ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AT HIKKADUWA
Cyi-——-—
, m HTXX ADU\^ A (S RILANKA2_
' • ,„muAPTTY (SRI LANKA)
THE axrn^^^ —:—
STUDY TEAM:-
N.D.DICKSON
RENTON DE ALWIS
PANI SENEVIRATNE
(MRS) REGINA SANTARRE
ANIL PREMARATNE LIST CDF_CONTE_NTS Page
Acknowledgement Summary & Conclusions Foreword
CHAPTER 1 . Introduction
CHAPTER 11. Historical Background
CHAPTER 111. 17 Physical Environment
CHAPTER IV. 43 Social Environment
CHAPTER V. 56 Biological Environment..
CHAPTER VI. 82 Environmental Impact Assessment ..
/ MAPS & FIGURES
1. Map of Sri Lanka with location of 34 Hikkaduwa 2. Environmental areas boundary map 35 of Hikkaduwa 36 3. Density of mixed areas 37 4 . Density of hotel development 38 5 Density of public buildings 39 6 Extent of vacant land 40 Extent of low-lying areas 7 41 Density of residential buildings 42 Density of. commercial buildings 9 . Development of hotels and 43 10 restaurants on the beach , Trend of change of the coastal belt 81 11 at Hikkaduwa (1880 - 1980) 103 12. Land use map of Hikkaduwa 13. Physical Planning proposals for 104 Hikkaduwa. The study team wishes to thank the Ceylon
Tourist Board, Urban Development Authority, Coast
Conservation Division and National Aquatic Resources
Agency of the Ministry of Fisheries, the Central
Environmental Authority and the Department of Wild-
Life Conservation for the co-operation extended by
them in providing maps, data and information for this
study
The team also wishes to express their
gratitude to the staff of the District Development
Council Unit at Hikkaduwa, Hotel owners and the people
of Hikkaduwa, for gladly responding to inquiries and
providing information to carry out the study. The purpose of this study was to carry out an objective assessment of the environmental impact of tourist development which took place in Hikkaduwa since about 1966.
The development was completely unplanned and brought about by free market forces responding to high rates of return
to investment on tourism development in this area. There
had been no Government investment on the development of
infrastructure and back up services in this area in a
conscious and programmed manner. The developers absorbed
only those costs which were internal to their enterprises.
The increase in the intensity of tourist develop
ment created pressures on the available infrastructure
facilities as well^'as on the coastal eco-system which has
not been managed in any conscious manner. The exposure of
the local population, particularly the younger generation to
the negative aspects of tourism also has .created problems
connected with social values and attitudes.
Special studies were carried out in regard to
the historical background,physical, social and biological
environment of Hikkaduwa in order to provide a basis for
the environment impact assessment of tourism development
which took place in this area. There is also positive evidence that the school drop-out A closer examination of the historical development rate has increased since about 197.0. of Hikkaduwa as a human settlement reveals that as a Commu nity the people of Hikkaduwa have exhibited a high capacity Economically, the impact has certain positive to withstand pressures generated by foreign influences and features. The income levels of persons engaged in tourism maintain their traditional social and cultural values. This activities either directly or indirectly'have increased, could be considered as a very desirable factor which could while employment opportunities in tourism and related mitigate the social impact of tourism on the people of the activities have^considerably increased. Due to the exis area. tence of an informal sector connected with provision of
services to tourists, including manufacture of handicrafts, An examination of the physical impact and land etc, the multiplier effect of tourism is very high. There use of the area reveals that radical changes have been fore, it could be stated that when both economic and social brought about creating many physical problems and conflic effects are taken into account, the tourism has a mixed ting situations. Intensive tourist development which has impact. It is strongly felt that when a more orderly taken place in a linea fashion particularly on the sea development is introduced, the social effects will be ward side of the Galle Road has obstructed access to the considerably eased. beach and also the view of the beach from the Galle Road.
Complete absence of planning has brought about many land A detailed examination of the impact of tourism use conflicts such as the existence of schools amidst on the biological environment reveals that there exists tourst hotels, lack of space for the expansion of community many serious problems connected with the coral reef, facilities/etc. stability of the beach, acquatic life, fauna and flora.
These problems if aggravated, could threaten the very In terms of the social impact of tourism there existence of tourism in this area. is clear evidence that the crime rate of the area has increased and the type of crimes such as those connected The Environmental Impact Assessment which is with narcotics dealings, sale of illicit liquor and sexual given in chapter VI has attempted to provide some crimes have increased together with the expansion of tourism. quantitative basis to the impacts of tourism develonment FOREWORD and also the remedial measures, which are proposed. The positive economic impacts are very evident. However, in The Central Environmental Authority required order to make the economic base more stable and also to three development projects in Sri Lanka assessed by applying eliminate conflicts with social,physical and environmental the Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology developed objectives an orderly and planned development with emphasis by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). One on resource management will have to be introduced. The of these is the Tourism Development of Hikkaduwa. This introduction of a physical development plan with provision study was required to assess the physical, biological and for regulation of tourist activities, provision of a by socio-cultural impacts of the development. The methodolo pass to Galle Road,(in the long term) provision of access gy and proposal submitted by the study team to carry out to the beach at regular intervals, including adequate this assessment was accepted by the reservations to the beach are some of the important Central Environmental Authority, on October, 29th 1982. proposals. The provision of a beach nourishment scheme and the management of the coral reef and the marine environ The tasks to be covered by this study were also ment are the other important proposals which have been made submitted to the Central Environmental Authority together
with the proposal and the tasks were assigned to members The 'Marine Park' at Hikkaduwa which will be of the project team depending on their specialisation and introduced by the Dept. of Wild Life shortly, will not background. These tasks were then carried out by the only help to protect the coral reef and the marine environ respective members in consultation with each other in ment, but also promote tourism in Hikkaduwa. order to avoid duplication.
METHODOLOGY
The test model presentation contained in United
Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) publication on the
Environmental Assessment Statements of March 1980 provided
the basis' for most of the work of this study. ******* The Methodology developed by the United Nations individual value judgments are not engul
Environmental Programme (UNEP) in this study involves fed , certain assumptions had to be made application of some form of social cost benefit evaluation regarding the basis of such valuation and to provide an overall assessment of projects which have how it is derived. When many social judg serious environmental impacts. The application of this ments have to be quantified and presented methodology to evaluate a project of this nature involves in pecuniary terms and presented in the two problems : same balance sheet with values for directly
quantifiable items, great caution had to They are ; be exercised to ensure that the situation (i). Definition of the project : under consideration was not distorted in The tourist development at Hikkaduwa any way. In many cases the opinions and which commenced in the 1960s is still . valuations expressed by the local public continuing. It includes all important and experts in the respective fields have activities connected with tourist develop been used. ment which have implications and impact
on resource depletion and enhancement. While environmental impact assessment forms the Identification of all such activities key element of the study, chapters have been included on quantitatively is a major problem as the the historical background, physical, socio-economic and development has been carried out by a biological environment and recommendations concerning large number of individual citizens on actions to be taken to reduce resource depletion and th:eir own free will. promote resource enhancement. It is felt that the study
will be of benefit to the Government Agencies and persons (ii) The quantification and valuation of the enhancement and depletion who are concerned with development activities in the area. levels of resources, in an objective
manner is another major problem, that Source of Data :
a study of this nature has to face with. The study team was able to utilise much data In order to ensure that subjective and and information already collected by agencies such as the CHAPTER 1• Urban Development Authority, the Ceylon Tourist Board,
Coast Conservation Division of the Ministry of Fisheries INTRODUCTION and the National Aquatic Resources Agency (NARA). It was also possible to utilise some individual research work 1.1 Tourism is an industry which contributed in a carried out by members of the team,as well as the staff large measure to change the economic base and of the above agencies, in their personal capacities. orientation of the Sri Lankan economy. With the
decline of income from traditional exports like After examining the adequacy of the information tea, rubber and coconut, the non-traditional base available from the above sources to carry out the sectors such as 'Gems' and 'Tourism' came up in proposed tasks, some individual team members had to carry importance as new sources of National income and out. a few random surveys, to collect data and information Foreign Exchange of the country in 1960s.- For that was needed to carry out the tasks assigned to them. example in 19 78, the total foreign exchange earned
from tourism was Rs.870 Million, which increased Certain assumptions had to be made in the study by 350 percent to Rs.3050 Million in 1982. Because as it involves the understanding of the situation that of the increase of incomes from Tourism, the existed in the area about 15 - 20 years ago and where no financial stimulus to those who were directly and material evidence could be established regarding the indirectly involved with tourism increased, which situation prevalent in consultation with people knowledge resulted in the construction of new tourist hotels, able of the area. An accurate quantitative assessment of restaurants and other tourist facilities. The the situation that existed 15-20 years ago is a very physical, social and environmental impact of difficult task. The study team is however confident that such a development taking place in tourist oriented this factor will not affect the validity of the conclusions areas was considerable, but varied according to the made in this study. character and the socio-economic background of the
areas concerned.
********* 2.
shops, entertainment facilities, sports and travel, 1.2 The Tourist Board which was established in 1966 handicrafts and industrial products. The. inter formulated policies for tourism development. The action of tourists with locals also has produced, country was divided into 7 tourism development 'spread* and 1 multiplier effects' of development regions and guidelines were provided regarding on the local community which would have been much maximum room capacities in each development more limited if the development was well planned region. These regions are :- and centrally controlled, such as at Bentota.
a. Colombo City Region
b. Greater Colombo Region The unplanned development also had its undesirable
c. South Coast Region effects. The free interaction of tourists with
d. East Coast Region local people, who may not have had a good education
e. Hill Country Region or an understanding of business dealings has
f. Ancient Cities Region resulted in foreigners financing and running
g. Northern Coast Region tourist restaurants and other enterprises,
violating foreign exchange regulations and laws
1.3 The Tourist Board Act provides powers to the of the country. Due to the lack of controls,
Board to develop Tourist Resorts and carry out and compratively low cost of living, this area
planned development within the resorts. However attracts many low-spending tourists and those
a resort of any significance has been created who seek drugs, sex/etc, who can satisfy their
only at Bentota on the Southern Coast and action aspirations easily in this area than in other
is now being pursued to develop similar resorts formally organized areas. The behaviour of such
at Passekuda and Nilaweli on the East Coast Region tourists in increasing numbers and in close
Small extents of land have been acquired and contact with the young population of the area
Tourist Board Guest Houses,etc, have been construe may have affected their standards of morality,
ted in other areas too. But no comprehensive and attitude to sex, marriage and family life. The
planned development of Tourist areas has been low-income groups are subject to such influence,
carried out. more strongly than the well to do. Therefore, tourism development which took The complete absence of-a-regulatory mechanism place in the Sixtees and Seventees in increasing and a physical development plan has resulted in vigour had varying impacts on areas, depending a haphazard development particularly of the coast on their socio-economic background, physical line. This lead to undue sacrifices of very characteristics and the nature of the ecological valuable natural resources and assets, without systems. proper realization of the long term implications.
In the South-Western and Southern Coastal belts, The area that was subjected to heavy pressures of several areas picked up rapid tourism development development at the initial stages is the section
such as Negombo (Lewis Place), Mt.Lavinia, between the present Coral Surf Hotel to the North
Beruwala, Bentota, Hikkaduwa and Koggala. At and Coral Sands Hotel to the South. The area is
Hikkaduwa, the main attraction was the Coral a very narrow strip not normally suitable for any
Reef, and the quality of its marine environment. buildingi development. The width of the high-
Its location on Galle Road with convenient ground, after leaving out the road reservation
access by road and rail transport gave a further varies between 30ft. to about 70ft. at few places.
stimulus for development. The local people who Due to non-imposition of a coastal reservation by
had acquired savings from the traditional sectors the Ceylon TduTrist Board or the Town Council,
of the economy such as fishing, coral mining, (Hikkaduwa) at the early stages, Hotels have been
cinnamon or other agricultural and business constructed' right up to the beach, in order to
pursuits invested money on hotels, restaurants, utilise land to the maximum and on the assumption
guesthouses, shops on a recurrent basis in that more tourists could be attracted if the hotel
addition to the limited investment which came from leads direct to the beach. However, within a few
sources outside the area. Increased participation years it was revealed that the problem of beach
of the local community in tourist development, in erosion occurs intensively in this area, mainly a free-market-situation, appears to have created due to the construction of vertical walls or
a large 1 informal1 sector in tourism business buildings on the beach. Due to wave action, covering guesthouses, restaurants, batik and curios particularly during the high-tide, the sand which
forms the beaches are carried away back to the sea thus aggravating the problem of erosion each year. Galle Road opposite such a park. Such a The reaction of the hoteliers who are affected by development also would have created the possibility erosion was to construct more and more retaining of conserving National assets such as the beach, walls every year encroaching on to the beach and the marine environment and vegetation along the the sea, fill the area between the buildings and beach while at the same time providing for retaining walls with sand and convert such spaces Tourism development. Such a planned development as part of their hotel premises. This process on also would have enhanced the aesthetic appearance the one hand resulted in encroachment of the sea of the area. and on the other hand reduction of the beach area
available for use and recreation. The beach area Due to reduction of beach area towards the North on this stretch has been reduced to about 800 sq. of Coral Gardens Hotel, the.development has later metres, while- at certain places (behind Coral concentrated .to the South of Coral Gardens Hotel, Rock and Sea Sands Hotel-), ho beach exists at all where the land strip between Galle Road and the requiring tourists to get into the sea direct beach is about 200 ft. wide at many places. from the hotels. However, hoteliers are anxious to put up buildings
covering the entire premises without any reservation The reduction of the beach area in this section to the beach creating problems of beach erosion of Hikkaduwa, which is the heart of the tourist behind hotels. A satisfactory beach reservation area, constitutes the depletion of a very valuable could easily be introduced in this section of natural resource. Since tourism in this area Hikkaduwa. depends on the beaches, the loss of beach could hamper economic benefits that accrue as a result It was also observed that a reasonably good of tourism permanently. The construction of many development cannot be effected in this area without big and small hotels on this narrow strip has land pooling to form blocks of suitable sizes due prevented the possibility of converting this to individual ownership of very narrow strips of section as a beautiful marine park, and the land. construction of hotels on the land side of 8.
A
1.9 The tourism development at Hikkaduwa has extended CHAPTER 11.
to the South in a ribbon like fashion upto
Dodanduwa during the recent years. The availabi HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
lity of land with a wide beach and lack of build
ing controls, have promoted the development of 2.1 Evidence of early human settlements in the Hikkaduwa
this section in a very informal manner. Erosion area dates as far back as the 3rd Centuary B.C.
is also being experienced in'sections of the beach when the Rohana Provincial Kingdom was established.
in this area, but no major damage has yet taken However, these settlements were not in anyway,
place „ dependent on ocean or coastal resources and were
basically communities that depended on inland
1.10 Towards WewalaNarigama & Dod guest houses, and houses converted to tourist activities have come into existence, 2.2 The first reported historical incident of signi- encroaching into the beach in a few cases. ficance which indicate a coastal settlement is found in the 14th Centuary during the reign of 1.11 Apart from the beach, the entire marine environ Parakramabahu 11 in Dambadeniya. During this ment which consists of the coral reef, aquatic period a warrior chieftain Devapathiraja was sent life and vegetation is subject to serious depletion to the south-west to wage war against the South due to unplanned and uncontrolled use of these Indian invaders who were occupying this territory. resources in the activities of tourism, fishing The area where he camped is now called Dodanduwa and of coral mining. While these aspects will be and is the area bordering Hikkaduwa to the South. dealt with in detail in the following chapters,an attempt has been made in the study to consider 2.3 Subsequent to this a large group of Indian soldiers and evaluate the socio-economic,physical and belonging to the Kuru race arrived in the Hikkaduwa bilogical considerations of resource use in order area at the invitation of the Sinhala King to fight an the moors who invaded the coastal areas. They to formulate the basis for/environmentally sound were later rewarded with land by the king and were development plan for the area. 10. 11. settled in these areas as coast-guards. The king growing. This resulted in landlessness among the also arranged for them to be paid wages for their traditional farming group (the Govigama caste) and services. The Kuru race is identified as the forced them to work as labourers in the cinnamon origin of the Karawa caste that consists of about plantations or migrate to other areas. 60 per cent of the present population of the area. 2.7 The Dutch identified the importance of the During the 14th Century the major economic activity Salagamacaste as cinnamon growers and provided in the area was Cinnamon growing, which was the them with special incentives, and positions to occupation of the Salagama caste. Since adequate ensure that cinnamon production was maintained. wages were not paid to those employed in this This resulted in people belonging to the Salagama industry by the King it was regarded as an activity caste establishing a loyalty to the foreign carried out by outcastes. The emergence of the colonials and assisting them in. missionary work Dodanduwa bay as a harbour was due to the cinnamon to spread Christianity. This group also became a trade which was conducted mainly by muslim traders. land owner-cbmmnity leader group as a result of the sponsorship of the Dutch rulers. There is evidence that the Seenigama Bay which is situated immediately north of Hikkaduwa was also 2.8 During the Dutch period, use of lime obtained from used as a landing point for trading in cinnamon coral and the use of coral chunks as bricks in the at this time. construction of Forts and buildings was introduced. This resulted in the development of a coral mining With the arrival of the Portugese in Sri Lanka in and lime production industry in the Akurala,Seenigama, 1505 and the establishment of a Fort in Galle, the Hikkaduwa areas, among other areas of the South coastal area from Galle to Balapitiya became even Coast. This activity was carried out by the Hunu more important as a cinnamon growing area. During caste. Fishing was only carried out as a marginal the period of the rule of the Portuguese and later activity at this time and was the trade of the the of the Dutch,/majority of the lands in these areas landless peasants belonging to the Karawa and including paddy lands were utilised for cinnamon Salagama castes. 12. 13. 2.9 An inland canal system set up by the Dutch directed against the British rule and its excise connected the Galle area with Colombo and policy. Some of the Temperance movements' leaders Puttalam in the West Coast. This also resulted were from the Southern coastal areas, and this led in increasing the activitiy level of coral mining to it having a widespread influence in the region. and cinnamon growing as these waterways were used to transport the produce to Colombo and to Galle. 2.11 This development also resulted in further displace Hikkaduwa Oya, and the Ratgama lake were important ment of workers who took to coral mining, lime water bodies that served the canal network. production and fishing as a profession. By this time the area had become a major coral mining and 2.10 In the post 1798 era, when the British took over lime production centre and in 1895 a special rail the rule of the coastal areas from the Dutch, the way platform for loading and unloading coral was economic importance of cinnamon growing declined constructed in Hikkaduwa. In addition the coir rapidly with the growing of coconut replacing it. industry based on coconut huskings, also developed Since coconut growing did not require as much as a cottage industry mainly employing women and children in its activities. labour as for cinnamon, there was a situation of unemployment created, and most unemployed of the 2.12 In the 19 00s ^^rflkkaduwa coral reef and the coral Karawa, Salagama" and even Govigama castes, chose garden headland became a popular picnic spot for fishing or lime production as a means of livelihood British adminstrators. The establishment of the This situation also resulted in the emergence of the importance of a new group of people in the area Hikkaduwa Rest-House made the adjacent area a the toddy tappers who belonged the Durawa caste. popular bathing and recreation centre in the years However, toddy tapping did not establish itself as to come. a:-major economic activity in the Hikkaduwa area as 2.13 In the political arena Hikkaduwa in common with much as it did in the Panadura and Kalutara areas. the adjacent townships of Ambalangoda, Dodanduwa Another factor that contributed to the limited and Balapitya produced active Nationalist support growth of toddy tapping in the area was the for the Independence movement in the first half Temperance movement of the early 1900s which was 14. 15. of the 20th Century. The low level resource base, historical phenomenon associated with relative high population density, unemployment that prevailed importance of the economic activities carried out in the area, and the relatively high level of by these caste groups in different periods. What literacy and political awareness, created as a .- is left today is only a broad caste identification result of the missionary educational infrastructure with the 'salagama1,'karawa1, and 'hunu' castes and the involvement in the Temperence movement involved in activities such as fishing, coral respectively, a political base in the Hikkaduwa mining, tourism, teaching, government employment, area as much as in the other southern coastal areas. etc. without any caste specific orientation as These areas acted as strongholds of the marxist in the past. political parties in the pre-independence era and in the post independence era. 2.16 However, there is still evidence of caste concious- ness in common issues such as politics, administra 2.14 Culturally, Hikkaduwa and adjacent areas maintained tion, etc, which surface in crisis situations in the their Buddhist religious identity (with a touch of community. Tourism which developed in the post the Hindu influence) in spite of the penetration 1966 era in Hikkaduwa, first as an informal activity of the Dutch and British missionaries through the and then as an organized sector had resulted in educational medium. While Dutch and British further reducing the caste orientation in the architecture was adopted by the locals, they community, by providing common opportunities for maintained their traditional rituals and other economic advancement. cultural practices, which have been revived today in the form of low country dances ('yaga1,1tovil') 2.17 Hikkaduwa, today remains a community, similar to mask making.and other.handicrafts to cater to what it was in the Dutch and 3ritish periods, where tourism demands. new economic opporutnities (cinnamon and coconut then; tourism today) together with social and 2.15 In the present context of the social organization cultural change agents ( Christianity, missionary of the area, one could trace the predominantly education then; new western values and modes caste oriented structure which is identified as a associated with tourism today) are at play which 17. 16 . CHAPTER 111. has exhibited a great deal of tolerance and absorption capacity in its historical past. 'HYSICAL ENVIRONMENT General Hikkaduwa Town is situated in the South West Coast of Sri Lanka within Wellabada Pattu AGA's Division in Galle District. It is located 60.5 miles south of Colombo and 10.5 miles north of Galle. The total extent of land falling within the Hikkaduwa Town Council area is approximately 300 acres. The area has a temperate climate and the average annual rainfall exceeds 2000 milli-litres. Marine Environment Hikkaduwa is one of the main tourist resorts of Sri Lanka which is based largely on its attractive beach and the coral reef. The presence of the coral reef, the aquatic life and the marine vegetation that goes with it provides a unique underwater environment. The shallow sea at the coral reef provide a very beautiful view of the underwater plant and aquatic life with varied formations of corals on the background. 18. 19 . At the edge of the coral reef there are beautiful different economic activity sectors has caused a rock out crops rising from the sea bed, which had situation that leads to the depletion of some of been a nesting place for rare varieties of birds the resources. These aspects will be dealt with many years ago and the area had been'designated in greater depth in later sections. a bird sanctuary. 3. 3 Physical setting The growth of tourism in this area in an unplanned The land to the west of the railway line is mostly and uncontrolled manner is causing serious problems high ground and most commercial, public buildings, on the maintenance of this marine environment with hotels, restaurants and permanent houses are out allowing its quality being depleted. The located on this side. An extensive low lying area Department of Wild Life together with NARA also exists on the fringe of the built up area. (National Aquatic Resource Agency) has already There is a major canal known as Kuduwegoda Ela contemplated the establishment of a Marine providing an outlet for the surplus rain water to Sanctuary covering the coral reef and the the sea. The outlet of this canal is closed during related environment. The main objective is to most part of the year but during the rainy season ensure that human activities particularly connected when the water level rises the outlet needs to be with Tourism, such as water sports, fishing, coral opended up by the Irrigation Department to enable mining, etc, do not create conflicts with the fragile adequate flow of water to the sea, in order to eco-system that sustains the marine environment. prevent inundation. The sea with these natural endowments provide the Opinions have been expressed by experts that the marine economic base of Hikkaduwa. Fishing, Tourism,and in flow of fresh water to the sea where the coral Coral mining are at present the main sources of reefs are located result in damage to the coral. income for its population. The manufacture of It was recommended that this outlet to the sea be coconut fibre products is another important source diverted. This may require further investigation, of livelihood mainly for females. The existence as closing of this canal could create flood of resource use conflicts within and between the 20 . Buildings consist mainly of old structures in this problems in the surrounding areas. area. Due to erosion, there is no land available for any building development between the sea and The topography of the area to the East of the the road. However, there is little land available railway line is conditioned by highland where between the railway track and Galle Road, partly roads and buildings are located, interspersed occupied by old buildings which can be put to by low lying areas some of which are paddy fields. better economic use. There are several public roads to the East from the Galle Road leading to the surrounding villages The sharp bend of the Galle Road on this stretch, and also connecting other towns to the east. They needs re-alignment together with the development are the roads to Egodagoda, Kurunthuwatta, Baddegama, of vacant or underutilised land. These should be Amarasena Mawatha, Road to Wewela and Pannamgoda considered as priority action projects. The old Road. dilapidated buildings located between the beach and Galle Road, which obstruct the view of the 3.4 Land use classification For the purpose of assessment of land use charac beach should be removed and re-located on the teristics, the Hikkaduwa T.C. area can be divided landward side of the road. Since this section of into 6 environmental areas as follows : road forms the main approach to the Hikkaduwa Town from Colombo, this area needs to be developed 5DYil2Qra§DJr§l_§£§2_No_._ 1 in a planned manner. Boundaries - Hikkaduwa T.C. boundary to North; Environmental_area_No_. _ 2 Coast and railway line to the West Boundaries - T.C. boundary to the North East and East respectively, and Kurundu- and the continuation of Kurundu- watta Road to the South. v/atta Road to the South and the Features - Low residential and mixed commercial railway line to the West. activities. Area is mostly high ground, no good hotel development has taken place - very little vacant land is available. 22 . Features - Area has a fairly low residential Features - This area is highly residential land use and is mostly high ground. in character. It also reflects Commercial activity is predominant; a very high proportion of mixed vacant land is very insignificant. uses. Being the traditional Except to the East of Railway line village it is also the location there is no significant development of a number of temples. The area connected to tourism. has a very high percentage of vacant lands. No development of This area consists of the heart of the Town Centre tourist hotels has taken place in including the main commercial area, the railway this area except for the conversion station, new bus stand ( for Galle Road and of a few houses as guest houses. Baddegama buses). To the East of the Railway station there is a large vacant land triangular This part of Hikkaduwa has been annexed to the in shape, with the office of the A.G.A.,etc, Town Council area, not due to its urban character, located within it. This area could be planned but because it houses the residential population. as an administrative centre for the whole town, It is also noted that this area has not been to which all haphazardly located Govt. Offices affected by tourism development to a noticeable and activities which occupy congested sites in degree. It is unlikely that the area will open Tourist and Commercial areas of the City could up for tourism even in the future. However, there be shifted. Furthermore some planned efforts is potential in this area for developing a could be carried out to promote the development handicraft industry based on local skills. of the City Centre to some extent in the East- Environmental_area No_. 3 West direction along Baddegama Road and discourage Boundaries - Kurunduwatta Road to the North: further intensive growth of the Town in the North- Town Council boundary to the South direction along Galle Road. The planning East; Baddegama Road to the of the Railway station area and the bus stand North and the coast line to the should be used as an opportunity to provide a West. 2 5. 24 . \ buildings by constructing retaining walls on the^ ( better and convenient pedestrian circulation beach or the sea. This has resulted in the reduc system and eliminate the present confused mix tion of the beach area with the problem of erosion of activities such as commercial, educational, becoming increasingly acute. A satisfactory and tourism. technical solution has to be found for the improve m ment of the beach by a sand nourishment scheme or §DYiE2D f:Dtal_ar^a_No_. _ 4 by the demolition of retaining walls which encroach Boundaries - The area is bounded to the North the beach. by the Fisheries Housing Scheme, to the South by the Town Council In case of hotels located to the South of Coral boundary and to the West and Gardens no planned development has taken place, East by the Coast line and the thus reducing the quality of the visual environment. Railway line, respectively. The limited size of land parcels act as a constraint Features - The area has low residential to planned development. The construction of hotels activity (in terms of housing) on the beach side of Galle Road in a continuous but contains the dominant tourist manner has resulted in covering up access to the hotel belt. beach from Galle Road at regular intervals. The area consists mainly of high However, due to the substantial width of sites ground. Commercial activities available on the beach side it would be possible also continue along either side of to maintain an adequate coastal reservation to Galle Road. Every vacant site is the beach, and promote planned development. now being built upon,thus reducing open spaces available between the The development that has taken place on the land road and coast. side of Galle Road is unplanned in many places. This may again be due to smallness of sites. It The hotels located to the North of Coral Gardens is suggested that areas along Galle Road, which are having serious problems of erosion and the are not occupied by Tourist Hotels be planned out hoteliers are trying to protect their land and 002740 27 . Features - The area has a medium residential in detail and leased out to developers on a density and also has a high guided development basis. The other alternative percentage of mixed development, is to invite detailed development proposals from with guest houses and other tourist prospective developers. activities to which residential premises have been converted. The Another important observation that could be made area also has a very high proportion is the inadequate carrying capacity of Galle Road of low lying lands, some of which within the entire town council area. Presently, are in agricultural use. The area there is a large volume of informal activities and had no commercial activities. Its pedestrian traffic on Galle Road at Hikkaduwa, land use pattern reflects,a signi which has to be accommodated in addition to the ficant percentage of agricultural volume of through-traffic. It is noted that both activities with only a very small demands are difficult to satisfy as the road width number of hotels. in many, place? is limited to about 25ft. It is therefore recommended that the through-traffic The area indicates a gradual transformation to be diverted on a new by-pass road to be constructed tourist activities. Most of the houses in the about 1 km. to the East of the present road. area are converted for tourist accommodation. The introduction of some planned guidelines will help This will enable the utilisation of the present to prevent physical and social degradation that road mainly for local requirements with properly usually arise as a result of the development of designed street scapes, and pedestrian walkways. uncontrolled tourism. Environmental_area_No_1_5 Boundaries - Baddegama Road to the North, Environmental_area_No_. 6 railway line to the West, the Boundaries - Railway line to the West, Town Town Council boundary to the Council boundary to the East and East and the Public road to the South, Public Road to the North. South. 29 . 28. Features - The area is predominently residen congestion has considerably increased and the tial in character with very little possibility of road widening and improvement also mixed uses, and a temple. The land has been considerably reduced due to the construc is of a high elevation with a few tion of buildings without an adequate road reserva vacant sites within the area. There tion. Some buildings have been constructed with are no hotels except for a few out adhering to the street line requirement. houses which are converted as tourist accommodation. 3 . 6 Infrastructre a. Roads and Transport - Some traditional arts and crafts could be developed While the Galle-Colombo road is the major in this area with a view to cater for tourism. The bus route in the area, Hikkaduwa-Baddegama nature of tourist activity to be permitted in this Road should be considered as the important area need some regulation both for enhancing route providng access to the interior. physical environment, and for ensuring sound socio- The following internal roads are also / cultural and economic development. available for use of light vehicles : 1. Hettigoda Road - 1.5miles long 10ft wide 3.5 Road network and transport 2. Amarasena Mawatha - l.Omile long lOft.wide The width of Colombo - Galle main road varies from 3. Wawalagoda Road - 2.0 mile long lOft.wide 25 to 30ft, and is subject to heavy pressure on 4. Pannangoda Central Road - 1.0 mile long lOft.wide account of increased road usage due to tourism. 5. Wawalagoda-Wewala The daily traffic volumes have increased to 7400 Road - 1.5 miles long lOft.wide. p.c.u. The road capacity also is being encroached by Tourist Shops on road sides which are constructed These roads are narrow with poor alignment and during the tourist season, obstructing the traffic steep gradients. But their useage has increased flow. The result is the increase of congestion due to an increase in the number of housing units and rate of vehicle accidents which has increased constructed and the conversion of some houses from 6 in 1971 to 31 in 1980. The social cost of for tourist activities. 31. 30 . The number of buses and trains per day- for dwelling houses aiming at a target of operating to Hikkaduwa and beyond during 20 gallons per head. The new tourist hotels 1980 were as follows : and guest houses are also supplied with water Trains - 28 from this network at present and the capacity CTB Buses - 526 of this watersupply scheme need to be increased In addition, there were 53 cars and coaches, to cater to both residential and tourism demand. 42 motorcycles and 164 bicycles. With the However, certain interior areas are still not introduction of private buses, the numbers provided with water from the main supply. going through Hikkaduwa have considerably Domestic wells are the major source in such increased during the past few years. The areas and the quality of water is quite satis mixture of through traffic and local traffic factory. According to 1971 statistics, there and also vehicles of different speeds have are about 500 wells in the Hikkaduwa T.C. area, affected the movement. Pedestrian traffic, of them 70% are shared by more than one family. particularly during the tourist season has considerably increased with the construction Electricity - of tourist shops in a ribbon form on either The existing electricity supply does not cater side of the Galle Road. These encroach into to the demand in the area specially during the the carriage width of the road and affect the tourist season. It was found that frequent efficiency of traffic movement, causing power failures occur and the voltage is below accidents in many..- instances. normal. The hoteliers have frequent complains about the insufficient power supply. The net Water supply - work needs improvement to ensure an efficient A new water supply scheme for Hikkaduwa - supply. Dodanduwa area was completed in June 1982 About 45% of the total number of houses located with a daily supply capacity of 150,000 gallons. mainly along the Galle Road in the T.C. area The water is being pumped from Gin - Ganga at obtain electricity through the main power supply Halpatota, This scheme was initially planned 33. As in any other town, street lighting is the There are about 36 public bucket latrines other factor which needs improvement specially constructed by the Hikkaduwa T.C. for which along the Galle-Colombo Road and the Baddegama a private land is used as the trenching ground. Road. According to the Police this is one of the major factors causing accidents in the T.C.. The table shows the distribution of the type area. of toilet facilities available in the town. The beach is not illuminated at all by public Water seal - 230 lighting. This creates a deadness of beach in Bucket latrines - 33 the night and pave way for illicit activities. Pit latrines - 65 Non users - 185 Sewerage - The growing tourist development at Hikkaduwa demands a central sewerage system which is not available at present. The tourist hotels use septic tanks for disposal of sewerage. Although these tanks are emptied annually,the Public Health Authorities complain that they often overflow causing inconveniences to the residents and tourists and also pollute the coastal waters, and the beaches. Among dwelling houses, about 35% do not have any toilet facilities. Those who live by the sea-shore use the beach as soiling ground thus causing a problem of beach pollution. 35 34 MAP CF CEYLON WITH LOCATION OF HIKKADUWA ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS BOUNDRY MAP OF HIKKADUWA .+++++++ + + + + *• + +•»• T T T T ++++++++ +++++ + 4 + + + + + ++ * + ++++++ f, + 4. + + + 4.4. + 4. + + N + + + + r + + XT XT 4T 4T 4~- - * XJ. 4-- + r • ++ + + |. + + + + + + + y + + + + + + + + + + + 4- 4- + + + 4- + + + ++ + + X + + + X + T . 4 + X + T 2 :+ * , 4 1 + X + ++ , 4 + X + + 4 F I- •»• « X + + + + + -t X + + + + H• X 4 + + + + + + + + X + + + + + + + X 4 + + + + 4. + + + + + + X + + + + + + + X + i i 4- + + X T T + + X 4 4 3 X + T * ' + X 4 + f + + T f + 4-4-4-4-4 +•*-+++++++ X + + + + x V + +. X T + + + + + X + + X + + * X T + X + + + c X J +++ x 4 +• + + + + x T ~ + + + + + + X Tx + + + + + X X x + , + + X T + / X Tx + + T + + 4. + + TX X *. +++++ +++ + x \ X T + + + + + +++ XT - -\ *WM*A El-Y» ' ^ + x + ++ T Tx 4- + + + C0L0M80 Mfcoi 0I». , } \ «'W«TWT^- •FCOOLL*/ / x • X + X T • + • L * X NOMAS** ui X \ X + + X + « x + + + Tx + r 3IST»!CT DiartKrr J V I / + + + + X + + X • + + X •++++ + X 4- + + + + + + + x 4 + + ++• + + + + + X + + + + + + x + + + X T + + + X • + + + + + X 4- •M x T + + + + *•;• X T 4 + + + T x > + + + K + 4.4.4. + 4. + 4.4. + + 4.4.4.+ + +.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4. 4 - + 4 DENSITY OF MIXED AREAS DENSITN' OF hJ DEVELOPf _r£MT ACTIVITIES IM HIKKADUWA CX!««•*» •»(•*«•** «»««**»»•» • •«•«»*•*** «•«*«»«* **i»••***»*«*»*»**•* ••* *«*<•*•*•*•*«*««**« ••• »«•»!«»»*»***»***»«'** *•••••*•••• >«**•»<.ts««*»*s«*»«s««**» ••••*•••**»•«»••:*****•*•«»«**»** Den.of Mi ted ••••***•»*»*»*•«»•*»* •.**»«*«*« *•*»•***«««*«•**(*•***««*•**» •••**(***•*»•«««*•*«»»* 3.3407U59E-0S ••••••**«*««**» »*•*«(.* ***«*«**•*« 4.97418750E-05 I 3 * - ! lilliflannsa * a a z ; 6.6076634 IE-OS : •+•: : •••: itiiaictcb b i a a 8.a411393£E-0S :///: ....».««•!*«.«• :///: ....«•••»**•«*It*** 9.8T'-4.b! sa3E-05 ••••*»««»*»*»•(•**•• ; ... ; ... «»•»•«••*tt«*S« ; »** : .. ••«•«««**(*»««• t . 150(!-)911E-04 CM •**«*•»•» : '/.•/.•/.: »««**•« : v.v.v.: «»«**»* - 1.3141S670E-04 »**»»»> *t*l.*t*t*l *t*s»»tttv :&t»»: ----•»» -- 1 .a77?,oa£VE 04 :»*»: :***: 1.1640B518E-03 DENSITY OF HOTEL DEVELOPMENT HOTEL DENSITY IN HIKKftDUWA Oen.of Hotels 0 5.133370OSE-0S 3 »« ; 1.0264740 IE-04 ; • • •; : • • •: 1 .S397U01E-04 :///: :///: . 05891603;-04 : ***: 5 ; »»•: 2.S661G505E-04 — - ~ :: a * x a s : s * : v.y.v.: • ••-i:ibj 3a = s = 33sB3a : v.v.v.: ••-•DiatxtsisBsaassB 3.O7942203E-04 — — - ft ( OISIII B*S33==B :(•«*: — — t % > B S 3 3 3 ) B33S33BS :»«#: ft $(6 9 S333BXI.aK3B3 3.S9365903E-04 tttttt IB B 3 » 33 :»•»: »*««««-*3B3 3B!. •**»: • '«» 1.410S8960E-03 ::•>>: |t$I3t> : >*>: «**«>>- (*• »«««» %%%*% «••*»* «•** *««* - «**« H*»* *««»*« *SS«t*«tlt »HillHH IHHH1K littlilii: * It IL1KII It Hill DENSITY OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS DISTRIBUTION Of PUBLIC ^RIT^S I IN! HIKKADUW, Publ 1 C 0 .465 1 a - * I .93 • ••• i + • •: H»«H : • • + : •444444444^ ••4 4 444*44 4 4 1.395, ••••444*4444 » : ///: •4444444444444 :///: *************** :*••*: 1.86 ****** i... • • 444 5.325 **** •••»»» : XX/.: 4 4«t»* :"/.•/.•/.: •***«• 2.79 *•»•«• :tftt#: •••»*• 3.55S ••**• :*»*: «*«« :*»*; «•* •*»» 3.781 «•* : • > >: *»»*« ««*«« ••*»•* • ••• «•** ««•* *«•«• •»«*»• • »«*»»»**!. ITTILTLLTL! «* ItSltki.*** »» ITLH EXTENT OF VACANT LAND DISTRIBUTION OF V«0*=WNJT L **|VIO *»• **•<* L«« *••••»•*• • •*•>««•• • *«**•(••«« ••••«**• »»»»»L*T**««***C»**T*S**«« •*«S»»T**««*.«***«»»«***»»* •**•«• I*»*»S*«**S*«» — •»*»*•«»»»»' v ••*«« •«»*****T**«Tt**»*S«« *••••••«««««•*«*(*****«•******• VACANT -««**»»**»»*»***(««•*****.»«* »»»»*•«*»**»»»**»***»&**»** «••••**•««*»**•»•«•••*•«**« ••••*«*««•*»**•««»»••**•• •«••••»«««»*»*»»***«***1* a. 08 —»*«««*«S«I*$«****»** —»*•***»»««»*»***»»* —**•«*•»*< 3.48125 B x ////»«•*»*»««*« = • 111111%%%%%%* B K E ; 4.8825 Ill/til/III 111111111111 lllllllllll/l 6. iifl3 7 5 I 11111//////I/I llllllllllllllll ///: ///: tillII 7 .605 //// 4>*# ; //// III*** 9.0B625 //•••• • 44444 vxi.: v.y.y.: ****** 10.4875 ****** • •• 4 • #tt#: **** *** ._ 11.88875 * * * *—xaxxxxxixx, v. «*»: • * *yx/xxxxcx/xxx, y.y. 13.291 • • • •»x/xx/x. X'.xxx. v. • • • • • vx/x/x Xixxxi v.v.v. ***** *•/•/:/:/:/.: xxxxx :/.•/.•/. **** v/xix. xixx.:: .v. v. v. • • • • v.'/.'. x. xoxx, .v.v.v. *n*xxxxxxxxx. .v./- . • • • • • XIX XX/XX- • •••»« V.V.V.' '.V.V/.V.V.'.."/. 4 • • • * * 4 * • + v.v." '.v.y.v.v.v. •444444* *.*.'/.' '.V.V. EXTENT OF LOW-T.VTNO AREAS DISTRIUUTIO.J f ° LOWUYINC <=\I->C irNJ HIKKADUWA • * I *•*•(•*• •«•*»**»* ********* * ********** ******** ************************** *****t«*«*«l*******«»«***** **********ll**t****« — ******************* «*»*«*«***»**V ***** lowlying areas t««*«***t»****t*t*** ********* «***»*»t******************** »****»*1 ***********t* ****** ****** 11 *****<************* ***S*»*1.**«**«*********** 0 *«*«I«t*1.*X*tK ********** »•*•««**!,«»*»*1 ***** **»•****<.*t***1 *«** 3.78875 *»**»*»*S***t*1 »* 1=a3 1 ****** i***« «*«**'.l* 7.5775 :••»•: : * *.: ll.3i.6cE. .-•//: :///: //////'// 15.155 ///////"/////,'/ ; »»» ; ///////f/////.'// ; » n » ; ////////////.// 18.W375 ////////////.'// : v."/. v.; //////////// : v.v."/.: /////// 22;73£S /////// ////////// :#<**»: ////////// £6.52135 /////,'./// : *•»*: /// :***: ...... 30.31 1 DENSITY OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS RESIDENTIAL DENSITY MAI OK » ' T KKADUWA *** •* Resident ial tt*»t*t»t**tt*t* »"tl»»*«t ******$*******» t 3.49 » t»*«t*4*t*«*$**t**1i* «S*»t*****»t*t*t**It»* 9.5375 *$***$***t**S$4t**S*t --***t*»$t«***t**t ************** --************* 15.585 ***** : + * •: 51.6355 :///: 57.68 + •• + + + + + •• + + -•4HLTTHT(tftt •••f + + + *. + + + ^ 33 . ""575 • + + + + + + + •39.775 1 • --M4HT4T '•5.8555 )«««»«««>««•»« *«»*«•»**•»»•» »*»»»*«•«•*•»«•#* 51.871 »»*»» »•»»»»•*«#»» «»**«*4**« *»#>•»*•.»«* • •4 44-4 commercial 44444 44444 44444 44444 44444 • •ft ..4 • 44 •- .ao6as 444 ««•* •««*•• .<4i as *«*s*s««*»t*s .61875 » • •<••**••***•>• •' ' /: : • // : •«•*•* .Br':". »••» •••« •***•* 1.03155 «*ttt* r/.v.y. ••*»«* 1 .2375 *•»»»• •«•*• »t»t 1 .41375 ••• .**•• • •• 1 .65! »*»*$ ••*«• •«*••* *»*« **** - - - ttt% «»»»« tttstt- I»«>t**ttl • • -- ttStt«»t*S »l!»»t til (*>tt lltll til lltltl ill n mill It i*i u tin 43 . CHAPTER IV. § 9. 9L I h. k ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Population - In the year 1931 the total population within the Hikkaduwa Town Council area had been 1,835. In 1963 it was 2,855 while in 1971(1)it was 3,240. It is estimated that the present population to be close to 8,000. According to the 1971 census 52.6% of the population consisted of males while 47.6% were females. The average size of the family was five, while 50% of the population belonged to the age group 18 - 50 with 28% below 14;15 percent over 50 and 7% between 15 - 18 age group. 4.2 Employment and Income - A classification of the population according to employment, reveal that approximately 65% of the adult male population is engaged in the fishing industry; 20% of the male and female population in the coir industry (making rope, coir mats,etc) 5% in inland coral mining and, 10% in Tourism and other salaried employment including Government Service. (1) Census of 1971, Dept. of Census & Statistics. 44 . 45 . Of the income categories, around 60% of the population belonged to the income group below Approximately 20% of the workforce in Hikkaduwa Rs.300/- and were eligible for the food stamps subsidy allowance. Out of the total population belong to the income category between Rs.300/- of 76,370 in the AGA' s Division of Wellaboda Pattu to Rs.1,500/- and are employed in the tourist (vide 1981 Census Report) a total of 19,304 persons industry, both directly and indirectly. lived within the Tourist area. Out of this amount the number of persons who received food stamps were a. in Hotels, restaurants and guesthouses 12.310. The distribution of these persons by b. trade stalls, factories (Batik,Garments Grama Sevaka Divisions in the Tourist area are given and Handicrafts) below. c. touring, guiding and entertainment. Grama Sevaka Receipant of Food Population Division Stamps In addition those employed in government offices and in fishing also belong to this category. The Patuwata 2,431 - 3,158 income group of Rs.1500/- to Rs.5000/- include Tiranagama 3,772 4,913 Narigama 1,347 1,903 '15% of the workforce and consists of those Wewala 1,167 1,445 employed in the Batik, Garment, Restaurants,Guest Wawalagoda • 1,137 1,771 houses and Tourist travel service sectors. Income Hikkaduwa 2,456 6,114 earners of over Rs. 5000/- (5%). are the land 12,310 19,304 owners, fish mudalalis (owners of nets and boats) wholesale traders, gem and jewellery shop owners, In the Hikkaduwa Grama Sevaka. area 2.456 persons exporters of batiks and garments and hoteliers. out of a 6,114 received food stamps. For the other Grama Sevaka areas where tourism exists, ie. Narigama and Tiranagama, the respective figures 4.3 Housing - are 1,347 out of 1.903 and 3,772 out of 4,913. According to the survey carried out in Hikkaduwa it was revealed that the owners of houses or property located close to the tourist area (area between the coast and the railway line) to have had greater opportunities for increasing their standards of living through enhanced incomes. 47. during the post 1966 tourism development period. condition without renovation. 18 or 60% of the Prior to 1970 the value of land between the Galle- unrenovated houses belonged to traditional Road and the beach was around Rs.90,000/- per acre fishermen. In contrast the present value is around Rs. 1,600,000/- per acre. In response to a The survey also revealed that persons who were question on the location of their houses if the involved in tourism h'ad the purchasing power to choice was given to relocate the house, more than acquire more household items of a luxury type 63% of the respondents stated that they would when compared with those in other professions. prefer to have it located in the area between the railway line and the Galle Road. The reason for 4.4 Tourism plant - this choice was the capacity to earn incomes by Prior to the enactment of the Ceylon Tourist engaging in activities connected with tourism. Boart Act No. 10 of 1966, there was virtually The present housing stock in Hikkaduwa was found no sign of organized tourism activity in Hikkaduwa. to be of a high standard with more than 70% of The only tourist facility available in the area the houses belonging to the satisfactory category was the Hikkaduwa Rest House established during with 11% of 'good' standard; 16.5% and 1.7% were the British Rule. The Rest House contained seven in the 'unsatisfactory' and very bad conditions rooms and was located at the promontary where respectively. /Most of the houses in the latter the new Coral Gardens Hotel is being constructed. group were owned by traditional fishermen. In addition there were 24 tea boutiques and four small restaurants within the Town Council area Another inquiry revealed that 67% of the houses prior to 1966. With the establishment of the were self owned while only 9.5% were rented. Ceylon Hotels Corporation in 1966 the Rest House There were also government houses, which amounted was vested in them and was later expanded with to 19% of the total housing stock in the area. Of a total of 73 houses surveyed, 43 or 59% had the addition of a new wing of rooms. been renovated after 1970 (with incomes gained The growth of toursm in Hikkaduwa occurred in two through tourism) while 30 are in the original different phases with the period 1966 -1976 48. 49 . being the phase of slow grov/th during which Most of the guest houses and restaurants are the gradual transformation of attitudes and former housing units that have been converted for lifestyles of people to receiving the new norms tourist uses. According to records only 7 of the and requirements of tourism took place. The hotels and 4 guest houses have Tourist Board period after 1976 is identified as the period approval while some others have obtained a licence where the infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, issued by the Hikkaduwa Town Council.(See Table 2) guest houses,etc,) mushroomed with rapid pace in keeping with the need to service the large influx Table of tourists into the country. (Eg. Tourist Record of Facilities Registered with the Hikkaduwa Town Council. arrivals during the period 1976 - 1981 had an average annual growth rate of 24%). Accommodation - Hqtels & Guest Houses 48 above 5 rooms. Guest Houses below 37 5 rooms As indicated in the introduction to Chapter VI, Restaurants - Annual value above 27 Tourism Development in Hikkaduwa occurred in a 1,500/- Annual value above 08 complete laize - faire situation. There was no 1,000/- planned development during any period of its Annaul value below 12 1 ,500/- growth. It was only in 19 79 that attention was Annual value below 20 1 ,000/- paid tocontroled development in the beach front areas in order to conserve coastal resources Due to the non-availability of a definite code through joint administrative action by the Ceylon for evaluating Tourist Services or infrastructure Tourist Board, Coast Conservation Division and facilities the local authorities have in the past the Urban Development Authority. paid attention only to the aspect of increasing revenue from licences in the approval of projects, AT the present time there are around 15 hotels in The following comparison of the income of the Hikkaduwa with more than twenty rooms '^together Hikkaduwa Town Council in the years 1979 and 1982 with about 350 guest houses and 250 restaurants. is an indication of this fact. 50. 51. 1979 1982 4.5 Foreign Investment in the Tourist Industry - Rs.777,323/- Rs. 992,385/- increase It is also observed that the Town Council has been While there is a substantial/ of foreign investment able to provide better infrastructure facilities in the Tourist Industry in Sri Lanka on a collabo for the area as a result of the increase in rating venture basis, Hikkaduwa does not indicate revenues. However, facilities provided do not the same overall pattern. However, the foreign match the requirements necessitated by the rapid investments made in ventures in Hikkaduwa are all growth of tourism within the stretch of land carried out on an illegal basis whereby the laws between the coast and the railway line and this governing investment by foreigners have been not has resulted in the creation of many environmental adhered to.The normal procedure for such investment problems as enumerated in the previous chapter. demands that the approval of the Foreign Invest ment Advisory Committee (FIAC) is necessary prior Rates charged for.accommodation in Hikkaduwa to undertaking a venture. Since most of the provide an interesting basis for understanding facilities that have foreign investments do not the present nature of the tourism infrastructure. qualify for FIAC approval, these investments are While the charges for single accommodation in the made through unofficial and informal arrangements Tourist Board approved hotels range from Rs.350/- between investors and local collaborators. A to Rs.500/-, it is also possible to have a room random survey reveals that the following projects in a guest house (residence) for Rs.25/- to Rs.50/- had a foreign investor operating behind the per person per day. There are also situations scene - where camp beds are rented for Rs.10/- to Rs.15/- Name of Hotel No.of Rooms. Rate R/Q per day. The rates charged at moderate guest Swiss Hotel 10 Rs. 450/- 08 Rs. 500/- houses range from Rs.125/- to Rs.200/- depending Sea View 12 Rs. 400/- on its location and facilities available. Tropical Garden 05 Rs. 250/- Dolphin 06 Rs. 200/- Sanasuma Palm Garden Club 10 Rs. 400/- 52. 53 . Projects under construction : Name of Hotel No. of Rooms. into the country and the relaxation of import Siri Madura 15 restrictions were factors that resulted in the Seetha Inn & Guesthouse 10 increase in the intensity of socio-cultural Miga Villa 10 maleffects. Several studies have indicated that members of the lower income level of the popula 4.6 Socio-Cultural Impact of Tourism tion too have taken to prostitution and other The social impact of Tourism has had a mixture activities for the pecuniary benefits, while of effects on the local population in Hikkaduwa. organized groups are involved in drug trafficking. The large influx of tourists has indeed caused It was also found that there were outside 'opera a change in the outlook of the people* who were tors ' in prostitution and homosexual activities traditionally not familiar with such lifestyles. migrating into the area during the season to meet However, the exposure of the area for over 400 the increased demand. years to foreign domination of some form; the relatively high level of literacy in the area; Other impacts due to tourism such as changes in and the situation as a township along one of the the value structure, attitude towards elders, most used highways in the country, helped the culture,etc, are hard to determine. However, it people of Hikkaduwa to adapt to the 'new' situa was revealed that more than 74% of a sample of tion with relative ease. This was indeed further 115 were indifferent to tourism development strengthened by the economic benefits derived by stating that it had both the good and bad impacts. a large proportion of the local population. It Only less than 2% of the sample stated that it is therefore noted that most of the social ill was definitely bad. They also -identified the effects such as prostitution, drug use, homo bad social practices of prostitution, child beggery, and sexuality are phenomena that developed towards touting to be the most problematic activities. the peak development period in the latter part of the 1970's. The increased inflow of tourists Another aspect of social impact is the inter Tourism related activities have also caused an marriages that take place between local residents increase in the school drop out rate in the area, and tourists. According to the Registrar of as young boys and girls of school going age are Marriages for the area during the period 1979 - able to find lucrative employment in the tourist 1982 there were over 75 inter-marriages in the sector. It is recorded that 130 out of a total of area. Of these he had performed over 30 ceremo 823 enrolled at Kumara Viduhala in Hikkaduwa during nies, where local girls married foreign tourists the period 19 70 - 1980 have dropped out of school. (mostly Germans). In addition, there had been This is a high rate of 15 percent, in an area 5 cases where foreign girls had married local traditionally known to have laid heavy emphasis men. According to observers in the area most of on educating its children. the girls who married foreign tourists are now in the husbands country and continue to assist their The impact on cultural aspects is extremly difficult families financially as well as in kind. Most of to measure as no significant visible change has the funds received in this manner are utilised taken place in the social infrastructure at the to improve the conditions of their houses. present time. Such visible changes will only surface in the future where the present younger There is definite evidence of a co-relation generations attitudes to tradition, religion and between tourism development and the increase of values replace the existing concepts and systems. crime in the Hikkaduwa area. While the total number of crimes committed in the Hikkaduwa This according to sociologists is an inevitable Police area was 146 in 1971, it was 1075 in 1980. transformation that will take place in any society In addition an analysis of the type of crimes which is exposed intensively to the influence of committed also reveal that there is a definite external phenomena. The degree and the direction increase in illicit liquor and narcotic dealings of such transformation will depend on the ability together with sexual crimes. There is also an of the local culture to absorb or withstand the increased number of crimes recorded involving influence of external phenomena. tourists within the past half decade. 56. 57. a CHAPTER V - The_pattern_of_dischar2e_and_freshwater inflow NATURAL AND BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT to_the coastal_waters: The coastal waters off Hikkaduwa receive freshwater 5.1 As indicated in the introduction the tourist industry at from two main inland water systems, the Hikkaduwa Hikkaduwa is fundamentally dependent-on the.coastal ecosystem. Ganga and the Ratgama Lake. In addition to these The potential of this ecosystem to function effectively main waterways, there are some small culverts that in order to provide maximum benefit, is governed by drain into the sea. These culverts are operational the inter-action of chemical, biological, and physical factors. In other words, the total resource capability only during heavy rainfall. The freshwater inflow of the coastal ecosystem at Hikkaduwa is based on its to the coastal waters is dependant on the seasonal 'carrying capacity'. This carrying capacity is dependent monsoon system. The major impact along the southwest on: coastline is during the southwest monsoon, i.e.from about March to June (the monsoon period varies from a. patterns of discharge and freshwater inflow year to year and could begin as late as May or June) to the coastal waters; Table 1. Rainfall data 1977 to 1982 for the Hikkaduwa coast.** b. the physical processes such as tidal flow and water currents; 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 c. supplies of biologically important dissolved chemicals and gases and suspended organic rd mm* rd* mm rd mm rd .mm rd mm rd mm material to the coastal waters. 17. 3 3 Jan 8. 9 2 84. 7 8 53 9 9 125. 8 7 102. 0 7 1 Feb 265. 9 12 90. 1 10 102 .0 8 4. 6 3 83. 2 8 1 .8 These factors in turn are responsible for the quality 10 14 March 118. 1 14 143. 3 14 69 3 9 63. 4 7 88 7 151 3 of the biological components of the ecosystem. If, due 0 421 7 Apri 100. 8 15 178. 5 13 291 . 1 14 175. 3 21 273 15 3 to uncontrolled development or unmanaged resource-use 14 394 0 22 322 0 17 May 315. 2 22 390. 1 26 233 .6 11 102. 3 any of the above patterns and processes are adversely 8 11 235 4 21 June 139 4 24 200. 0 18 286 .9 24 126 5 23 52 affected, then the capacity of the ecosystem is drasti 20 July 78 0 12 70 7 16 198 . 1 20 61 3 19 44 .8 15 191 .9 cally reduced. The situation prevailing at Hikkaduwa 158.6 12 Aug 157 2 - 284 7 14 36 .6 10 148 8 19 147 .9 8 today is that uncontrolled development and unmanaged 22 174 23 Sep 168 14 217 6 15 468 .5 26 416 4 18 148 .0 .3 resource-use, mainly connected to the tourist industry 16 218 .6 18 Oct 469 . 1 25 141 .7 14 299 .0 20 244 .5 19 239 .9 has reduced the carrying capacity of the coastal 10 . 1 25 Nov 410 .5 18 425 .6 15 657 .6 28 286 .0 19 305 .9 577 environment leading to its continued degradation. 10 14 Dec 114 .8 16 119 .1 11 181 .2 15 253 .3 10 205 .8 87 .3 *- Source: Meterology Department, Colombo, for Galle station. * mm = millimeters of rain rd = raindays, i.e., days with more than 0.2 mm of rain 58. Hikkaduwa Ganga is open to the sea all year round, induced currents; for example, wind induced while Ratgama Lake and the smaller culverts are longshore currents. These currents are important open only during heavy rainfall and are closed in the movement of sand along the coast line. by sandbar formations at other times. Bottom profile, gaps in offshore reefs, etc. influence the path and velocity of these currents, b. Ti^ai_^l2^_§D^_22§^t§i_w§ter_currents: and activities such as coral mining can adversely The average range between high and low tide for affect these processes. this region of the coastline is about 0.4 meters (Gerritsen,1974). However, prevailing weather c. Supplies of dissolved chemicals conditions, coastline features, etc. can give and gases and suspended organic matter: rise to localized deviations in the tidal range. The freshwater flow and runoff from land are the The tidal flow is responsible to some extent most important sources of chemicals (trace elements) for flushing and cleansing of the coastal waters. and nutrients to coastal waters. In addition, Prior to 1960s, this tidal influence was felt during the monsoons and other storms, winds about 24 to 32 kilometers upriver and was cause localized upsellings that enrich the waters. affecting paddy lands situated upstream of These sources, especially the freshwater flow Hikkaduwa Ganga. The construction of the Hikkaduwa and runoff, of nutrients have been modified Ganga salt water extrusion scheme limited this since the 1960s by the saltwater extrusion tidal influence to about 5 to 8 km upriver. This scheme at Hikkaduwa Ganga and the urbanization scheme, however, must have had some influence on of Hikkaduwa town in connection with the develop the productivity of the brackish and coastal ecosystems in the vicinity, due to the reduction ment of tourism. These changes undoubtedly, had in nutrient exchange and flushing. consequent effects on the productivity of the coastal waters and its coral reef ecosystem. The general pattern of coastal water currents The salinity of the coastal waters normally on the west coast are in response to the monsoon falls within the range of 32 to 36 o/oo, dropping systems. The currents flow in the northerly to 20 o/oo after a heavy rainfall. The water direction, paralled to the coast, during the temperatures range between 25 to 28© C. Since southwest monsoon; and in a southerly direction the condition of the coastal waters varies during the northeast monsoon. The strength of seasonally, any attempt to quantify the parameters these currents can range upto 0.5m/second in of water quality off Hikkaduwa should be carried the Galle area (Gerritsen, 1974). In addition out for at least a period of one year. Such a movement of water and materials in shallow study is beyond the scope of this report. A visual coastal areas is influenced by wind and wave assessment of the coastal waters did not indicate 60 . any serious or permanent deterioration of the view reef-life has become popular in the last water quality. However, some potential threats decade, thus attracting the largely non-swimming to the quality of the coastal waters in the local population to Hikkaduwa. area were identified. These are as follows: The species of coral predominant on this reef are 1. sewage disposal and organic pollution Acropora spp. and Madrepora spp.The coral reef 11. coconut fibre pits is also the habitat of many varieties of colourful 111. oil and chemical contamination reef fish, dominated by surgeon fishes (Acanthu- lv. siltation ridae), parrot fishes (Scaridae), snappers (Lutijanidae) and damsel fishes-(Pomacentridae). These man-induced factors that affect the quality These fishes are, however, an uncommon sight of the coastal waters at Hikkaduwa will be nowadays for reasons to be discussed below. discussed below. Collection of exotic fish, corals and other It was the components of the coastal ecosystem at Hikkaduwa that led to the rapid development of the reef fauna: tourist industry at Hikkaduwa. In other words Spearfishing and collection of live aquarium the clear waters, surf, sandy beaches and coral fish are common activities on the Hikkaduwa reef. The rocky islet bird sanctuary was an reef. Due to these activities the fish on the added attraction to bird watchers. These features reef are not as plentiful as they used to be together with the rural atmosphere and the close two decades ago, and some varieties, particularly proximity to Colombo (9 6 km) are responsible for the butterfly and angel fishes (Chaetodontidae) the boom of tourist activity that has occurred and triggerfishes (Balistidae) occur in very here since the 1960s. diminished numbers (Rodney Jonklaas: personnal communication). The more desirable species, i.e. 5.2 Resource-uses Connected to the Tourist Industry either the tastier or the colourful varieties The use of coral reefs as a visual and recreational of the groups mentioned above have been fished away. The continuous activity on this reef leave* resource: little chance for the natural recovery of these The easily accessible coral reef fringing Hikkaduwa populations. For example, on a 45 minute survey has been the focal point of tourist attraction. conducted with a glass-bottom boat on the reef The reef extends from a few meters from the beach adjacent to the main hotels at Hikkaduwa, we were to some 9 to 12 meters of water. Snorkelling and able to see one school of some 10 to 15 parrot scuba-diving are the main recreational activities fish (average 0.3m in length), some angel fishes on the reef. The opportunities for spearfishing and a few damselfish. By no means was this has, in .the past, attracted many visitors to evidence of a healthy coral reef community! Hikkaduwa.The operation of glass-bottom boats to Coral is also actively collected as souvenirs Sea anemones, sea fans, tube worms, clams, etc., or as items for sale. It is estimated that the are greatest damage to the coral reef adjacent to with which faunarusually associated within a healthy reef are very uncommon at Hikkaduwa. It the hotels occurs due to the active collection is suspected that these animals have long been of corals. Further anchoring of boat, feet of 'fished' away by locals for aquaria and for waders and snorkellers, oars and other punting export. Unless restocking and protection devices cause damage to coral. Several gaps programmes are initiated as soon as possible have been created in the reef to allow the (discussed later), the foundation of the tourist passage of glass-bottom boats and fishing boats industry at Hikkaduwa will be irreversibly lost. killing the coral in the fringes. The only patch of living coral in a relatively healthy condition Use of other fauna (fish, birds, etc.): is now found leewards of the Rocky Islets, Hikkaduwa is principally a fishing village. Most and unless action is taken to protect this area of the adult male villagers are engaged in it too will be subject to the degradation evident fishing, though this picture is changing with in neighbouring areas. No large-scale coral tourist related activity attracting many fishermen. mining for construction purposes occurs in the Closer to shore cast netting, beach seining(madel), reef-area between Hikkaduwa Ganga and Ratgama Lake. hand lining and lobster trapping are the main However, such activity is common to the north fishing activities. The main offshore fishing and south of this section of the beach; hence season is during the southwest monsoon, when this coastal stretch too is subject to erosional valuable tuna species dominate the catch. Often problems as a result of this extensive coral times, the very rough weather during this season mining. forces the fishermen to anchor their boats in the safety at the fisheries harbours at Beruwala or Collection of shells is also a common activity on Galle. During the rest of the year the boats are the reef. According to may local divers the reef anchored at Hikkaduwa and fishing does take place has been virtually 'shelled' out. The cone shells upto 15 km from shore, mainly for open water (Conidae), and cowries (Cypraeidae) and other species such as seer and paraw. attractive varieties (Mures spp.) are presently scarce on this reef. These shells are collected as souvenirs by visitors or by vendors for sale to tourists. Such shells are a common sight in most tourist souvenir shops, hotels and guest In recent years, the demand by hotels and restaurants houses in the neighbourhood. in the area for fresh sea food has increased and fishermen have benefitted greatly from it. However this has also had the effect of attracting 'outsiders' to the fishing industry, much to the displeasure of village fishermen. Such outsiders are soon 'dealt 64 . 65. with' and fishing rights are closely guarded by areas for recreation, mainly angling and swimming. the villagers. The tourist industry has also had Ratgama Lake is also the site of an island buddhist the effect of turning many fishermen away from hermitage -Polgasduwa, used both by local as well fishing to the lucrative business of operating as foreign monks and other visitors as a retreat. glass-bottom boats. The regular 5.3 m fibre- glass boat' is converted for viewing by inserting 5.3 Identification of Problems connected with a glass sheet on the bottom and a canopy to shade Resource-use at Hikkaduwa. viewers. Each half hour excursion to the 'coral The coastal ecosystem under consideration can be gardens' leeward of Rocky Islets brings in about classified into the following features for the Rs.100 to 150 to the'operator.. purposes of identifying the problems connected with the use of coastal resources at Hikkaduwa: The Rocky Islets situated about 0.3 km offshore a. Coastal shorelands - land immediately from Hikkaduwa point was declared a sanctuary under adjacent to the coast and drains directly the Fauna and Flora Protection Act in 19.40. The into the coastal waters. main species the declaration sought to protect were b. Inland water systems - the network of inland sea birds. According to the locals about 2 to 3 streams and lakes and man-made drainage systems species of terns, some gulls and sandpipers and c. Beach the fishing eagle used to frequent these islets. Today, the islets lie barren and windswept, the d. Coastal waters birds all scared away by the numerous and frequent visitors. a.Coasta1_Shorelands The characteristics of the shoreland has a major Use of inland lakes and water bodies: effect on the stability of the beach and influences The freshwater streams and canals in this region the coastal waters by affecting the quality and are used, extensively °by the villagers to soak quantity and rate of flow of runoff water. The coconut'husks for making coir fibres. In recent shoreland is also prime land for tourist development years, the coir industry has flourished due to the since tourist establishments on this strip have increased demand for household coir products by immediate access to the beach. Consequently, it is hotels, guest houses and restaurants. This increased cleared of vegetation and bears little resemblance demand is reflected in the increasing areas that to the original pre-development shoreland. Unplanned are utilised to soak the husks. These inland water and unauthorised development on this coastal strip systems, particularly Ratgama Lake, supports some at Hikkaduwa is having far reaching effects on the amount of subsistence fisheries for species such carrying capacity of the coastal ecosystem. as tilapia and mullet. It is becoming popular Development on this strip requires that the cleared among visitors to Hikkaduwa to turn to the inland land be covered to some extent with impervious 67 . surfacing, such as concrete and tar. The percentage of land cover by impervious surfaces at Hikkaduwa Though the figures vary from place to place, the is estimated to be as high as 75 percent on the order of magnitude is representative, and shows coastal strip (excluding the beach). Such surfacing that increased loads of suspended solids are modifys the total volume and pattern of surface carried by urban runoff. Similarly, comparing runoff. It also accelerates the flow of such storm runoffs from vegetated and urban watershed runoff, reducing detention time of the water areas, it was shown that suspended solids from in the vegetation and soil, thereby preventing urban stormwater runoff is as much as 60 times the natural cleansing and filtering of water that greater than from forested stormwater runoffs occurs in the soil. Artificial drainages built (Laws,1981) on such land effects the coastal ecosystem by accelerating runoff. Conversely, during low rain Freshwater runoff can adversely affect coral and high water periods these drainages allow the reefs by the stress brought on by reduced salinity intrusion of seawater, contaminating the ground and the smotherinq effect of excessive suspended water table. ' . 1 solids. Although corals can tolerate salinities in the range of 27 to 40 o/oo (Laws,1981), Such runoff water, though derived from rainfall, salinities of surface waters may drop to lower is very different in composition from rain water. levels after heavy storms. Undoubtedly, the effects It receives greater concentrations of substances of heavy rains have been tolerated by the coral from the soil by soil erosion, the leaching of reef for the past many hundreds of years. However, nutrients from exposed soils, from detritus, and such effects have been exacerbated by the from various accumulated wastes in the soil. development that has occurred in Hikkaduwa within the last two decades; resulting in greater volumes Table 2. Average. Concentration of Various Components of of freshwater runoff and a more rapid delivery 'of Urban Runoff and Rainfall (from a residential - such waters to the coral reefs. light commercial a real' Urban Runoff Rain fall During a survey of vegetation alonq the south-west coast of Sri Lanka, Wijewansa (1981) noted that milligrams/litre milligrams/litre the vegetation along Hikkaduwa shoreland is scanty Suspended solids 227 13 or absent. Only at Narigama there is a good growth Biological oxygen demand 17 less than 16 of Ipomea in a belt 6 m wide. Since no set-back Total Nitrogen 3.1 1.27 zones are observed and hotels are found on the Total Phosphates 0.36 - 0.08 beach, it is suggested that vegetation cannot be (as phosphorous) used to effectively bring about the stability of Source: National Academy of Science, Washington, the shoreland and beach at Hikkaduwa (Wijewansa, D.C.1969; from Laws, 1981. 1981). However, by increasing the ratio of vegetated 68. 69 . surfaces to impervious su •faces on the shoreland, is being removed for a variety of reasons. Such the quality of the runoff water can be greatly alterations accelerate the rate of runoff and improved and its delivery to the coastal waters slowed. reduce the ecosystems capacity to remove sediments and contaminants from runoff. The more serious and most evident problem related Another problem that is evident at Hikkaduwa is to intensive development of this coastal strip the use of these water bodies as dump sites for is soil erosion due to the accelerated runoff and small-scale industrial as well as household the removal of natural cover vegetation. Soil wastes, and for soaking coconut husks. Besides erosion can be retarded if rate of runoff flow from the shoreland can be reduced as mentioned untreated household and sanitary refuse, waste above. products from the growing batik industry also find their way to these streams and lakes. Batik dyes and chemicals used in the industry are b. l£land_Water_Systems conveniently disposed of in increasing quantities, The streams and inland lakes found at Hikkaduwa contaminating the water and possibly harming the are important since they nrovide habitats for a aquatic fauna and flora. variety of juvenile marine organisms, feeding grounds for water birds, support aquatic vegetation, In some areas of the water systems coconut fibre fishing and recreation and are essential in pits are found in large concentrations.. The maintaining the quality of freshwater available effluent water from these pits is brown in for human activities in the area. As mentioned colour and foul smelling containing many organic earlier, such freshwater systems also protect the pollutants such as lignin. Unless dilution of all coastal waters by retaining and cleansing runoff these waste products in the system is adequate, water by the removal of sediments ,excess nutrients, these effluents will increase the chemical oxygen and toxic substances. demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the waters. This deprives the water and aquatic The freshwater bodies and streams are affected life of the optimum amount of dissolved oxygen to a lesser extent in Hikkaduwa, where in the necessary for maintaining a healthy ecosystem. course of development and expansion of the tourist The fibre industry should be regulated so that water industry, thev have been encroached upon and quality remains at optimum levels; eg.the number drained in the peripheral areas. Vegetation on of pits allowed in an area of water should be the banks of such freshwater systems is important determined, making allowance for rain and other in the cleansingprocess of runoff water, to promote dilution factors. sedimentation and percolation through the soil. Yet, in many places in Hikkaduwa such vegetation Septic tanks built near such water systems allows the leaching of nitrogen and other contaminants 70 . 7 1 . into the soil and water. Therefore, the design of septic tanks and their location should be care Sector 01 Dca^- fully reviewed by proper authorities. Existing vcgue or rocks offshore coast of nhrnnic septic tanks should be inspected for leakages and 62 mile post to l^i 1_L 1-1-*— lacking relatively borr, cuj-ax/ i nstability n J-. ,1 ^ viirmAn interfer— improper construction methods. The environment C G Hotel sandstyle numan ence aqgravacuiy <= „ ->r,rrra\MTIJNA erosioj. n near such leaking septic tanks would also allow vKi-i^ ornnertv endangered. public propel, y " ^ the growth of pathogenic bacteria and other organisms, that could eventually find their way into the vague or coast of hard rock. nrrwi ncr 62 to 64 mile- giU"j-'1 lacking freshwater supply of the area and the coastal waters. instability post retreating c. _Beach rrrnwincr Outfall of instability Ironically, the beach which is the main attraction Ratgama of tourists to Hikkaduwa is very narrow or non existent in many places. Unaltered, the beach Swan (1965) stresses the fact that human interference should be able to absorb the intensity of the has aggravated the problems of coastal erosion southeast monsoon weather, and then rebuild itself along the Hikkaduwa beach. Since 1965, the amount during the calmer northeast monsoon season. However, of human activity along this coast has increased for a variety of reasons, including buildings on enormously, compounding the problem of coastal the beach and the extensive coral mining that erosion many times over. occurs in the southwestern coast, this coastline is subject to a great degree of erosion. The hotels and other beachfront buildings are constructed on dynamic areas of the already As early as 1965, Swan characterized the beaches unstable beach. There is virtually no observation along the southwestern coasts of Sri Lanka, of the set-back zone as authorised by the Coast including those within the town limits of Hikkaduwa Conservation Division. The natural beachfront (Table.3). responds to wave action by dissipating wave Sector of Beach Beach Stability Headland Other Characteristics energy, but vertical seawalls or foundation walls reflect the wave energy almost completely, Hikkaduwa Ganga Absolute Vague or fringing reef rocks Bay instability lacking offshore coast of relati creating a scouring action near the toe of the vely soft coral/sandtyle human interference wall and causing the undermining and eventual aggravating erosion public collapse of the structure and the loss of the property endangered. beachfront (Fiqure 1). This scouring action is North Coral Gardens absolute vague or same as above, evident at many locations along the beachfront lacking Hotel instability property line at Hikkaduwa. 73 . The south western coastline in Sri Lanka is used buildings are on the beach, leakages from septic by sea turtles, such as the loggerheads and tanks, sewer pipes, waste dumps, etc. can contaminate greens, as nesting grounds. In the past, they the coastal waters directly. As most of these have been known to come ashore at Hikkaduwa to buildings seem to be unauthorised, the chances of nest. Present day human activity, however, careless construction are high, hence chances of prevents turtles from using these nesting grounds, contamination are high. and they are very rare along this stretch of the coastline. The waters off the coast of Hikkaduwa are used to anchor some 15 to 20 fishing boats and numerous d. tal_WaterS_ glass-bottom, boats. These boats cause a permanent The carrying capacity of the coastal ecosystem oily sheen to the water immediately adjacent to at Hikkaduwa is governed by the quality of its the beach; waters that are used by visitors for water. The shallow coastal waters, with its swimming and snorkelling. Such chronic oil rich diversity of life is very vulnerable to damage pollution is also a threat to the coral reef by pollution and ecological disturbances. The ecosystem. Corals are particularly vulnerable life in these waters is supported by the nutrients to oil, which affects their growth and reproductive from land runoff, adequate amounts of dissolved physiology. It is a strong possibility that this oxygen, sufficient penetration of sunlight, and oil has been contributing to the degradation and proper water circulation. These factors are also retarding the recovery of the coral reef at important in maintaininq the quality of the waters. Hikkaduwa. The most damaging form of pollution is the chronic The extensive patches of frothy material and release of contaminants. This results in the garbage found floating in the coastal waters pervasive and continuous degradation of the ecosystem immediately adjacent to the resort area at evident only by a decline in the carrying capacity Hikkaduwa, provides ample evidence that the ocean of the system and not in large fish kills or other is being used as a dumping ground for all manner such dramatic events. Pollutants, even though of waste materials. found in minor concentrations in the water, may be concentrated in organisms and biologically magnified The coral reef at Hikkaduwa: The reduction in up the food chain finally affecting humans. salinity (usually associated with increased freshwater flow) and water clarity, increase in Sources of pollution to the coastal waters are suspended solids, BOD,COD, sewage discharges and polluted runoff, sewage disposal on the beach, chemical contaminants in the runoff, etc. have sanitary wastes, and the concentration of boats affected the coral community at Hikkaduwa for the seen on the beach at Hikkaduwa. Since most of the past few years. All this in addition to the 74, Barren soil along the shoreland should be physical damage that is inflicted on to the stabilised using vegetation and terracing methods. reef by visitors! It is estimated that only about 30 percent of the coral reef between Paved or impervious surfaces should be kept to a Hikkaduwa Ganga and Ratgama Lake is alive. minimum to allow sufficient filteration of water into the soil. Surfacing by the use of vegetation Coral grow slowly even optimal conditions, their should be encouraged wherever possible. maximum growth rate being about 1 cm per year (Laws,1981). Thus if the coral reef off Hikkaduwa Land surfaces used for development should be graded is to recover to any appreciable extent drastic measures must be taken. These include halting to divert and detain water for a maximum period urbanization and development at Hikkaduwa, of time. diverting runoff water, revegetating bare shore- Runoff water could be diverted for such uses as land, preventing reclamation of watershed areas watering lawns, washing of vehicles, etc. and protecting the coral reef from physical damage. Sufficient acreage- of land must be left undeveloped to provide soil stability, runoff detention To restore health to biological ecosystems and areas, ground water recharge and other water to retard the process of degradation of these protection measures. The creative use of such ecosystems at Hikkaduwa, the following preventive areas for recreation and / or decorative purposes and restorative measures are recommended: can bring economic benefit to the owners. As explained in previous sections, accelerated A buffer strip of natural vegetation of appropriate runoff and the composition of such runoff width should be maintained along the edges of all affects almost all components of the coastal waterways and water bodies. These buffer zones ecosystem in a negative manner. Hence, a plan protect the waterways from pollutants in the land for managing this runoff is essential to runoff. No development should be allowed within reverse the trends at Hikkaduwa. the buffer zones. Low-lying areas should be reclaimed (if necessary) The activities along the coastal shoreland that only on the basis of a drainage plan. affect runoff, such as excavation, clearing, paving, and the spatial arrangement of Canals that drain inland areas directly to the development projects must be conducted with coastal waters should be diverted or avoided. careful planning and management. 76. 77 . : 5.5 l!2i§Dd_Wate^_Sy.s^ems Positive action must be taken to prevent the Coconut fibre pits should be regulated in number further loss of sand from the beach, eg. a beach and extent, taking into consideration rainfall and nourishment nroaramme should be initiated as natural flushing rates. Effluent from these pits soon as possible. should be adequately diluted. Offshore coral mining, a widespread problem along Aquatic vegetation should be left in its natural the coast, should be reduced or halted before condition as much as possible. erosion problems become more severe. The feasibility and environmental impact of inland coral mining Watershed areas should not be cleared of vegetation, should be looked into. except under strict control and in limited extents. Bare watershed land should be forested with fast- 5.7 Coas tal_Watersj_ growing varieties of trees. Deforestation for firewood Proper runoff management as discussed earlier will etc., should be controlled, and programmes of ." control the quality and effects of runoff water on reforestation carried on simultaneously. the coastal waters. Better methods of waste disposal, including the proper Garbage dumps, septic tanks, etc. should be construction of septic tanks, waste.dumps, etc. should located well back from the beach to prevent the be introduced and regulations enforced. leaching of pollutants into the water. The present system utilized by hotels to dispose of the wastes Stocking of inland water bodies with tilapia and onto the beach should be halted and penalties other species of fish is necessary to encourage the issued to offenders. use of these lakes for fishing and recreation. This Municipal and household wastes should be disposed is important to reduce the pressures on the coastal of away from the beach, and where necessary treated ecosystems. to remove pollutants with a high potential for damaging the coastal ecosystem. 5.6 Beaches j_ As much as possible permanent development should Activities in the waters, eg. anchoring of boats, be placed well inland of the active part of the beach should be regulated and located away from sensitive in the future. The set-back zone authorised by the coral reef areas. Coast Conservation Division and the Urban Development To prevent further degradation and to restore the Authority should be enforced. health of the coral reef ecosystem at Hikkaduwa a marine park management system is recommended. Removal and unnecessary disturbance of coastal Under such a concept certain activities could be shoreland vegetation should be avoided. 79 . 78. prohibited; controlled and managed, and offenders could be punished. This serves to discourage future offenders. Specialised zoning systems could be devised taking into consideration the ecological condition of the environment, eg. waders and snorkellers can be prevented from entering areas where they would cause damage to coral with their feet. In order to help the system to recover,the following activities can be prohibited within a particular area of the reef; spearfishing; collection of shell and fish; collection of coral, dead or alive; collection of other invertebrate fauna and reef flora; lobster trapping, net fishing, and hand-lining on the reef; etc. Visitors should not be allowed on the Rocky Islets, to revive the bird sanctuary. Visitors should be encouraged to feed the fish in the reef, in order to attract and keep the fish in the area. Only approved types of food, however, should be allowed. Other types of fish attractants, such as artificial reefs created from discarded tyres, car bodies, etc. could be used to build up the reef area. Such projects should be undertaken with proper technical igure 1. advice. A naturally sloping beach dissipates wave energy, but a seawall or building foundation The operation and number of glass-bottom boats should wall reflects the energy almost completely, be controlled, in order to limit the number of creating a scouring action near the toe of visitors per unit time into the park area. the wall and causing the undermining and To rehabilitate the reef an extensive restocking eventual collapse of the structure (55) programme should be established. The programme should (The Conservation Foundation,1977) involve reef fish as well as mobile and sedentary invertebrates. Controlled restocking and monitoring of reef-life should restore some of the original beauty of the reef. Restocking should be conducted with proper technical help. 80 . References Gerritsen, F. 1974 Coastal engineering in Sri Lanka. Report on U.N.Mission.98pp. Laws, E.A.1981 Aquatic Pollution - an introductory text. Wiley-Interscience Publication. 482pp. Swan, B. 1965 . Coast erosion principles and a classification of south-west Ceylon's beaches on the basis of their erosional stability. The Ceylon Geographer 19:1-16. The Conservation Foundation. 19 77. Physical management of coastal floodplains. Guidelines for hazards and ecosystem management. Washington, D.C. 177pp. Wijewansa, R.A. 1981 Management of coastal vegetation for the conservation of the western and southern coasts of Sri Lanka. M.Sc.Thesis. Environmental Sciences. University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. 82 CTAPTER_JVi ASSESSMENT The methodology of Environmental Impact Assessment as Developed by the UNEP and contained in the "Environmental Assessment Statements" has been applied on 'on going' or 'proposed projects' which have been well conceived and planned out in great detail in terms of their input-output relationships and other components. Each project is implemented either by the State or by a private firm, and the decision making rests with a single agency. Dn the contrary development of tourism at Hikkaduwa, (Sri Lanka) to which the above methodology is applied in this study represents a decade of haphazard development spearheaded by several hundreds of entrepreneurs within the confines of a given geographical area. In other words tourism development in this area has taken place under completely uncontrolled and unplanned conditions. The high rate of return on investment in the Tourism Sector in general, coupled with encentives, motivated developers to invest on tourism in Hikkaduwa. The choice of Hikkaduwa for such development is attributed to its coral reefs, sandy beaches and easy accessibility by road and rail. The development had a'high-multiplier income effect on people belonging to all income groups and to different social strata and motivated many of them to change their original vocations such as fishing and coral mining. Many employment opportunities were found in activities, related to tourism to which even younq school leavers were attracted. 83. 84. 92§?_§5NEFIT_PRESENTATION community, all of which cannot be quantified. The The Cost Benefit Assessment is represented in benefits could be enhances, and social costs two parts. The first part of this Assessment associated with physical and environmental problems consists of an evaluation of Resources Enhanced could be reduced by implementing remedial measures and Resources Depleted as a result of this as contained in the development Plan for Hikkaduwa. Development, over the last decade. Certain monetary If planned development as recommended is not carried values had to be assigned to assess the magnitude out, it is likely that the natural resources such of physical, (land use), environmental and as the coral-reef and the beach which serve as the sociological problems. Although the Study Team basis for the economic development of the area will attempted to be objective as far as possible, these be depleted over a period of time. An assessment values in most instances are arbitrary and were carried out on assuming that the present trends made on value judgement of the Study Team. The will continue, will necessarily indicate a large experience and the specialist knowledge of the increase in the social costs and a trend of progres- Study Team members have provided the basis for the sive decline in the growth of income from Tourism. level of confidence of these estimates. The present Study is carried out on the assumption that a planned development process is a necessary The second part of the assessment takes into account requisite for an environmentally sound development of the adoption of several long term remedial and the area. restoration measures which are contained in the development plan for Hikkaduwa to overcome most of DECISIONMAKING the physical land use and environmental problems Development of tourism in most countries, except and cover a period of thirty years. Specific in very underdeveloped parts of the world is remedial measures cannot be identified to overcome carried out on a planned basis. Tourism is based sociological problems that exist in the area under on natural endowments such as sandy beaches, fauna the present state of its development. However, it and flora, coral reefs,etc., and tourist development is felt that with the introduction of a physical involves development of the surrounding areas for development plan, (which will eliminate conflicts accommodation, recreation and enjoyment by tourists. in land uses etc.) the present problems will be The physical structures and infrastructure that have eased to some extent. to be constructed, unless carried out in a planned manner could lead to deterioration of the natural ASSESSMENT^ environment leading to a complete collapse of tourism development. In order to avoid such a On the basis of data presented in the analysis, socially catastrophic occur, nee many countries take this project could be considered to be economically great care to plan out national policy on tourism, beneficial. Furthermore, it will have high multiplier to monitor the situation in relation to national effect, particularly on low-income sections of the 85. 86 . and inter-national trends, and to plan tourist areas 11 (a)_R_E_S_0_U_R_C_E_S„__U_S_E_D. and their infrastructure in accordance with these trends. Individual sites may be developed by private (1) p^P^CJTLY^iJSEpj^ entrepreneures,subject to strong controls and restrictions as provided in the Master Plan for Quantity Value in Serial Item (Rs.million) the development. 22 acres 17.6 11(a)1 Land for tourist activities1 Tourist Development at Hikkaduwa is based on many aa(a)2. Beach area used for tourist natural endowments which were developed without any 0.5acres 4.0" development. physical planning but guided only by free market forces. Within a period of about 15 years, it has 11(a)3. Building material cost of tourist hotels, quest houses, reached a critical stage in relation to physical, tourist shops,restaurants 950,000 environmental and social conditions. Most of these 130.0 etc.(Both local & foreign (sq.ft.) could have been avoided if there was a well conceived exchange cost) 4 60.0 physical development plan to regulate and guide 60,000 11(a)4. Labour employed for hotel (man months) development. construction 72.0' ll(a)5. Hotel and Restaurant 48 000 man Introduction of a development plan at a stage when Management and Operation rronths the development has already taken place in a haphazard manner will necessarily create many problems of 11(a 6 « coo7- implementation, e.g. the cost for relocation of ' - ^t^JSSSST 48.0 and recreation. 110 activities, provision of environmental additionalities for resource restoration such as 'beach nourishment schemes', construction of an alternative by-pass Includes land exclusively used for hotel and road to Galle Road at Hikkaduwa to ease traffic Restaurant development but excludes residential congestion, etc. Even at this late stage, a decision units converted or extended as tourist facilities. has to be made without delay, to implement a development plan and to incur such costs as may be Valuation @Rs.5,000/- per Perch. Prime properties required in order to avoid a more disastrous have a present value of Rs.10,000/- per Perch situation in the future. while others with restricted or no beach access have a value of Rs.3,000/- per acre.,e.g.For It also provides a good basis for the future to purposes of lease of prime land by Ceylon•Tourist prevent haphazard growth of tourism in other parts Board, the official valuation was Rs.l0,000per Perch, of the country as well. assessed at 10 times the value of a Perch at 11(a)1. 3. in consideration of the opportunity costs. 88 SOUR C_E_S_ USED. 11 (b) R_E 11 )INp^CjrLY3FE^CT^ @ of 1000 persons employed over a period of 5 ( years. Value (in Item Serial No. Rs .mn) No.of persons employed during the season (six months per year) is 1200, considered over a 11 (a)11(1) Vacant agricultural period of 8 years. 1 and utilised for 0.8 housing 10 acres Average earnings per man month @Rs.l500/- (includes salary and other emoluments) 11(a)11(2) Conversion of houses to Guest houses/ 165 units 16.5^ restaurants 330,OOOSq.ft. No.of persons employed is 1250 over a period of 8 years (six months per year) 11 (a)11(3) Erosion of beach resulting from hotel 50.03 construction 0.5 acres Average wages @Rs.800/- per month. 11 (a)11(4) Depletion of coral 10% loss over (3.0) reef structure 10 years 11 (a)11(5) Depletion of aquatic (5.0) life4 , (1.0) 11(a)11(6) Depletion of flora 11(a). 11(7) Restriction of public access to and along (5.0) the beach ll(a).ll(8) Depletion of land suitable for commercial 3.06 activities other than tourism and land use conflicts between touri sm and other uses 11(a)11(9) Reduction of the effective width of Galle Road due to 2.0 encroachment 11(a)11(10) Disturbance of tranq uility of residential IT areas 11 (a) 11 (11) Deterioration of cultural and moral standards of younger generation which is IT exposed to negative aspects - 90 . 89 . 11(b) PRODUCTS_AND_RESIDUE_CREATED !. DIRECTLY FROM nv.VF.T.OPMENT PROCESS Value of Agricultural land is low due to neglect of crops such as cinnamon, coconut and Paddy. Quantity.Value (in Serial No. Item Further most paddy land are affected- by increased Rs.mn) salinity. Products_ Loss of housing stock calculated @Rs.50/- per 11(b)(i)(I) Development value as at Sq.ft.(replacement cost not included) 1983 land and buildings subject to Tourist deve lopment and ancillary Includes scarecity value plus replacement costs. uses. Approximately 800 rooms Includes depletion due to collection of exotic in guest houses and houses converted to tourist fish, spea fishing activity and marine pollution. accommodation of 22 acres of land. Related cost of provision of new access Approximately |00 rooms (l000.0) and ancillary facilities. v Includes costs of relocation. li(b)(i)(2) Net income from hotels lK ' & guest houses(rooms, Includes social.costs of congestion,increased restaurant and vehicl| 300 .0 hire) (past 10 years) volume of accidents and the loss of scope for widening of road. 11 (b). (i). (3) Net income from informal activities connected with tourism eg.selling of It - Intangible (Cost element identified without curios, hire of bicycles etc. and motor bicycles, quantification) boats (past 10. years) (30.0) Residue 11(b)(1)(4) Pollution of beach- 2 1Kb) UK Kitchen waste and boats ( 1 0) discharging diesel 1Kb) (i) (5) Contamination of ground 11(bU water by soakage pits,due 3 to lack of a sewage scheme • J• ' (BY PP^E^_AS_NGW_J^LEMEOTED) Net losses____^ How Serial Related Serial Item Quantum Value(in Rs.mn- Net income is defined as income after payment No.of 11 of wages, rents, operational expenses and 10 acres (0.8) Due to Conversion government dues excluding depreciation costs. Depletion of 111(1) ll(a)ii(D land suitab of land suitable le for agri for agriculture culture for building deve Represents cost of corrective measures. lopment . Includes cost of corrective measures and Depletion of Conversion of houses other social costs. 111(2) ll(a)ii(2) SoSlng Stock into accomodation facilities for 165 units 16.5 tourists 111(3) 11(a)ii(3) Erosion of Construction of beach vertical retain- int walls on the beach contributing to erosion 0.5acres 50.0 111(4) ll(a)ii(4) Depletion of The intensive use Coral reef of coral reef by structure. tourists indiscri minately and the commercial exploit ation of the reef have caused this 3^Q2 deterioration Due to collection 111(5) n coral reef by ( 5>0) tourists removal of coastal Ul (6) ll(a)ii(6) Depletion of and other vegetation Q) J i v - ' Flora for hotel construction 94. 93. ( BY_PROJECT_AS_NOW_IMPLEMENTED). Net Losses Item How 1. Alternative homes need to be constructed Related Serial Quantum Value(in Serial Rs.mn) to relocate the families who were living in No.of 11- these homes. Reduction of pub- Construction of 111(7) ll(a)ii(7) lie access to hotels in a row 2. Beach and the coral reef are the main beach encroaching into paths leading to resources which attract tourists to the area. the beach has Therefore it has a very high value. obstructed public (5.0) access to beach Depletion of land Development of Hotels 111(8) ll(a)ii(8) for commercial and tourist oriented and public purpo- activities in areas• used for commercial ses activities and public purposes-land (3.0) use conflicts. Increase of Tourist Congestion of traffic has caused 111(9) ll(a)ii(9) Galle Road and social costs heavy congestion on associated with Galle Road leading to high rates of same (2.0) accidents. —ration of It mption that tourism has 111(10) lKa)ii(H) cultural and had a negative impact moral standards on cultural and moral generation. standards,particularly of the youth in Hikkaduwa. However,the degree of such impact is difficult to IT establish 111(11) 11(b)(i)(I) Pollution of Depletes beach environ- beach by disposal ment and its attractive- of waste water ness for tourism and has from hotels a negative effect on (1.0) health and sanitation 111(12) 11(b)(i)(2) Contamination of Affects the quality of Ground water portable water and limits further expansion of (3.0) development activities 95. IV _-_ RES OU RCES ENHANCES (BY PROJECT_AS_NOW_IMPLEMENTED) Represents only additional opportunities Serial Related Serial Item Hew Net Gains Nol No.of 11(a) Quantum/Value (in created due to expansion in Tourism related Rs.mn.) construction. 1V(1) 11(a)(I) 1 Utilization of The commercial 22 acres 22.0 land for tourist value of land activities increased consid erably due to high Based on assumption that all jobs are demand for tourist created through tourism development. activities. 1V(2) 11(a)(I) 2 Construction of 9 50,OOOsq.ft. of many hotels,guestbuildings constru- houses,restaura- cted for tourism nts. which increased the value of physical resources of the area. 950,000 sq.ft. 130.0 1V(3) 11(a)(I) 4 Increase of 12,000 man months .incomes of lab involved in const our engaged in ruction, leading in hotel const to an increase of rue tion1(1OYrs) incomes and enhan cement of labour 12,000 12.0 skills (man months) 1V(4) 11(a)(I) 5 Hotel Manage- Incomes and job ment and opportunities for Operation2 youths in the area 48,000 38.4 and entrepreneurial(man profits months) 1V(5) 11(a) 6 Labour employed Increase in job in handicrafts, opportunities and tourist shops, incomes for those 48,000 (48.0) entertainment engaged in service (man and recreation activities.(Handi- months) crafts,entertain ment, recreation,etc 98. Net Gain How enhanced Cost Related Serial Item Value V. REQUIRED_ADDITIONAL_PRO Serial Quantum No. No. of Section ?OR_RESOURCE_RESTRICTIONi_MA 11/111 EXPANSION (POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES) Depletion of This will be ) V(i)5 ll(a)ii(4) prevented by ) coral reef the proposed ) (8.0) Serial Related Serial Item How enhanced. Cost Net Gain marine sane- )2.0 tary and ) No. No.of Section Quantum Value marine park ) 11/111 ' , — at Hikkaduwa ) V(I1I II(a)ii(I) Depletion of This will be 0.1 20acres 1.6 by the Dept. ) productive prevented by of Wild Life.) agricultural zoning of sui- This will ) land table areas also protect ). for agricultu marine vege- ) re and enforme- tation. ) ment of planning ) regulations. Depletion of V(i)6 ll(a>ii(5) Aquatic life - do - ) V(I).2 II(a)ii(2) Conversion of This will be pre- & houses as gue- vented by zoning Depletion of V(i)7 11(a) ii(6) II(a).ii(3) st houses and regulations and Fauna & Flora diininishing enforcement of of housing service charges Restriction of This will be stock for conversion. 0.1 200units 20.0-1 V(i)8 ll(a)ii(7) Public access eliminated by acquisition to ^and along (3.0) of such acc 2.0 beach V(I)3 II(a)ii(3) Loss of beach This will be pre- ess ways by & area due to vented by defin- the Govt.at II(a)ii(4) hotel constru- ition of beach regular inter ction & deple- reservations and vals and open tion of coral strict enforce- ing up of a reef structure.ment of regulat walk way along ions . 0.1 lacre 0.8 the beach as provided in the Develop V(I)4 -as above- Loss of beach. Introduction of ment Plan. a sand nourish Land use conflicts Depletion of ment scheme to (i)9 11 (alii (8) will be eliminated V land suitable restore lost by following provi for commercial beach. 5.0 l.Oacre 8.0 sions in the Develop purposes and ment Plan - (15.0)' land use con 1f) n (a) Shiftinq of Edu- flicts (non cational institutions conforming located in close 1. It is assumed that economic loss will be uses) proximity to tourist RS.100,000/- per unit and there will be an areas (Wf.Sri Sumanga- increase of income due to high hotel la Mahamaya Vidyalaya) (b) Shifting of weekly occupancy rates. pola & coitniercial acti vities landward to the north of hotel belt. Contd. 100 . COST BENEFIT ASSESSMENT 1. Net Gain How enhanced Cost DEVELOPMENT_AND_OPERATI Serial Related serial Item Quantum No No.of section IMPLEMENTATION_OF_DEVE 11/111 1PR0P0SALS_19 7 3_=_ 19 83)_ Congestion of V(i)lO ll(a)ii(9) Reduction of effective wid the present Galle Rd, and th of present ' ~~ " Cost Benefits Galle Road and conflicts in Reference Item . . . . • • (in Rs mn.) (Rs.mn.) problem of road usage bet-^ Q (15.0) congestion." ween local and through traffic 11(a) 1 Land for tourist activities including 17.6 will be elimina ted with the hotel' construction. proposed diver 11(a) 2 Beach area used for hotels 4.0 sion of Galle Rd, from Hikkaduwa 11(a) 3 Building material cost of tourist hotels bridge to Kumara- guest houses, tourist shops, restaurants^q kanda, about 1 km, et. landwards. 11(a) 4 Labour employed for hotel construction 60.0 11(a) 5 Labour for hotel management and operation 72.0 a. Cost of relocation of schools and commercial activities 11(a) 6 Labour employed in handicrafts, tourist can be partly recovered by selling those sites for tourist shops entertainment and recreation. 48.0 development. Social benefit that will arise by providing ll(a)ii(D Vacant agricultural land utilised for better environment for education are identified as housing and tourist services 0.8 additional gains and are embodied in value added. ll(a).ii(2) Conversion of houses as guest houses/ 16.5 restaurants. ll(a)ii(3) Erosion of beach due to hotel construe- b. Benefits of this development could be realised only in 5Q Q tion. the long term values land abating the new road increased ll(a).ii(4) Depletion of coral reef structure (3.0) through productive use. ll(a)ii(5) Depletion of Aquatic life (5.0) ll(a)ii(6) Depletion of Flora (1.0) ll(a)ii(7) Reduction of Public Access to beach (5.0) ll(a)ii(8) Depletion of land suitable for commercial activities and land use conflicts between 3.0 tourism and other uses. ll(a)ii(9) Congestion on Galle Road due to increase 2 o of Tourist traffic. Il(a)ii(l0) Disturbance of tranquility and the deterioration of cultural and moral IT standards of young people 102 . 101. Reference Item Cost Benefits Reference Item Cost Benefits _ (Rs.mn.) (Rs.mn.) ' (Rs. mn.) (Rs.mn.) H(b) (i) (I) Appreciation of value of land and ± ll(a)iidl) Developed value of land and buildings buildings for tourist development 2000.0 subjected to development of tourism (1000.0) over the next 30 years. ll(a)ii(l2) Net income from hotel room rents, 11(b)(i)(2) Net incomes from hotel room rents, 300.0 restaurants , bar and vehicle hire restaurants etc, during past 10 years inclusive of guesthouses(next 30 yrs) 600.0 ll(a)ii(13) Income from informal activities connected 30 g with tourism, (Eg.bicycle and motor 11(b)(i)(3) Income from informal sector activities bicycle hire, selling of curios etc) connected with tourism 60.0 Balance as per Assessment 1. 237.9 1510.0 282.0 4241.4 TOTAL : —===== COST/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT 11. AFTER INTRODUCTION OF DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL TJMPROVEMENTS Appreciation of land values and increase of incomes (_ _1983_ _2013) '__ 1. z S tourist hotels and restaurant hi sra are Precast to^ncrease at progressively ^ ^n^f^ the past 10 years, due to the Introduction of the V(i). 1 Zoning of land available for Devest Yplan'Proposals and associated changes. agriculture to prevent further depletion. - 1.6 V(i) 2 Zoning of residential areas and restrictions on conversion of use - 20.6 V(i) 3&4 Loss of beach due to erosion and hotel construction will be arrested by strict enforcement of a beach reservation, as 5.1 8.8 per development plan and execution of a sand nourishment scheme. V(i).5,6,&7 Depletion of coral reef, aquatic life and Fauna and Flora will be prevented by proposed marine sanctuary and marine park. 2.0 18.0) V(i) 8 Provision of public access to and along the beach as part of the development 2.0 3.0 proposal. V(i) 9 Prevention of depletion of land for commercail and public purposes and prevent q qx land use conflicts - as per Development Plan. V(i) 10 Prevention of congestion on present Galle 25 0 (15 0) Road - at Hikkaduwa by.providinq a by-pass as per Development Plan-. HIKKADUWA DRAFT DEVELOPMENT PLAN TOURIST DEVELOPMENT COMMERCIAL PUBLIC PURPOSES £23 PRIMARY RESIDENTIAL MIXED RESIDENTIAL EDUCATIONAL a CULTURAL OPEN SPACE a LANDSCAPED AREAS AGRICULTURE tUiO FISHERY HARBOUR | . | BEACH TO BE CREATED BY SAND NOURISHMENT SCHEME T i 100 FEET VEGETATION SET BACK