was like for them, in this ever-changing world and just the normal stuff they did day to day. I’m sure grand-kids would love to read about ‘life before the mobile phone.’ It already seems like a lifetime ago…
It’s never too late to start!
Do you keep a diary? How does it help you? Is it something you used to do but gave up? Is your dairy your best friend?
Structure of a Diary
A diary does not have a very strict structure. A dairy includes an introduction such as dear diary and also has the date. The date can be place above or next to the introduction. People sign their diaries off in a variety of different ways, but generally end off with their name.
March 3, 2012
Dear Diary,
I’m so upset!! I don’t even know where to begin!
To start off, I think I completely failed my geometry quiz, which I know I should’ve studied more for...my dad’s not gonna be happy about that. :( Then, we had a pop quiz in history on the reading homework from last night, and I completely forgot most of what I read, which made me even more upset because I actually did the reading! But what really made me mad was the note that Sarah slipped into my locker during passing period. She said she was sad that I’ve been hanging out with Jane more lately and thinks that I don’t want to be her friend anymore. I can’t believe she thinks that, especially after talking with her on the phone for hours and hours last month while she was going through her breakup with Nick! Just because I’ve been hanging out with Jane a little more than usual doesn’t mean I’m not her friend anymore. She completely blew me off at lunch, and when I told Jane, she thought that Sarah was being a “drama queen.”
This is just what I need! My parents are getting on my case about doing more extracurricular activities, I have a huge paper due for AP English soon, and I can’t understand a thing in advanced Spanish! The last thing I need is for my best friend to think I hate her and barely text me back anymore.
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Uggh! I can’t concentrate on anything right now because of it. I hope she gets over it!!!
Love,
Kate
March 4, 2012
Dear Diary,
Today was a little better. I texted Sarah last night asking if she wanted to have lunch with me today, just the two of us, and she said sure. I told her that just because I’m hanging out with Jane, it doesn’t change anything about our friendship. After all, we’ve been friends since first grade! She said that she knows that, but she just felt like the third wheel because she doesn’t think that Jane likes her and because Jane and I have a lot of classes together. I told her not to worry about what Jane thought and that I’d talk to her about it. Sarah felt a lot better, and after we both cried a little, we spent the rest of lunch catching up on the latest gossip, which I missed!
During English, I talked to Jane about what Sarah said. She said that it’s not that she doesn’t like Sarah; she just thinks that she gets too worked up about things sometime, like her breakup with Nick. I explained why Sarah was so upset about it and how Nick had cheated on her, which Jane didn’t know, and she felt bad for saying mean things about Sarah. I think Jane’s really cool, but I wish she wouldn’t assume things about people. I’m worried she was saying mean things about Sarah to our other friends when she didn’t know the truth. She sometimes likes to spread rumours even when she doesn’t know if they’re true.
I thought it would be fun for the three of us to get some coffee after school and try to make everything better. I’m not sure how well that worked, because even though Jane was trying really hard to be nice to Sarah, I could tell that Sarah was being really fake with Jane. When I texted Sarah later, she said everything was fine, but I know her well enough to know that’s not completely true.
::Sigh:: Oh well. I’m not her mom, and I can’t force her to feel anything. It just frustrates me because I don’t want things to change between us...
We’ll see what happens. I have to get some math homework done now!
Night!
Kate
March 6, 2012
Dear Diary,
Sorry I didn’t get to write last night! It was such a busy day, and I was too tired to write anything...
I was right about Sarah not being okay. Yesterday, she barely spoke to me, and anything she did say was a “yes” or “no” answer. I tried so hard to get her to cheer up, but of course
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Page 47 of 77 she just kept saying, “I’m fine, I’m fine.” Uggh! I wish she would just be honest with me! I’m always honest with her! It’s not fair!
Jane also seemed mad all day because she could tell that Sarah was being fake nice to her. I hate being in the middle of all of this. What am I supposed to do? Sarah’s been my friend since forever, and Jane is my new friend, and I don’t want to hurt anyone’s feelings! But I think that Jane is right about Sarah. I think Sarah sometimes gets too dramatic about things. She’s being kind of a brat about all of this, but I don’t want to tell her that to her face, she’d never forgive me.
I wish things were simple like they were in elementary school. :( :( :(
<3,
Kate
Activity 11.10.1 Dear Diary 1. Write a few diary entries on a tour/excursion, holiday, another country of a few daily events. 2. Make a Facebook announcement on something that happened to you during the day. Lesson 11 Unsolved Mysteries of the World
Go figure Few stories have the power to captivate us more than those that remain unresolved. Codes, puzzles and cryptic public art tease us with their intrigue: Why is their message coded? What great secrets might they hide? Despite the efforts of our most revered historians, cleverest cryptographers and most determined treasure hunters, history is replete with riddles that continue to confound us today. Fictional tales like those featured in “The Da Vinci Code” and the movie “National Treasure” have got
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Page 48 of 77 nothing on these real-life puzzles. Here's our list of 10 of the world's most cryptic unsolved mysteries and codes. (Text: Bryan Nelson)
Voynich Manuscript Named after the Polish-American antiquarian bookseller Wilfrid M. Voynich, who acquired it in 1912, the Voynich Manuscript is a detailed 240-page book written in a language or script that is completely unknown. Its pages are also filled with colourful drawings of strange diagrams, odd events and plants that do not seem to match any known species, adding to the intrigue of the document and the difficulty of deciphering it. The original author of the manuscript remains unknown, but carbon dating has revealed that its pages were made sometime between 1404 and 1438. It has been called "the world's most mysterious manuscript." Theories abound about the origin and nature of the manuscript. Some believe it was meant to be a pharmacopoeia, to address topics in medieval or early modern medicine. Many of the pictures of herbs and plants hint that it many have been some kind of textbook for an alchemist. The fact that many diagrams appear to be of astronomical origin, combined with the unidentifiable biological drawings, has even led some fanciful theorists to propose that the book may have an alien origin. One thing most theorists agree on is that the book is unlikely to be a hoax, given the amount of time, money and detail that would have been required to make it.
Kryptos Kryptos is a mysterious encrypted sculpture designed by artist Jim Sanborn which sits right outside the headquarters of the CIA in Langley, Va. It's so mysterious, in fact, that not even the CIA has completely cracked the code. The sculpture contains four inscriptions, and although three of them have been cracked, the fourth remains elusive (Read what the first three inscriptions say here). In 2006 Sanborn let slip that there are clues in the first inscriptions to the last one, and in 2010 he released another clue: the Letters 64-69 NYPVTT in part 4 encode the text BERLIN. Think you have what it takes to solve it?
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Beale Ciphers The Beale Ciphers are a set of three cipher texts that supposedly reveal the location of one of the grandest buried treasures in U.S. history: thousands of pounds of gold, silver and jewels. The treasure was originally obtained by a mysterious man named Thomas Jefferson Beale in 1818 while prospecting in Colorado. Of the three cipher texts, only the second one has been cracked. Interestingly, the U.S. Declaration of Independence turned out to be the key — a curious fact given that Beale shares his name with the author of the Declaration of Independence. The cracked text does reveal the county where the treasure was buried: Bedford County, Va., but its exact location is likely encrypted in one of the other 'uncracked' ciphers. To this day, treasure hunters scour the Bedford County hillsides digging (often illegally) for the loot.
Phaistos Disc The mystery of the Phaistos Disc is a story that sounds like something out of an Indiana Jones movie. Discovered by Italian archaeologist Luigi Pernier in 1908 in the Minoan palace-site of Phaistos, the disc is made of fired clay and contains mysterious symbols that may represent an unknown form of hieroglyphics. It is believed that it was designed sometime in the second millennium BC.
Some scholars believe that the hieroglyphs resemble symbols of Linear A and Linear B, scripts once used in ancient Crete. The only problem? Linear A also eludes decipherment. Today the disc remains one of the most famous puzzles of archaeology.
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Shugborough inscription Look from afar at the 18th-century Shepherd's Monument in Staffordshire, England, and you might take it as nothing more than a sculpted re-creation of Nicolas Poussin's famous painting, “Arcadian Shepherds.” Look closer, though, and you'll notice a curious sequence of letters: DOUOSVAVVM — a code that has eluded decipherment for over 250 years. Though the identity of the code carver remains a mystery, some have speculated that the code could be a clue left behind by the Knights Templar about the whereabouts of the Holy Grail. Many of the world's greatest minds have tried to crack the code and failed, including Charles Dickens and Charles Darwin.
Tamam Shud case Considered to be one of Australia's most profound mysteries, the Tamam Shud Case revolves around an unidentified man found dead in December 1948 on Somerton beach in Adelaide, Australia. Aside from the fact that the man could never be identified, the mystery deepened after a tiny piece of paper with the words "Tamam Shud" was found in a hidden pocket sewn within the dead man's trousers. (It is also referred to as "Taman Shud.") The phrase translates as "ended" or "finished" and is a phrase used on the last page of a collection of poems called “The Rubaiyat” of Omar Khayyam. Adding to the mystery, a copy of Khayyam's collection was later found that contained a scribbled code in it believed to have been left by the dead man himself. Due to the content of the Khayyam poem, many have come to believe that the message may represent a suicide note of sorts, but it remains uncracked, as does the case. Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re- produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolgroup.com.
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The Wow! Signal One summer night in 1977, Jerry Ehman, a volunteer for SETI, or the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, may have become the first man ever to receive an intentional message from an alien world. Ehman was scanning radio waves from deep space, hoping to randomly come across a signal that bore the hallmarks of one that might be sent by intelligent aliens, when he saw his measurements spike. The signal lasted for 72 seconds, the longest period of time it could possibly be measured by the array that Ehman was using. It was loud and appeared to have been transmitted from a place no human has gone before: in the constellation Sagittarius near a star called Tau Sagittarii, 120 light-years away. Ehman wrote the words "Wow!" on the original printout of the signal, thus its title as the "Wow! Signal." All attempts to locate the signal again have failed, leading to much controversy and mystery about its origins and its meaning.
The Zodiac letters The Zodiac letters are a series of four encrypted messages believed to have been written by the famous Zodiac Killer, a serial killer who terrorized residents of the San Francisco Bay Area in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The letters were likely written as a way to taunt journalists and police, and though one of the messages has been deciphered, the three others remain 'uncracked'. The identity of the Zodiac Killer also remains a mystery, though no Zodiac murders have been identified since 1970.
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Georgia Guidestones The Georgia Guidestones, sometimes referred to as the "American Stonehenge," is a granite monument erected in Elbert County, Ga., in 1979. The stones are engraved in eight languages — English, Spanish, Swahili, Hindi, Hebrew, Arabic, Chinese and Russian — each relaying 10 "new" commandments for "an Age of Reason." The stones also line up with certain astronomical features. Though the monument contains no encrypted messages, its purpose and origin remain shrouded in mystery. They were commissioned by a man who has yet to be properly identified, who went by the pseudonym of R.C. Christian. Of the 10 commandments, the first one is perhaps the most controversial: "Maintain humanity under 500,000,000 in perpetual balance with nature." Many have taken it to be a license to cull the human population down to the specified number, and critics of the stones have called for them to be destroyed. Some conspiracy theorists even believe they may have been designed by a "Luciferian secret society" calling for a new world order.
Rongorongo Rongorongo is a system of mysterious glyphs discovered written on various artifacts on Easter Island. Many believe they represent a lost system of writing or proto- writing and could be one of just three or four independent inventions of writing in human history. The glyphs remain undecipherable, and their true messages — which some believe could offer hints about the perplexing collapse of the statue-building Easter Island civilization — may be lost forever.
Activity 11.11.1 Unsolved Mysteries
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1. Listen to the news report and crime happening in different countries. 2. Listen to your classmates discuss their experiences with crime.
Lesson 12 Morals and Values
Difference between Morals and Values
Morals and values are a part of an individual’s lives. They often dictate the behaviour, personality and the way of living for a particular individual. Though many people believe that they are the same and can be used interchangeably, they are mistaken. These two terms are related to each other and do often correlate in a person’s life; however they are different from each other in many ways.
Morals are a set of rules that differentiate the right from wrong based on the belief system of society, culture, religion, etc. These are ethics that have already been set for us and we have to conform to them while growing up. From the moment that a person is born, they are often told that steeling is bad, being polite is good, offering help is good and being mean is bad. These are examples of morals, which have been passed down in generations. Morals vary significantly depending on the region, culture, religion etc. Many cultures stated that Gods demand a human sacrifice and this was morally acceptable; however other cultures state that murder of any person, under any condition is morally wrong.
Merriam Webster defines ‘moral’ as, “of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behaviour; conforming to a standard of right behaviour; sanctioned by or operative on one's conscience or ethical judgment; capable of right and wrong action.”
Values are a set of rules that are defined by an individual person. It can be influenced by morals, family, background, upbringing, etc. Personal values are believed to provide an internal reference for what is good, beneficial, important, useful, beautiful, desirable, constructive, etc. They are significant to the behaviour of a person. They determine how the individual’s behaviour will be during his lifetime. For example, if a person believes that women should be inferior, he would go on to treat women as inferior beings even if the law states that men and women are all equal. Values can be influenced by morals, religion, or society; however they are not required to be. Examples of values include: respect, honour, patriotism, compassion, honesty, etc.
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BusinessDictionary.com defines ‘value’ as: “Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person's behaviour and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations. Some common business values are fairness, innovation and community involvement.”
Morals and values play an important part in determining the path of an individual. It also helps shape the individual to the type of person he will be. While morals guide that he on the right path according to the law, society, the religion he follows; values guide that he is following the path that he believes he should follow as a person. In many cases, people are so pressured to follow morals that belong to the society, that they disregard their own values. There should a proper balance of morals and values in a person’s life.
What is Character?
The action you take to carry out the values, ethics and morals that you believe in.
Consistency between what you say you will do and what you actually do.
Putting the ethics into action.
Defines, builds, or breaks your reputation.
Moral strength. It takes moral courage to do what is right when it may cost more than you are willing to pay.
Who you are and what you do when no one is looking.
"What is wrong is wrong, even if everyone is doing it. Right is still right, even if no one else is doing it." - William Penn
Ethics:
Define moral rights and wrongs.
Transcend culture, ethnicity, and are relevant to all socioeconomic conditions.
Are the should and ought of life.
Morals:
Are ethical principles
Founded on fundamental principles of right conduct rather than legalities.
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Morals are always the same. Immorality varies from generation to generation.
Values:
Refer to all important beliefs.
Not all are ethical, some are neutral or non-ethical.
Stated; what we say, and Operational; what we do.
"Character is not reflected by what we say, or even by what we intend, it is a reflection of what we do." - Anonymous
Activity 11.12.1 Morals and Values 1. Have a discussion on your morals and values.
Lesson 13
Problem Solving
Problem solving a vital skill required in life. You will come across many problems in your career, family life or even friendship group. However, if you know how to solve these problems, they will seem like dust in the wind.
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Activity 11.13.1 Problem Solving 1. Have a discussion about the next two situations.
Follow these instructions in your group: 1. Read the following text and individually write down seven of the most important items from the list to ensure survival and/or rescue. 2. Discuss in your group and try to persuade the others that your chosen items are more important for survival than theirs. 3. The group agrees on a list of seven items. What arguments do you have for your choices?
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The situation About ten o’clock in the morning in July, your small airplane has crashed in the Sonora desert in Northern Mexico. Both pilots are dead and all that is left of the aircraft is a burnt-out shell. One of the other passengers is injured. There was no radio in the airplane, but some of your fellow survivors think that you were about 100 kilometres off course when you crashed. Just before the crash the pilot informed you and the other passengers that you were 120 kilometres south of a small mining camp. From experience you know that daytime temperatures can reach 43°C (110° Fahrenheit) and night-time temperatures reach freezing. All the passengers and yourself are dressed in light clothes. The area is flat and arid as far as the eye can see. The following list of items survived the crash in good order: - jack knife - flashlight with four batteries - large plastic poncho - detailed pilot’s chart of the area - instrument to measure blood pressure - compass - one overcoat per person - one pocket mirror - one pair of sunglasses per person - two bottles of vodka - book Edible Desert Animals - bottle of 1000 salt tablets - one quart of water per person - loaded .45 pistol - one red and white parachute
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The situation After seven days of sailing in horrible weather, the ship you are a passenger on is about to sink somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. The captain has lost all contact with the outside world, but he hopes and believes that the ship is not far from some uninhabited Pacific islands. The captain informs you that the ship will go down within few minutes. He orders you to wake up five of the sleeping passengers, because the lifeboat unfortunately only has room for five out of the ten passengers, in addition of you and the captain. While handing you the passenger list, the captain says: - Let the other passengers sleep peacefully as long as possible, be careful not to wake them. At worst it can come to fights, and that would do no good.
N.N (28). Jack-of-all-trades and a master of survival. Suspected for having Mary (30). Priest, member of a church connections to Al Qaida. choir and former orienteer. ------Nelson Mandela (95). Winner of the Thánh (53). Very skilful nurse from Nobel Peace Prize and highly respected Vietnam, but also very racist and spiteful. former head of state. ------Laura (18). Swedish language nerd. Samantha (20). Supermodel with blond Speaks 12 languages fluently and never hair. Amazingly pretty, but also amazingly keeps her mouth shut. Sings ABBA-songs stupid. when nobody wants to talk with her. ------Tom (9). Smart, cheerful and always Ryan Giggs (38). Very skilful football helpful. Can make anyone happy by his player on Manchester United. Discreet presence. and loyal. ------Sheryl (35). Tom’s mother and his only Roderick (44). Police officer and ex- living relative. She is infected with a military specialist. He is guilty of domestic terminal illness, and probably only has violence and numerous sexual assaults. three months left to live.
Lesson 14 Conflict Resolution
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Conflict Resolution Skills
Building the Skills That Can Turn Conflicts into Opportunities
Conflict is a normal part of any healthy relationship. After all, two people can’t be expected to agree on everything, all the time. Learning how to deal with conflict – rather than avoiding it – is crucial. When conflict is mismanaged, it can cause great harm to a relationship, but when handled in a respectful, positive way, conflict provides an opportunity to strengthen the bond between two people. By learning these skills for conflict resolution, you can keep your personal and professional relationships strong and growing.
Understanding conflict in relationships
Conflict arises from differences, both large and small. It occurs whenever people disagree over their values, motivations, perceptions, ideas, or desires. Sometimes these differences appear trivial, but when a conflict triggers strong feelings, a deep personal need is often at the core of the problem. These needs can be a need to feel safe and secure, a need to feel respected and valued, or a need for greater closeness and intimacy.
Conflicts arise from differing needs
Everyone needs to feel understood, nurtured, and supported, but the ways in which these needs are met vary widely. Differing needs for feeling comfortable and safe create some of the most severe challenges in our personal and professional relationships.
Think about the conflicting need for safety and continuity versus the need to explore and take risks. You frequently see this conflict between toddlers and their parents. The child’s need is to explore, so the street or the cliff meets a need. But the parents’ need is to protect the child’s safety, so limiting exploration becomes a bone of contention between them.
The needs of both parties play important roles in the long-term success of most relationships, and each deserves respect and consideration. In personal relationships, a lack of understanding about differing needs can result in distance, arguments, and break-ups. In workplace conflicts, differing needs are often at the heart of bitter disputes, sometimes resulting in broken deals, fewer profits and lost jobs. When you can recognize the legitimacy of conflicting needs and become willing to examine them in an environment of compassionate understanding, it opens pathways to creative problem solving, team building, and improved relationships.
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Conflict 101
• A conflict is more than just a disagreement. It is a situation in which one or both parties perceive a threat (whether or not the threat is real). • Conflicts continue to fester when ignored. Because conflicts involve perceived threats to our well-being and survival, they stay with us until we face and resolve them. • We respond to conflicts based on our perceptions of the situation, not necessarily to an objective review of the facts. Our perceptions are influenced by our life experiences, culture, values, and beliefs. • Conflicts trigger strong emotions. If you aren’t comfortable with your emotions or able to manage them in times of stress, you won’t be able to resolve conflict successfully. • Conflicts are an opportunity for growth. When you’re able to resolve conflict in a relationship, it builds trust. You can feel secure knowing your relationship can survive challenges and disagreements.
Conflict may feel more threatening to you than it really is
Do you fear conflict or avoid it at all costs? If your perception of conflict comes from frightening or painful memories from previous unhealthy relationships or early childhood, you may expect all present-day disagreements to end badly. You may view conflict in relationships as demoralizing, humiliating, dangerous, and something to fear. If your early life experiences also left you feeling out of control and powerless, conflict may even be traumatizing for you.
If you view conflict as dangerous, it tends to become a self-fulfilling prophecy. When you go into a conflict situation already feeling extremely threatened, it’s tough to deal with the problem at hand in a healthy way. Instead, you are more likely to shut down or blow up in anger.
Healthy and unhealthy ways of managing and resolving conflict Unhealthy responses to conflict: Healthy responses to conflict An inability to recognize and respond to the The capacity to recognize and respond to the things that matter to the other person things that matter to the other person Explosive, angry, hurtful, and resentful Calm, non-defensive, and respectful reactions reactions The withdrawal of love, resulting in rejection, A readiness to forgive and forget, and to move isolation, shaming, and fear of past the conflict without holding resentments or abandonment anger An inabi lity to compromise or see the other The ability to seek compromise and avoid person’s side punishing The fear and avoidance of conflict; the A belief that facing conflict head on is the best expectation of bad outcomes thing for both sides
Successful conflict resolution depends on your ability to regulate stress and your emotions
Conflict triggers strong emotions and can lead to hurt feelings, disappointment, and discomfort. When handled in an unhealthy manner, it can cause irreparable rifts,
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If you are out of touch with your feelings or so stressed that you can only pay attention to a limited number of emotions, you won’t be able to understand your own needs. And, if you don’t understand your own needs, you will have a hard time communicating with others and staying in touch with what's really troubling you. For example, couples often argue about petty differences—the way she hangs the towels, the way he slurps his soup—rather than what is really bothering them.
The ability to successfully resolve conflict depends on your ability to:
• Manage stress quickly while remaining alert and calm. By staying calm, you can accurately read and interpret verbal and nonverbal communication. • Control your emotions and behaviour. When you’re in control of your emotions, you can communicate your needs without threatening, frightening, or punishing others. • Pay attention to the feelings being expressed as well as the spoken words of others. • Be aware of and respectful of differences. By avoiding disrespectful words and actions, you can almost always resolve a problem faster.
To successfully resolve a conflict, you will need to learn and practice two core skills: the ability to quickly reduce stress in the moment and the ability to remain comfortable enough with your emotions to react in constructive ways even in the midst of an argument or a perceived attack.
Quick stress relief: The first core conflict resolution skill
Being able to manage and relieve stress in the moment is the key to staying balanced, focused, and in control, no matter what challenges you face. If you don’t know how to stay centered and in control of yourself, you will become overwhelmed in conflict situations and unable to respond in healthy ways.
Psychologist Connie Lillas uses a driving analogy to describe the three most common ways people respond when they’re overwhelmed by stress:
• Foot on the gas. An angry or agitated stress response. You’re heated, keyed up, overly emotional, and unable to sit still. • Foot on the brake. A withdrawn or depressed stress response. You shut down, space out, and show very little energy or emotion. • Foot on both gas and brake. A tense and frozen stress response. You “freeze” under pressure and can’t do anything. You look paralyzed, but under the surface you’re extremely agitated.
Stress interferes with the ability to resolve conflict by limiting your ability to:
• Accurately read another person's nonverbal communication • Hear what someone is really saying • Be aware of your own feelings • Be in touch with your deep-rooted needs
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• Communicate your needs clearly
Is stress a problem or you?
You may be so used to being stressed that you're not even aware you are stressed. Stress may be a problem in your life if you identify with the following:
• You often feel tense or tight somewhere in your body • You're not aware of movement in your chest or stomach when you breathe • Conflict absorbs your time and attention
Learn how to beat stress in the moment
The best way to rapidly and reliably relieve stress (if you don't have someone close at hand to talk to) is through the senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. But each person responds differently to sensory input, so you need to find things that are soothing to you.
Emotional awareness: The second core conflict resolution skill
Emotional awareness is the key to understanding yourself and others. If you don’t know how you feel or why you feel that way, you won’t be able to communicate effectively or resolve disagreements.
Although knowing your own feelings may sound simple, many people ignore or try to sedate strong emotions like anger, sadness, and fear. Your ability to handle conflict, however, depends on being connected to these feelings. If you’re afraid of strong emotions or if you insist on finding solutions that are strictly rational, your ability to face and resolve differences will be impaired.
Why emotional awareness is a key factor in resolving conflict
Emotional awareness—the consciousness of your moment-to-moment emotional experience—and the ability to manage all of your feelings appropriately is the basis of a communication process that can resolve conflict.
Emotional awareness helps you:
• Understand what is really troubling other people • Understand yourself, including what is really troubling you • Stay motivated until the conflict is resolved • Communicate clearly and effectively • Attract and influence others
Assessing your ability to recognize and manage emotions
The following quiz helps you assess your level of emotional awareness. Answer the following questions with: almost never, occasionally, often, very frequently, or almost always . There are no right or wrong responses, only the opportunity to become better acquainted with your emotional responses.
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What kind of relationship do I have with my emotions?
• Do you experience feelings that flow, encountering one emotion after another as your experiences change from moment to moment? • Are your emotions accompanied by physical sensations that you experience in places like your stomach or chest? • Do you experience discrete feelings and emotions, such as anger, sadness, fear, joy, each of which is evident in subtle facial expressions? • Can you experience intense feelings that are strong enough to capture both your attention and that of others? • Do you pay attention to your emotions? Do they factor into your decision– making?
Nonverbal communication plays a big role in conflict resolution
The most important information exchanged during conflicts and arguments is often communicated nonverbally. Nonverbal communication is conveyed by emotionally driven facial expressions, posture, gesture, pace, tone and intensity of voice.
The most important communication is wordless
When people are upset, the words they use rarely convey the issues and needs at the heart of the problem. When we listen for what is felt—as well as what is said—we connect more deeply to our own needs and emotions, and to those of other people. Listening in this way also strengthens us, informs us, and makes it easier for others to hear us.
When you’re in the middle of a conflict, paying close attention to the other person’s nonverbal signals may help you figure out what the other person is really saying, This will allow you to respond in a way that builds trust, and get to the root of the problem. A calm tone of voice, a reassuring touch, or an interested or concerned facial expression can go a long way toward relaxing a tense exchange.
Your ability to accurately read another person depends on your own emotional awareness. The more aware you are of your own emotions, the easier it will be for you to pick up on the wordless clues that reveal what others are feeling.
Humour, judiciously used, can effectively defuse conflict
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Once stress and emotion are brought into balance your capacity for joy, pleasure and playfulness is unleashed. Joy is a deceptively powerful resource. Studies show that you can surmount adversity, as long as you continue to have moments of joy. Humour plays a similar role when facing conflict.
You can avoid many confrontations and resolve arguments and disagreements by communicating in a humorous way. Humour can help you say things that might otherwise be difficult to express without offending someone. However, it’s important that you laugh with the other person, not at them. When humour and play are used to reduce tension and anger, reframe problems, and put the situation into perspective, the conflict can actually become an opportunity for greater connection and intimacy.
Tips for managing and resolving conflict
Managing and resolving conflict requires the ability to quickly reduce stress and bring your emotions into balance. You can ensure that the process is as positive as possible by sticking to the following guidelines:
• Listen for what is felt as well as said. When we listen we connect more deeply to our own needs and emotions, and to those of other people. Listening also strengthens us, informs us, and makes it easier for others to hear us when it's our turn to speak. • Make conflict resolution the priority rather than winning or "being right." Maintaining and strengthening the relationship, rather than “winning” the argument, should always be your first priority. Be respectful of the other person and his or her viewpoint. • Focus on the present. If you’re holding on to grudges based on past resentments, your ability to see the reality of the current situation will be impaired. Rather than looking to the past and assigning blame, focus on what you can do in the here-and-now to solve the problem. • Pick your battles. Conflicts can be draining, so it’s important to consider whether the issue is really worthy of your time and energy. Maybe you don't want to surrender a parking space if you’ve been circling for 15 minutes, but if there are dozens of empty spots, arguing over a single space isn’t worth it. • Be willing to forgive. Resolving conflict is impossible if you’re unwilling or unable to forgive. Resolution lies in releasing the urge to punish, which can never compensate for our losses and only adds to our injury by further depleting and draining our lives. • Know when to let something go. If you can’t come to an agreement, agree to disagree. It takes two people to keep an argument going. If a conflict is going nowhere, you can choose to disengage and move on.
Activity 11.14.1 Conflict Resolution
1. What situations have you recently been dealing with? 2. What would you do if: Warning! This information is protected by copyright laws and may not be copied or re- produced. Report violations c/o www.cyberschoolgroup.com.
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• You were fighting with one of your co-workers • Your roommate keeps using the items in the house that belong to you • Your neighbours have a party every night and keep you awake • Your partner flirts when you are out in public
Lesson 15 Famous People that Influence Us
The Impact Celebrities Have on Our Lives
People often ask me why I use celebrity examples to illustrate my work. Well, look around you. The truth is that we are obsessed with celebrities. Head to the checkout line at a grocery store and you’ll see all the magazines, each trying to have the most salacious story on the cover to gain your attention so that you’ll spend your hard-earned dollar buying it. For many people, not a day goes by when they don’t sneak a peek at their favourite celebrity gossip website. Sites like TMZ.com and PerezHilton.com are some of the hottest websites online, garnering millions of hits a day.
I use celebrities as examples because they act as good reflections for us. When Larry King has a heart attack and tells his audience how it prompted him to stop smoking, he inspires. Same for Michael J. Fox for Parkinson’s and Montel Williams for MS. When Teri Hatcher reveals that her uncle sexually abused her, it makes it easier for us to admit that it happened to us as well. When Britney Spears is brought to the hospital and evaluated for bipolar disorder, we feel differently about our own depression. So the impact of celebrities can be positive as well as negative.
Larry King, Michael J. Fox and Montel Williams
We often relate to celebrities more easily than to our own friends and neighbours. They have become the glue of our social fabric. We no longer stop in the village square or at the communal well to connect to each other. Instead, we use celebrities to feel connected. What would we talk about around the water cooler at work if not about the latest antics of Steve Carrell in The Office? How could we carry on a conversation with our mother-in-law if not about our favourite celebrity on Dancing with the Stars?
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Teri Hatcher, Britney Spears and Steve Carrell
What is it about celebrities that make them so irresistible? Is it that they lead such different lives? Is it that they have the ability to buy whatever they want? Or is it that they seem to have such a glamorous life? Everyone has their own reason for wanting to take a look into the life of their favourite A-List celebrity, and there is no stopping the media machine. In a sense, celebrities are our new gods. We like to fantasize that our lives could become like theirs – we too could be beautiful, desirable, talented, rich. At the same time, we secretly want to see them fall so that we know that even our gods have feet have clay.
No wonder we avidly watch shows like TMZ or Entertainment Tonight and read everything we about them.
According to an advertising resource called the Consumer Magazine Advertising Source, entertainment publications, like the popular Entertainment Weekly and the nefarious National Enquirer, sell around five million copies on a weekly basis. This is a huge amount of money. As long as people buy, magazines will keep providing us with celebrity news. Paparazzi will keep chasing celebrities trying to catch them in embarrassing moments or making a general nuisance of themselves to both celebrities and non-celebrities alike. Although the truth is that many celebrities (or their people) contact the paparazzi to make sure their face will be kept in front of the public. Some paparazzi even have contracts with certain stars.
Not only are magazines popular, but reality shows have been popping up all over television to bring us visually into the lives of our favourite celebrities. One of the first to put himself and his entire family on television was Ozzie Osbourne; there he was being a husband and a father, shuffling around picking up dog poop and taking out the garbage. It was almost as if the producers of the show wanted to show that celebrities are exactly like everyone else. Except they have big houses. And a lot of cars. And a lot of other stuff.
After the Ozzie Osbourne show became a hit, other B-list celebrities began jumping on the bandwagon hoping to make themselves more popular. A recent addition includes a show that follows the rising career of Ali Lohan. She is the sister of Lindsay Lohan, who has become as famous for partying hard in Hollywood and being in and out of rehab as for her body of work. The fact that the show actually has viewers proves that celebrities, even those who are only famous by association, have become a huge obsession in our culture.
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Ozzie Osbourne, Ali Lohan and Lindsay Lohan
The Fascination Obsession
We tend to believe that our obsession with celebrities has only recently begun. The truth, however, is that fascination with those who are famous has been around for a very long time. Madame Tussaud became known in 1835 when she opened her first shop to exhibit the waxwork figures she had created of the celebrities of her time. The minute the doors opened, it was a huge success. Even now, a century and a half later, you will still see a long line outside of Madame Tussaud’s locations.
But what do people who travel and pay to get into Madame Tussaud’s see? Unlike going to the zoo, where we can see live creatures we cannot find in our own area, at Madame Tussaud’s you see wax figures of your favourite celebrity. There is nothing educational about the experience and nothing that ties you into history other than their clothes. The only thing we get from visiting a place such as Madam Tussaud’s is the feeling that we’ve gotten closer to our favourite celebrities, when, in reality, we have done nothing more than pay a fee to see a waxy imitation of the person we idolize. Consider the people who watched the gladiators in ancient Roman times. They not only got to see famous people, they also got to indulge in the human thirst for blood and violence. Gladiators who were successful were revered as the highest of celebrities. Those who became famous, but who were eventually killed, were almost more famous than the surviving gladiators, as fame has a way of making the dead seem more glamorous than they truly were.
Elvis Presley is a great example of that. He was beloved by millions. You can’t talk about music without mentioning Elvis Presley, who was considered by many to be the father of rock and roll. There are people who collect so much Elvis paraphernalia that they do not have room to house it all. Every year, over 600,000 people travel to Graceland, Elvis’ home, which is kept as a shrine to his memory. They get to see the much-talked about décor as well as to pretend they were living in the house when Elvis himself was walking the hallways. Some even make yearly pilgrimages to his residence no matter how strapped they are for cash or how many times they’ve seen the home before. Even now, decades after his death, people are still enamoured.
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Elvis Presley
Why are we obsessed with celebrities?
Some believe we are obsessed with celebrities because we need to have an escape from the humdrum of everyday life. This makes sense in a bizarre sort of way. For instance, if you are not centered and balanced energetically, and you don’t feel so good about who you are, you are much more likely to follow your favourite celebrity and wish that you could be them. Others theorize that we mentally stalk celebrities because we are waiting for them to fail. Much like the Roman spectators waited for the gladiator to lose his battle and die, we too are waiting for celebrities to flame out and reach some sort of a bottom that makes them seem a little more human and more like us.
Dr. Charlotte De Backer of the University of Leicester, Department of Media and Communication, carried out a study to try to explain why we are so obsessed with celebrities. She discovered that the younger the participant was, the more apt they were to follow celebrity gossip, even if the gossip was about a celebrity that they had never heard of. They also said that celebrities who came from other cultures were more “prestigious” than the celebrities of their own culture. Dr. De Backer calls this the Parasocial Hypothesis.
Dr. De Backer said, “We did find in the interviews that older people do not gossip about celebrities as much because they want to learn from them or feel befriended with them, but they use celebrity gossip to bond with real life friends and acquaintances. Living in scattered societies, we often don’t know who to talk about with the many people we know, and celebrities can act as our mutual friends and acquaintances. Each person has a different reason for wanting to track the every movement of their favourite celebrity, but there comes a time when being amused by their antics transforms into becoming obsessed, and no obsession is a good thing, especially when you look at the type or role models that recent celebrities have become.”
Fast Reporting or Bad Celebrities?
There was a time when you could stand up and cheer for Babe Ruth. You could be proud that your son had all of his baseball cards and that he wanted nothing more than to be the Babe when he grew up. The average fan, however, didn’t know what Babe did behind closed doors. His private life was private.
Now, however, thanks in part to the internet, it is much easier to find out about everything a celebrity has ever done. You can’t avoid knowing that Winona Ryder has been arrested and convicted of shoplifting, or that Mel Gibson has a problem with alcohol. If a celebrity does something good, it takes a team of PR professionals to get it into the mainstream media. If a celebrity does something bad, or if something tragic happens, it’s all over the celebrity
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Take, for instance, the story of Heath Ledger. Heath was an actor who had received critical acclaim for some of his work, most notably on the movie Brokeback Mountain, where he played a cowboy who was trying to deal with homosexuality. The media followed Heath as more of an afterthought. You may have seen a few photos of him here and there, and sometimes the paparazzi would try to get onto one of his movie sets, but they were very undemanding of his time compared with other celebrities.
Then, on January 22, 2008, the media heard rumours that Heath Ledger had been found unconscious in his New York apartment. Minutes later, updates starting flying onto the internet. Some talked about a mysterious connection with actress Mary-Kate Olsen and his use of hard drugs like heroin; others said Heath had committed suicide. Throughout that day and the next the media and people began gathering outside of his apartment building, leaving flowers and taking video shots to put online and on television. Even a decade before, the news of this celebrity’s untimely demise would have taken at least 12 hours to be aired on television and 24 hours before it would reach print. Instead, due to the speed of the internet, people were contemplating the cause of his death only minutes after he was found and the authorities were called. Almost two weeks later the toxins report was completed and it was said that Heath died due to an accidental overdose of prescription medications; query the reliability of that report. This, however, did not stop the mourners from visiting his apartment, and, even though little media attention had been placed on her before, his surviving daughter, Matilda Rose, was suddenly one of the most photographed children on the planet, with her face appearing on dozens of different magazines.
Babe Ruth, Health Ledger and Mary-Kate Olsen
The sad fact is that we are more enthralled by celebrities who have bad reputations than celebrities who are excellent role models. As parents or mentors, we have to be careful what we allow children to see and listen to. Some parents seem to believe that all celebrities are worthy of being role models. Unfortunately, this is far from the truth.
And we don’t just allow bad celebrities to influence children, we also allow them to influence us adults. Australian researcher Amy Willinge, working on a doctorate of clinical psychology at the University of Sydney, asked 118 university students aged between 17 and 22, who all were of normal weight, to look at photographs of celebrities at various weights. They were asked to choose which picture they believed to be the true size of the celebrities, and which ones they thought were
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Page 70 of 77 ideal for any female of that height. The students who were dissatisfied with their own body shape chose photos of celebrities that were thinner than their actual weight, while those who were more satisfied with their body were more accurate in judging the actual size of the celebrities.
Ms. Willinge stated, “The research suggests that if people are not satisfied with their own body, it may lead them to distort their perceptions of others’ bodies, and forge unrealistic attitudes towards ideal body sizes. The finding that body satisfied and dissatisfied males identified a very thin body size as ideal for women indicates there is increasing pressure from society on women to be thin. Media presentation of thin female images is affecting males’ attitudes towards female bodies, putting increasing pressure on females to obtain the idealized body image.” This may be one reason why scheduled liposuction and other body alteration surgeries are more sought after now than ever, and why the diet industry is raking in millions every year. But it’s not only normal and healthy women who are being pressured by celebrities, it is also pregnant women.
The Positive Celebrities
Even though there are more stories about celebrities who have a negative influence on us and the decisions we make in our lives than there are positive actions, there are some celebrities who use their fame to bring about change and are good celebrity role models. Take Bono, singer of the popular band U2. Since 1999, Bono has been campaigning for third world debt relief and helping to raise awareness of the plight of those living in Africa. He has met with many influential politicians and has taken the United States Treasury Secretary, Paul O’Neill, on a tour of parts of Africa to show him firsthand what those living in poverty are facing. He and Bobby Shriver also started Product Red, a commercial initiative to help fight against AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis around the world.
Angelina Jolie is another celebrity who, although she had a very rocky and well-known past, has come to be one of the great spokeswomen about the living conditions children in various third world countries face, and was given the title of UNHCR Goodwill ambassador in 2001. “We cannot close ourselves off to information and ignore the fact that millions of people are out there suffering. I honestly want to help. I don’t believe I feel differently from other people. I think we all want justice and equality, a chance for life with meaning. All of us would like to believe that if we were in a bad situation, someone would help us,” Ms. Jolie said during the press conference to announce her ambassador status.
Bono and Angelina Jolie
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Politicians and the Truth Another form of celebrity happens with politicians. The problem for politicians who reach celebrity status, however, is that everything they say and do is closely scrutinized, whether it’s a comment during a presidential debate or a comment in the men’s room.
The media machine is all too eager to turn personal shortcomings into scandals. This didn’t use to be the case. Presidents, in particular, once enjoyed a relationship with the press in which their personal life actually stayed personal. No one reported on John F. Kennedy’s reputed affairs, much unlike what happened with Bill Clinton and his fling with Monica Lewinsky. Nowadays, politicians can’t get away with much, which could be seen as a boon to expose blatant untruths, but leaves the politician no wriggle room.
Because absolutely nothing is kept private, many people may have a more difficult time choosing a candidate to vote for.
Then there are the political wives who feel the need to stand by their erring husbands. When Hillary issued a public statement that she would stand by her husband, some women sympathized with her, others criticized her, but after the announcement her public approval ratings actually shot up around 70%, taking them to the highest they had ever been before. Wendy Vitter, wife of Senator Vitter, criticized Hillary for standing by her husband, stating, “I’m a lot more like Lorena Bobbit than Hillary. If [my husband] does something like that, I’m walking away with one thing, and it’s not alimony, trust me.” Yet seven years later she chose to stand by her husband, Senator David Vitter, when he came clean about being client of madam Deborah Palfrey.
But why do political wives choose to stand by their husbands? Some experts say that it is because they have got too much to lose if they leave. Many political wives have given up their own careers and, for the entire time of their marriage, have done nothing but to help their husbands get further in their careers. Psychologist Sally Porter Ross believes that political wives stay with their husbands in order to enjoy a shift in power. “From that point on, she’s in charge, she’s got the power. She is absolutely on top,” she said. Then again they are also stuck in the public eye, like so many celebrities, with their every move noted and critiqued.
I believe that women tend to believe unconsciously the lies they have inherited from generations of women that they “are nothing without a man.” They may not realize the deep untruths women carry about their value as a person. “Stand by your man, no matter what” is another cultural platitude they have unconsciously embodied.
The Mirror Effect
“I’d really like to live the life of a celebrity,” many say. Then again, you might not. Celebrities, now more than ever, truly have no privacy. The celebrity obsession has led them to be hunted by paparazzi and stalked by crazed fans. Brad Pitt had to get a restraining order against a woman who broke into his home and tried on his clothes. And celebrity/reality star Adrienne Curry filed a restraining order against a woman named Shira Gellis, who started by stalking her on popular social networking site MySpace and then ferreted out her physical address and followed her around the city.
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We are a fame-obsessed culture, but then, we have always been so; technology has simply made it easier. If you spend more time finding out which of your favorite stars went to dinner last night and who they went to dinner with, you may want to reexamine your own life. Is there anything missing from your life that you could better use that time to fill? Friends? Exercise? Truth heals, and the truth is that celebrities, as much fun as our fantasies of them may be, can actually serve a purpose in our lives. Which celebrities are you most enthralled by? Do you understand why? When you look in the mirror and delight in your Rachel haircut, or despair that you will never have Halle Berry’s body, what is the comparison saying to you? Does Bono’s activism inspire you, or are you more likely to want to imitate the “I don’t give a damn” attitude of many in the pages of the media? Do you feel compassion for Britney Spears as she battles her inner demons, or do you think she deserves no visitation with her kids?
The stars are out there, big and bright. Let’s get the stars rising in ourselves.
Activity 11.15.1 Famous People that Inflience Us
1. Who is your favourite celebrity/famous person? 2. Have thy influenced people in a negative or positive way? Why? 3. Do you think we idolise celebrities/ famous people?
Lesson 16 Instructions
Learning to follow instructions is very important for your own safety. Products can easily get broken, damaged or we could get hurt if we do not know how to follow the instructions given to us. Look at the label of something you are wearing. These labels have information for us to read so that we take care of our clothes properly. You may be washing your clothes in a different way then you see on the instructions and everything may seem fine so you feel you do not need to worry about it. You clothes may not be getting damaged now, but if you continue washing them incorrectly they will not last as long as what they would have, if you had followed the correct instructions. This means that the 'life-expectancy' of your clothes is a lot less and you will end up wasting money buying new clothes more than what you should be doing.
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Looking at some instructions:
Instructions to operate a fryer o 1 Choose the proper oil for your recipe. Different fats and oils require different cooking times and produce different results. o 2 Pour in oil. Check to see if there is a "max" fill line or read the manufacturer's directions to determine the correct amount of oil for your deep fryer. For most recipes, you want enough oil to immerse the food. o 3 Set the temperature. Most home-use deep fryers are countertop electrical appliances. You simply turn a knob or push buttons on digital models to heat the oil. o 4 Wait until the oil is the correct temperature before adding food. Use a thermometer if your fryer doesn't let you know when the oil is ready. o 5 Add food carefully. If your fryer has a basket, you can put the food in the basket and lower it with a handle or you can use a slotted spoon to lower the food into the oil, just make sure you remove the spoon. o 6 Watch the clock. Deep frying is a fast cooking method. Whole turkeys can cook in as little as 45 minutes, so know the cook time for your recipe and your deep fryer. o 7 Use the basket or slotted spoon to remove the food from the oil.
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Instructions to operate a blender o 1 Choose a flat, dry surface on which to operate your blender. o 2 Put the blender together. Place the blades in the retaining ring, then set the gasket over the blades and inside the ring. o 3 Screw the retaining ring firmly to the bottom of the pitcher. Be sure the retaining ring is seated correctly or you will have a leak. o 4 Set the pitcher onto the base and plug the blender in. o 5 Put the recipe ingredients in the pitcher. Put lid on firmly. o 6 Use the Ice or Chop setting to make milkshakes, smoothies or frozen drinks. o 7 Make baby food by adding a small amount of liquid to a cup of fruit or vegetables and blending it for 15 seconds on the Puree setting. Five seconds on this setting also will smooth out lumpy gravy. o 8 Take advantage of the Pulse setting to make bread crumbs, grate chocolate, chop vegetables and make cracker crumbs. o 9 Add food to the blender through the secondary lid while the blender is running. o 10 Clean the pitcher after each use. Put a little bit of dishwashing detergent in, add enough water to fill it halfway, put the lid on, and run the blender - with lid on - on a low speed for a few seconds. o 11 Rinse the blender thoroughly. Take it apart and dry off the blades.
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WASHING MACHINE Instructions Manual
1.- Put clothes in the washing machine 2.- Put washing detergent in detergent compartment. (you can use liquid or powdered) 3.- Add bleach or fabric softener in the proper compartment 4.- Choose programme 5.- Choose temperature according to the fabric type. 6.- Press Start DO NOT OPEN THE DOOR WHILE ON FUNCTION
SHORT
LONG PREWASH
FABRIC SOFTENER
BLEACH
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DISHWASHER - Instructions Manual 1.- Arrange cutlery and crockery in baskets. 2.- Push baskets into the machine. 3.- Put 2 level tablespoons of cleaning agent in the dispenser. 4.- Close the door. 5.- Check rise-aid level indicator. 6.- Check salt level indicator. 7.- Press programme button. 8.- Turn on the water tap. When the programme is finished, the machine will stop automatically. 9.- Press the off button.
Activity 11.16.1 Instructions
1. Discuss the topics below and then write a paragraph giving someone instructions on ONE of the topics.
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