Virginia Open File Report 2011-2 Department of Geologic Map of the Garden City Quadrangle, Virginia Mines, Minerals and Energy Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE GARDEN CITY QUADRANGLE, VIRGINIA William S. Henika (SALEM) 2011

(STEWARTSVILLE) 80° 00’ (ROANOKE) C BB 79° 52’ 30’’ 37° 15’ 37° 15’ A 38 Qal 80 Qal 34 Qal A 65 80 |wb|r C Qal |wbc|rc 18 |a|e |s 70 Qal 7575 |h |h |s |wb Qal 65 1010 |r Ybc Ypg Qal Ybc 5555 1515 Qtd DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS 65 Qal 55 |rc MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC BASEMENT ROCKS 17 54 17 8888 20 35 85 17 25 50 58 |wb|r Qaf 15 10 50 |h Ybc QUATERNARY 20 20 24 10 35 Charnockitic gneiss - Greenish-gray to dark-green, very coarse grained, porphy- 75 26 Qal 40 10 |s |h |h ritic granitoid composed of orthopyroxene-garnet-bearing groundmass with 2- to 40 |h 35 ml Modified land - Areas of extensive cut and fill related to construction site prepa- Ybc |a 3535 |rc 75 |wb|r |e 78 3-inch (5- to 7-centimeter) long, potassic feldspar phenocrysts. Grades from |wbc |wb|r 25 20 ration and landscaping. 60 20 |a 60 34 coarse-grained protomylonite to mylonite gneiss. Includes Bottom Creek Char- 30 12 10 |rc |e 60 34 65 10 |e 60 nockite Suite of Bartholomew and Lewis (1984). 65 7 7 |wbc 25 Qal Alluvium - Unconsolidated flood-plain deposits of light-brown to light-gray, 25 |rc |wbc 25 |s 19 |a |wbc 25 |wbc|rc 24 Qaf 50 well-stratified clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Qal 28 28 80 |wb|r Pyroxene granulite gneiss - Medium- to dark-greenish-gray, fine- to medium- 32 |e 75 |wb|r 7 |a Ypg 52 |h QalQal Ybc Boulder streams - Debris-flow deposits in mountainous hollows. Deposits Ypg grained, garnet-pyroxene-quartz-feldspar-granulite. Surrounds plutons and is 15 15 30 |h Mzd Qbs |wb|r Jd 55 Ypg also present as xenoliths in Grenville and Iapetan Intrusive suites. Gradational to |rc 25 consist of continuous streams of blocks and boulders with little matrix. Large 36 30 25 55 6060 20 10 85 |u 5 Ybc |uw greenish-gray mylonite and mylonite gneiss along ductile deformation zones that 5 10 75 35 |a|e trees on steep slopes in these hollows may indicate a relatively long recurrence 10 35 |wbc 20 |a Qal |a|e 35 25 |e 85 separate major plutonic units. Correlated with the Lady Slipper Granulite Gneiss, |s 35 25 interval between scouring of debris chutes in storm events. 26 65 72 45 Qal 40 |a|e 20 dated at 1130 Ma (Sinha and Bartholomew, 1984). Qal |rc 20 |wb 35 Qal |wbc |r 15 60 Qal 50 3434 50 Qaf Alluvial fan deposits - Poorly stratified overlapping debris-flow deposits that 75 33 Qal |u 35 33 consist of dark-reddish-brown clay, silt, sand and gravel matrix with well-rounded HORSEPEN MOUNTAIN SUITE (BARTHOLOMEW AND LEWIS, 1984) 65 25 68 |uw 40 Ypg 68 |h 65 Qal Jd cobbles and boulders. ml |wb|r Qal 40 |h Mzd Mylonitic augen and flaser gneiss - Light- to medium-gray, medium- to coarse- 25 |s 5 25 5 3333 25 33 grained muscovite-biotite gneiss and schist that contain polycrystalline quartz- fe-208 18 33 Qtd Terrace deposits - Dissected remnants of older alluvium and slope deposits that Yma 55 |s 14 2 feldspar augen. fe-20765 17 Qal 6565 occur on gentle slopes and benches above flood plains. Deposits consist of well- |wb|r 22 65 10 14 fe 47 10 rounded quartz pebbles and cobbles with poorly sorted, deeply weathered, dark- 15 fe-206 fe |a|e 45 10 C’C’ |wbc fe Ybc Qal Ybc reddish-brown clay, silt, and sand matrix. Massive charnockitic gneiss - Dusky-green, medium- to coarse-grained, hypid- |rc 15 fe-112 45 47 |uw|u Ylm 45 |e 60 |s Qal fe-205 20 iomorphic granular to porphyritic, massive to foliated, orthopyroxene-bearing 40 |a fe 6565 Yhmc |h |s 15 40 fe Jd 35 charnockitic orthogneiss. 40 Qal B Mzd 35 MESOZOIC |r LUE R Ybc 35 30 |wb ID 20 35 Ysc GE QalQal F |a Ylm A T 30 Qal Biotite augen gneiss - Dark-gray, medium to coarse-grained, protomylonitic 2 U |e 60 30 45 Diabase dikes - Dark-greenish-gray to black, aphanitic to diabasic, metaluminous L GARDEN CITY FAULT Qal 30 30 Jd |rc 15 T |s AUL 30 25 biotite augen gneiss. Contains large, monocrystalline alkali feldspar porphyro- Qtd F 10 25 to tholeitic basalt containing labradorite, olivine and augite with accessory biotite. Ybg Qal |wbc 35 fe 35 Qal fe-110 52 35 30 Qal Calcite, chlorite, and serpentine are alteration products. Dikes are sub-vertical clasts. |h fe fe-204 50 65 |s fe CITY |uw|u 20 15 50 4545 42 35 fe N 52 15 80 42 45 |e fe-203 80 46 45 Qal and typically less than 15 feet (4.5 meters) wide. |a |s fe |s 15 45 82 50 5 Sandy Creek Granulite Gneiss (Bartholomew and Lewis , 1984) - Light-gray 5 Qal ARDE 25 80 Ysc Qal G 35 Ysc 30 to dark-grayish-green, medium-to coarse-grained, segregation-banded, biotite 16 15 Ylm PALEOZOIC Ysc |e 68 26 Ylm granofels with localized enclaves of layered pyroxene granulite gneiss. Garnet 68 |r|wb 60 25 |uw|u 68 fe-202 25 68 22 35 |s |h |h 60 35 UNITS NOT EXPOSED AT SURFACE - ONLY IN CROSS-SECTION and hornblende commonly replace earlier pyroxene. Dark-green, uralitic, |a 25 20 |a 30 20 Ysc |e 30 amphibole-bearing mylonite gneiss is also common. 5 30 70 |e |a 20 30 80 70 |s 12 80 Millboro Shale and Needmore Formation, undivided - Dark-gray to black, |s 15 6565 do-209 20 45 45 Dmn 75 20 Mylonitic granulite gneiss - dark-green, uralitic, amphibole-bearing mylonite 55 fe-104 65 15 thin-bedded, slaty-cleaved argillite and light-olive-tan, thin-bedded metasiltstone, 55 65 1717 Ybg 45 45 fe-201 48 Ybg gneiss along the Fries fault and related late Paleozoic fault zones. |e|a 20 30 MzdJd 15 Ysc with limestone concretions, thin limestone beds, and disseminated sulfides Ylm 12 70 fe-103 (Bartholomew, 1981; Hazlett, 1968; and Henika, 1981 and 1997a). 30 50 62 30 50 20 Qaf 20 Qaf |r|wb 20 Ybc 65 65 Lower Devonian, upper Silurian, and upper Ordovician rocks, undivided - |wb Ybc T 35 DSO REFERENCES |s 60 |s L Ysc 45 |r |s U Qal RIDG 50 |uw|u Lower Devonian unit includes irregularly bedded, pinkish-white and dark-gray E E T 55 A U F 70 70 F 20 L A L 70 7070 70 20 B U U 35 chert and grayish-green glauconitic argillite of the Huntersville Chert, and LT 50 S 35 45 Bartholomew, M.J., 1981, Geology of the Roanoke and Stewartsville quadrangles, A |uw|u 30 E 45 |r 58 F 30 I R medium- to very coarse grained, friable, iron-stained, calcareous Ridgely Sand- Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 34, 23 p. 85 E |uw|u |h 85 35 Jd F 3535 G 35 FRIES FAULT 20 5050 62 35 20 stone ( Helderberg Group). Silurian units include tan, white, yellow, and red, fine- |s 70 45 D 55 80 45 Mzd Bartholomew, M.J., and Lewis, S.E., 1984, Evolution of Grenville massifs in the Blue 15 45 I 53 80 45 38 35 |s 75 53 20 35 23 |s R 385050 23 to very coarse grained, poorly cemented Keefer Sandstone, interbedded maroon 30 Ridge geologic province, southern and central Appalachians, in Bartholomew, |h 20 35 30 35 10 E |h 45 7070 42 Qtd U 65 45 7070 40 hematitic sandstone and greenish-gray argillite of the Rose Hill Formation, and M.J., Force, E.R., Sinha, A.K., and Herz, N., eds., The Grenville Event in the L 65 60 60 Qal gv 60 60 B 50 40 10 Qal 65 white, medium- to coarse-grained orthoquartzite of the Tuscarora Formation. Appalachians and related topics: Geological Society of America, Special Paper Qaf 50 65 |h Qaf 3737 Ylm 34 |s |s Ylm Upper Ordovician units include grayish-red to greenish-gray argillite, siltstone, 194, P.229, 254. |s 75 8080 Ybc Ysc ml 6565 Ybc Ysc 6060 orthoquartzite, and argillaceous limestone of the Juniata Formation (Hazlett, Qtd |h QafQaf Mzd Butts, Charles, 1941, Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Virginia: Virginia Geologi- Qaf Qtd 4545 |u 1968; Bartholomew, 1981; Henika 1981 and 1997a). cal Survey Bulletin 52, 566 p. Qal |e|a 5555 Zgr 3030 Ybc |uw 5555 55 4545 B’ Fokin, M.A., 2003, Space-time analysis of magmatism: The igneous record for an |s 5555 3030 3434 B’ |s Martinsburg Formation - Olive and gray, slaty-cleaved, calcareous argillite, early Cryogenian plume track in central Appalachian Orogen: M.S. thesis, 4545 3030 3535 5555 |u|uw 4040 Omb 6060 70 50 45 70 50 65 metasiltstone, and metagreywacke (Hazlett, 1968; Bartholomew, 1981; and Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, 69 p. GARDEN CITY FAULT 3535 1010 65 65 25 6565 68 70 33 55 Henika, 1997a). 25 3030 65 33 55 Hazlett, W.H., Jr., 1968, Structural evolution of the Roanoake Virginia area: Unpub- |e 35 35 6822 55 45 Zgr 2525 30 35 55 45 7676 4545 35 Jd lished Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, 266 50 2020 |h 5050 8080 2020 3535 Qal 3838 4646 50 20 4545 6060 |u 40 50 Zgr 4545 70 20 6262 42 Bays Formation - Light-olive and maroon, fine-grained metagreywacke p. |a 25 6565 65 |uw 6565 Oba |h |h 6060 8080 7070 |e|a 1515 63 65 40 42 50 50 4747 (sublithic sandstone), siltstone, and slaty-cleaved argillite (Hazlett, 1968; 45 63 35 Mzd Haynes, J.T., 1991, Stratigraphy of the lower part of the Waynesboro Formation (lower 35 70 65 60 3030 70 |uw|u 60 35 35 20 65 45 50 7070 7070 35 |uw|u 2020 35 1515 20 4040 Bartholomew, 1981; and Henika, 1997a). and middle Cambrian) near Buchanan, Botetourt County, Virginia: Virginia ph-401 2020 4040 60 Qal 60 82 60 5555 6464 82 26 Qal 60 2615 6565 Division of Mineral Resources Publication 116, 22 p. 4343 |h 6565 4040 |h 5050 |e|a 1515 2525 15 7575 2525 65 1515 6060 65 Edinburg Formation - Gray to olive, calcareous siltstone, dark-gray to black, Henika, W.S., 1981, Geology of the Villamont and Montvale quadrangles, Virginia: 65 4242 Oe 3030 5050 |h Qal slaty-cleaved argillite, and argillaceous limestone (Hazlett, 1968; Bartholomew, 6565 4040 5555 4040 -1 55 Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 35, 18 p., 1:24,000-scale 45 55 45 7676 7070 3030 3030 1515 3030 Qal 5353 4545 3535 1981; and Henika, 1997a). geologic maps. 3030 4040 |e|a 7070 Ylm 40 Ysc Qal |e 8080 6060 7575 |h|h 2525 Ylm Henika, W.S., 1997a, Geologic map of the Roanoke 30-minute x 60-minute quad- Ypg 1818 |a 4040 35 Qaf 55 5555 33 Ylm 35 Qaf Zgr HH 4242 55 5555 6060 Ylm Qal UNITS EXPOSED AT THE SURFACE ON THE PULASKI AND BLUE 40 AYS 5454 7878 1010 33 8080 rangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 148, Ypg 8080 STTA 5050 6565 60 5353 CK M 60 RIDGE THRUST SHEETS MOUN 30 Qtd 1:100,000-scale geologic map. NTAI 7070 30 Zgr 72 IN FFAAU QalQal Ysc 72 ULLTT 5050 T2020 65 5050 |e|a AUL -1 Zgr 65 Henika, W.S., 1997b, Economic and environmental geology across the boundary F (HARDY) Qtd |uw|u 1818 |uw|u 75 S 4545 Qtd Qtd 75 IE 3030 46 Rome Formation - Dusky red, varicolored yellowish-green, phyllitic mudstone FR 3030 46 |r between the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge, near Roanoke, Virginia: Twenty- 70 5050 4545 8080 58 and quartzose slaty-cleaved argillite interbedded with dark-gray dolomite. |rc:

(BENT MOUNTAIN) 6060 58 seventh Annual Virginia Geologic Field Conference Guidebook. 70 10 2020 4040 2424 3838 3030 |u 65 medium- to light-gray, wavy laminated algal limestone beds associated with karst Sinha, A. K., and Bartholomew, M.J., 1984, Evolution of the Grenville Terrane in the 4545 8585 65 |rc Ypg 5555 |uw 2525 Ypg 55 35 38 Qal features such as springs, mud licks, and dolines. Thickness: 1137 to 1170 feet 3030 YlmYlm 35 20 Ybg 5858 Central Virginia Appalachians, in Bartholomew, M.J., Force, E.R., Sinha, A.K., 60 7070 7575 YscYsc 20 (346 to 355 meters) (Haynes, 1991). 76 Qal and Herz, N. eds., The Grenville Event in the Appalachians and related topics: 4545 2525 80 76 7070 Ysc 80 Ybg 3737 50 Ypg 3535 50 Geological Society of America Special Paper 194, p. 175-186. 2424 75 75 2020 30 30 3030 Shady Dolomite - Light-gray to very dark gray, fine- to coarse-grained, Qal QtdQtd 75 5050 |s Spencer, E.W., 1968, Geology of the Natural Bridge, Sugarloaf Mountain, Buchanan, 6565 7575 3535 75 62 70 6464 2020 70 5 thin-bedded to very thick bedded dolomite with dark bands of argillaceous and Arnold Valley quadrangles: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of QalQal YpgYpg 4545 53 53 5 65 2525 75 YpgYpg QalQal Ysc 65 5050 50 6868 limestone and shale, and cobble-sized nodules of pale-yellowish-brown, translu- Investigations 13, 55 p. 53 35 6565 40 Zgr cent chert. Laminated and ocherous weathering shale beds near the base are Woodward, H. P., 1932, Geology and Mineral Resources of the Roanoke area, Virginia: 53 ULT 35 Zgr 5858 5555 35 QafQaf gradational with the Erwin (Antietam) Formation below (Woodward, 1932). Virginia Geological Survey Bulletin 34, 172 p. 65 4848 IES FA 35 3030 65 FR 4545 QtdQtd 4545 Mzd Thickness: 1000 to 1500 feet (300 to 450 meters) (Spencer, 1968). 6060 4040 8585 55 -152 2929 55 55 QalQal 6060 55 45 Jd Qtd YpgYpg 5252 Chilhowee Group 36 ZgrZgr YhmcYhmc ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 35 YlmYlm 3535 8080 Qal 5555 Ybg 5353 T Qal 36 Ybg Erwin (Antietam) Formation - Medium-gray to pale-yellowish-white, fine- to UL YscYsc 3535 6060 |e Ybc Qtd 45 S FA Ysc 5050 Ybc RIE 2020 medium-grained, cross-laminated, very thick bedded, Skolithos-bearing quartzite This map was prepared in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey QalQal F 75 5050 45 6060 45 75 4040 that forms prominent ledges. Interbedded with drab, greenish-gray, fine-grained, under the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, award numbers 2828 1818 Ylm 6060 4545 QalQal 80 4545 Ylm 45 5050 YhmcYhmc 4040 7272 medium-bedded, sandy to silty, quartz-sericite phyllite. Thickness: 800 to 1100 04HQAG0062 and 06HQAG0039. 44 80 |uw 6262 YbgYbg 44 feet (244 to 335 meters) (Butts, 1941). 7878 YbgYbg 5252 5050 |u 36 36 YscYsc 4545 6464 8080 40 SUGGESTED REFERENCE 40 Hampton (Harpers) Formation - Dark-greenish-gray to brownish-gray, quartz- 8080 6565 2525 65 6060 5252 65 |h MM 5050 chlorite-sericite phyllite and quartzose metasiltstone interbedded with greenish- 45 5050 OO QalQal Henika, W.S., 2011, Geologic map of the Garden City quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia 7070 3636 45 WW 4040 3030 gray, thin- to thick-bedded, metamorphosed lithic sandstone that exhibits spheroi- LL 70 Division of Geology and Mineral Resources Open File Report 2011-2, Ylm EE 5555 70 SS 70 6060 4545 dal weathering. Lesser purple to very dark gray, medium- to coarse-grained, 5555 6060 5050 5555 1:24,000-scale geologic map. SS 5555 PP 80 YhmcYhmc 45 ferruginous metasandstone with coarse lithic clasts set in a mica-hematite-chlorite 80 3838 45 RR 4545 6060 7575 5050 I I NN matrix. Beds in the lower part of the Harpers were mined extensively for iron ore 5858 GG YscYsc 4040 60 SS along the Blue Ridge northeast of Roanoke. Similar hematite beds were mined in 5050 60 Ybg FF 6565 6565 QalQal AA Ybg 7575 the Hampton Formation on Chestnut Knob, Buck Mountain, and in the Elliston UU 6565 6060 Ysc 80 LL 80 TT 6060 area southwest of Roanoke. Thickness: 1160 feet (350 meters). 7070 6565 5555 75 65 70 YbgYbg 65 Ysc 7575 75 Ysc 70 YhmcYhmc 7070 Unicoi Formation - Pinkish-gray to dark-greenish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, QalQal YbgYbg |uw 4040 7272 42 8080 locally conglomeratic phyllite, metasiltstone, and meta-arkose that exhibit 70 85 60 60 Qal 6767 2525 spheroidal weathering. Lower contact with granite wash on Precambrian 70 5555 85 50 Qal 32 Mzd Qal 32 2020 basement is gradational. Near the top of the formation, a greenish-gray, purple, 5050 6060 75 6565 Ysc 5555 6565 and white, very thick bedded quartz pebble conglomerate forms prominent ledges. 60 Qal Ybg 6060 Qal Jd 60 Thickness: 1000 to 1400 feet (300 to 425 meters). 55 7070 7474 55 3030 80 7070 7070 30 BLUE RIDGE BASEMENT COMPLEX LATE PROTEROZOIC TO 7575 80 8080 Ysc 7070 7070 2020 Ybg 6060 EARLY PALEOZOIC ROCKS 55 Zf 6565 55 2020 6565 4242 60 40 4545 60 Qal 40 6565 Zf 7575 Hornblende gabbro - Dark-greenish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained 4040 Zf |zmi 8585 YbgYbg 7575 Qal hornblende gabbro with layers of dark-green metamorphosed ultramafic rock Zf 25 8080 3535 8585 25 6565 YscYsc Jd 2525 along White Oak Creek, in the southern part of the quadrangle. 5555 3535 Qaf 40 4040 3030 QalQal 4848 54 Mzd 40 Qaf 54 7878 80 65 5555 Zf 80 65 6565 1515 2626 50 62 Felsic dikes - Light-gray to pink, aphanitic to porphyritic dikes composed of 4545 6565 6262 50 62 Zf 2525 7878 5252 alkali feldspar, quartz, and rare plagioclase. 5050 6464 7070 Qal 60 40 7070 70 60 5050 8080 3535 70 Qal 49 40 1515 ZgrZgr 49 Granite and granitic gneiss - Medium-gray, poorly foliated to massive biotite or 6565 4545 YbgYbg 3232 1515 Zgr YbgYbg 3232 5050 80 hornblende granitoid composed mainly of perthitic felspar and quartz with relict 6060 80 Qal 62 6060 7070 6565 hypidiomorphic granular texture and xenoliths of porphyritic volcanic or subvol- 62 7575 6565 Ybg 65 3030 |Zmi|Zmi Ybg 65 40 55 40 Qal gn-701 6262 5050 55 canic rocks. Fluorite and allanite are diagnostic accessory minerals. Gradational Qal 2525 YbgYbg 8080 to medium-gray, fine- to medium-grained mylonite gneiss near sheared contacts QalQal 4747 with plutons. Granite from the pluton along White Oak Creek is dated at 745-736 YbgYbg Qal 6060 7070 Ma (Fokin, 2003). YbgYbg 7575 3030 5252 4848 3636 8080 7575 7070 65 5252 Qaf 65 Qaf 75 65 75 ZgrZgr gn-901 65 75 3030 75 6565 4545 65 65 YbgYbg QalQal QafQaf 6060 Qaf 3535 30 QalQal ml ml 3030 QalQal 20 Zf Qal 20 Qal YbgYbg 4242 3535 Qal Zf 4848 4545 Mzd 5050 5757 Qal YbgYbg Jd 4545 3030 Qal YbgYbg Qbs |Zmi 60 7878 20 60 Qal 75 Qaf 3737 75 3030 Qbs Qaf YbgYbg 20 6868 Qal 6868 15 Qbs 5252 Qal 15 Qbs Qbs Qal Qbs Qbs 45 QalQal 6060 YmaYma A’ 37°07’30” 37° 07’ 30’’ 45 (REDWOOD) 80°00’ (BOONES MILL) 79° 52’ 30’’ A’ MAP SYMBOLS SCALE 1:24,000 For all contact and fold symbols: lines are solid where the location is exact, long-dashed where the location is approximate, short-dashed where the location is inferred, dotted where Basemap, modified U.S. Geological Survey DRG MN 1 0.5 0 1 MILE 1965 Garden City Quadrangle, Virginia GN the location is concealed. Queries added where identity or existence may be questionable. For geologic observation symbols, observation sites are centered on the strike bar or at (CALLAWAY) 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET the intersection point of multiple symbols.

o Polyconic projection: UTM zone 17, NAD 1927 8.3 1 0.5 0 1 KILOMETER 0o 39 ' 151 MILS 69 12 MILS Contacts o Strike and dip of inclined beds Bearing and plunge of inclined asymmetric lineation Digital cartography by Peter J. Hof, Amy Gilmer, CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEET NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929

Jason Elliott, Elizabeth V.M. Campbell, and Aaron Cross Faults v Strike of vertical beds Inclined fold hinge of small, minor syncline 2011 MAGNETIC NORTH s DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET Geology mapped from 1980-1983 and 2004-2005 Reverse 34 Strike and dip of overturned beds Inclined fold hinge of small, minor anticline Sawteeth on upthrown block 79 Strike and dip of inclined schistosity Inclined symmetric minor fold hinge Normal Strike of vertical schistosity Inclined asymmetric minor fold hinge U = upthrown block, D = downthrown block 14 Strike and dip of inclined joint Inclined fold hinge of generic small, minor fold

Strike of vertical quartz vein Minor overturned anticline Folds Strike of vertical pegmatite dike Strike and dip of minor fault Anticline 80 Syncline 70 Strike and dip of inclined compositional layering Anticline (overturned) Strike of vertical compositional layering Quarries - identification number refers to 31 Mineral Resources of Virginia database Syncline (overturned) Bearing and plunge of lineation do = dolomite, fe = iron, gn = gneiss, gv = gravel, ph = phyllite

Active mine

Abandoned mine or quarry

Prospect Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge BLUE RIDGE GARDEN CITY BLUE RIDGE HAYSTACK MOUNTAIN FAULT Haystack Mountain FAULT FAULT FRIES RED VALLEY US Highway 220 State Road 684 State Highway 219 |e |r |h FAULT Cave Springs FEET A US Highway 221 Qal Qal Qaf FAULT Qal Qal Qal FAULT A’ FEET Qal Qal ml |r Qal Qal Ybg 1000 |r |h |h Yhmc 1000 |s |uw |s Yma PULASKI |uw |s |e Ylm Ysc SEA LEVEL SEA LEVEL |r FAULT Zgr |e Ybg Dmn Ybc PULASKI FAULT DSO |h Ybc -1000 DSO -1000 Ysc Omb Ybc Ypg Omb Oba |h Oe |uw Ypg -2000 -2000

Interpretive cross-section: 1. No vertical exaggeration except surficial deposits 2. Subsurface structures interpreted from surface measurements

C |e |h # 2 Roanoke Well BLUE RIDGE C’ MILL MTN FEET |e GARDEN CITY THRUST SHEET FRIES FEET B FRIES B’ |h |e THRUST Ypg FAULT FEET |e FAULT Qal Qal Qal Ylm FAULT State Road 116 SHEET FEET |e Blue Ridge Parkway 1000 |u |u 1000 Qal Qal Qal Qal Ylm Qal MILL MTN Ybc Ysc |h 1000 THRUST SHEET |r BLUE RIDGE THRUST 1000 |s |r |uw Ybc Ybc Ysc Zgr Jd Ybg SEA LEVEL SEA LEVEL |s |s |e |s SEA LEVEL BLUE RIDGE FAULT SEA LEVEL |s |h -1000 -1000 |s |e |e -1000 -1000